Louvre Palace: keeb kwm thiab cov duab

Louvre Palace (Fabkis) yog ib tug tsev cia puav pheej thiab architectural complex nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm Paris, tsim tau ntau centuries. Keeb nws tsis muaj tsev nyob ib tug loj heev fortress, tom qab rebuilt rau hauv ib qho muaj kuab heev muaj koob muaj npe chaw nyob. Niaj hnub no, nws yog tus loj tshaj tsev cia puav pheej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nrog ib tug nplua nuj sau ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab.

piav qhia

Teb chaws Europe tus loj tshaj plaws historic tsev loj, hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej, yog nyob rau lub tsev txhab nyiaj ntawm lub Seine. Rau 800 xyoo, cov complex twb rebuilt ob peb lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv architectural ntsiab lus uas Louvre absorbed ntsiab ntawm Renaissance, baroque, neo-classical thiab eclectic. Ib txhia cov vaj tse, Txuas mus rau txhua lwm yam, raws li ib tug tag nrho roos ib tug haib qauv, tsa rau lub hom phiaj ntawm ib tug elongated duab plaub. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws sights ntawm Paris yog lub Louvre Palace.

complex txoj kev npaj muaj xws li:

• lub tsev loj, muaj raws ntawm peb kev cob cog rua qhov chaw lub qhov;
• underground raug, uas yog cov pom ib feem ntawm cov iav hauv Napoleon rau hauv lub mev;
• triumphal koov Carousel thiab Tuileries vaj.

Lub complex ntawm vaj tse nrog tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm 60 mus rau 600 m ² tsev cia puav pheej uas muaj ntau tshaj 35 000 tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab. Ib lub ntiaj teb cuab yeej cuab tam muaj xws li paintings, sculptures, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, txhua hnub khoom, architectural hais, yuav tsum vov lub sij hawm los ntawm ancient sij hawm mus rau lub mid-puas tawm xyoo dhau. Ntawm cov ntau nqi teev - stele nrog Hammurabi lub Code, ib tug duab puab ntawm Nike ntawm Samothrace, lub painting "Mona Lisa" los ntawm Leonardo da Vinci thiab lwm yam masterpieces.

thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog

Louvre Palace, uas hnub rov qab mus rau lub XII xyoo pua, keeb xeeb tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug txhob txwm defensive muaj nuj nqi. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Philip Augustus II reign sab nraum ntawm Paris ua tau tridtsatimetrovoy defensive ntauwd - lub kom. Tsa ib ncig ntawm nws 10 me me thiab yees kev cob cog rua phab ntsa.

Nyob rau hauv cov turbulent lub sij hawm, lub ntsiab uas muaj feem yuav los ntawm lub qaum teb hnub poob: ntawm txhua lub caij yuav tua cov Vikings los yog lub pretenders mus rau lub Fabkis zwm txwv los ntawm tiam Plantagenet thiab Capetian. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov alliance nrog tus huab tais ntawm ces yog tus Duchy ntawm Normandy, nyob rau hauv lub zej zog.

Cov fortress tau txais kev pab raws li kev soj ntsuam-defensive muaj nuj nqi. Tus neeg qhov chaw ntawm lub pej thuam yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub cellar. Lawv mus rau lub exposition nplooj siab mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lub lub Louvre, thiab tshaj tawm hais tias ib tug archaeological cia. Nws yog tau hais tias tus huab tais los ua ib tug citadel ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug thaum ntxov defensive system. Incidentally, lo lus "Louvre" nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lub Franks txhais tau tias "watchtower".

lig Nrab Hnub nyoog

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov kaum plaub xyoo pua lub Louvre Palace tau undergone ua txoj kev hloov. Los ntawm lub sij hawm uas, Paris muaj txhab considerably. Tshiab nroog phab ntsa thiab lub qub citadel yog hauv lub nroog txwv tau tsa ceg. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv tus qauv tau leveled. Charles V Wise rebuilt lub tsev fuabtais rau hauv ib tug neeg sawv cev tsev fuabtais thiab tsiv nws lub tsev hauv paus.

Donjon twb radically rebuilt. Lub sab hauv layout twb siv tau rau pej xeem xav tau kev pab, muaj ib tug ru tsev nrog pinnacles. Nyob ib ncig ntawm quadrangle ua thaj thiab coj mus muag vaj tse ntawm cov tib qhov siab. Saum toj no lub ntsiab rooj vag sawv ob tug me me elegant turrets, uas tau muab rau qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug tej yam elegance.

Lub sab ib feem ntawm cov phab ntsa cov fwm rau hnub no. Nyob ntawm vaj tse nyob ib lub quarter ntawm sab hnub tuaj tis ntawm lub lub Louvre no. Nyob rau hauv kev - lub quadrangle nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug square loog.

Renaissance

Nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum rau xyoo pua, Francis kuv txiav txim siab los reinvent Louvre Palace. Cov kws kes duab vajtse Ib Lesko npaj los sis lub tsev fuabtais nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm tus Fabkis Renaissance. Ua hauj lwm pib nyob rau hauv 1546 thiab txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv Henry II.

Tshiab lub tsev Ameslikas yog muaj ib lub zoo nrog ib tug loj loog (Chur Kare) tab sis nws thiaj li hloov mus rau ib tug square zoo lawm. Thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm Pierre Lescot nws ua tau tsuas ib feem ntawm lub sab hnub poob tis nyob rau sab qab teb sab. Nws yog tus hiob kiag li las vaj tse ntawm no Louvre.

Kws kes duab vajtse lug thov kom architecture classical ntaub ntawv, sib txuas rau lawv nrog cov tus tsoos Fabkis lub tsev kawm ntawv (high-ru tsev nrog attics). Lub tsev yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug harmonious articulation ntawm lub façade nrog peb aav ntawm discontinuities nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub qhov rais topped nrog voos pediments, sib cais los ntawm Pilasters thiab arcades rau hauv av pem teb. Facade supplemented ntau sculptures. Louvre Palace nyob rau hauv uas sawv cev rau tsis tsawg tshaj li impressive pom. Lesko, ua ke nrog lub sculptor Jean Goujon ua lub Great Hall nrog rau ib tug pej thuam ntawm Artemis.

Qhov kev nthuav ntawm lub tsev fuabtais

Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Ekateriny Medichi nws ua tau tom ntej no mus lub palace ntawm lub Tuileries , thiab tsim lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug extension rau nws uas twb muaj lawm Louvre vaj tse. Henry IV yuav tsum tau siv peb tes num.

Thawj Louvre Palace residue twb lim los ntawm lub qub xauv thiab nthuav loog. Ces tus architects Jacques thiab Louis Métezeau Andrue tiav kev siv ntawm Petite gallery thiab pib ua hauj lwm rau ib tug loj gallery (Grand Gallerie), uas txuas nrog lub Louvre thiab cov Tuileries.

Twb nyob rau ntawm no theem ntawm lub complex nws ua kom pom tseeb ntawm science thiab kab lis kev cai. Nws tsis muaj tsev nyob ib luam lub tsev, ib tug mint. Thiab ces nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov vaj tse raug tso cai rau txiav txim thiab ua hauj lwm sculptors, painters, Jewelers, watchmakers, caj npab ua, carvers, weavers.

XVII xyoo pua

Louvre Palace txuas ntxiv mus rau loj hlob thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua. Louis XIII tau khaws cov baton ntawm nws pog koob yawg koob. Nyob rau hauv nws Zhak Lemerse tsim kho ntawm lub pavilion pib nyob rau hauv 1624 cov sij hawm, thiab sab qaum teb lub tsev twb tsa - ib daim qauv ntawm cov gallery ntawm Pierre Lescot.

Louis XIV, muaj ib tug tsis muaj zog rau grandiose tej yaam num, kom rhuav lub qub vaj tse thiab ua kom tiav qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug loog. Lawv tag nrho cov tsim nyob rau hauv tib lub style. Tab sis qhov tseem nquag lub hom phiaj yog tsim kho ntawm lub East colonnade.

Vim qhov no yog ib feem ntawm lub palace txojkev hauv lub nroog, nws txiav txim siab los ua ib tug tshwj xeeb spectacular. qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob sab Europe architects ntawm lub sij hawm tau caw. Qhov tseem nquag project nthuav lub Italian Giovanni Bernini. Nws npaj siab mus rhuav tag nrho cov palace, thiab tsim kom muaj ib lub tshiab. Xav yuav ua li cas yooj yim thiab complex persistence ua lub yav dhau los huab tais, lub tswv yim twb tsis kam lees. Klod Perro (laus tus kwv tij storyteller Sharlya Perro) tsim ib tug hais nruab nrab, los ntawm uas steel repelled.

Paris lub ntsej muag

East colonnade hloov lub Louvre Palace. Hauj lwm 173 'meter' siv cov kws txawj tuab raws li nram no - yog lub siab tshaj plaws embodiment ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm Fabkis classicism. Klod Perro tsis kam hom thaum lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug loj heev Roman architecture, ntsiab ntawm cov uas twb ib nrab-txhua thiab Pilasters. Lawv hloov los ntawm qhib saum huab cua txhua nyob hauv lub Corinthian style, tuav lub tiaj ru tsev (uas yog kuj yog ib tug innovation).

Nws yog li ntawd C. Perrault (ua tau ib tug self-qhia) yuav muab lub hwj chim ntawm lub tsev tsis muaj tus elaborate sculptures thiab "decorations", thiaj li nrov nyob rau hauv lub XVII caug xyoo. Nws lub tswv yim loj heev harmonious kev txiav txim, overlooking tus loj heev hauv av pem teb, khaws los ntawm architects thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Zoo li cov hom ntawm cov vaj tse muaj thiab nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Lub tswv yim mus rau qhov chaw sab officers ntawm lub qhov rais, nyob rau hauv ib tes, pab kom lub airiness ntawm lub colonnade, nyob rau lwm yam - mus kom tus nqi ntawm lub teeb uas nkag mus rau lub chav.

VXIII-XX xyoo pua

Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no lub Louvre Palace loses tus txheej xwm ntawm muaj koob muaj npe chaw nyob. Nyob rau hauv 1682 Korol Lyudovik thiab nws entourage tsiv mus rau Versailles. Muaj ntau chav nyob twj ywm tsis tas. Thaum Napoleon Bonaparte siv txuas ntxiv mus. Raws li peb tes num Visconti ntxiv mus rau sab qaum teb tis. Fontaine thiab Percier - tshiab qhov tau ua.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX (1985-1989 xyoo), tus naas ej vajtse IM PEI npaj ib bold thiab elegant tsim ntawm lub underground tsev cia puav pheej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib tug ntxiv tswv yim mus rau lub Louvre nqa tawm los ntawm ib tug iav hauv ib txhij cov dome ntawm lub underground nrog.

tsim ntawm collections

Cim collections ntawm lub lub Louvre pib tsim txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm King Francis kuv, admirer Italian kos duab. Nws sau nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws qhov chaw nyob Fontainebleau tej hauj lwm ntawm lub Renaissance, thiab ces migrated rau Paris.

Thaum lub rooj sib tham ntawm Francis kuv paintings ntawm Raphael, Michelangelo, sau los ntawm jewels. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov huab tais caw los ntawm lub Apennines ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws Italian architects, painters, Jewelers, sculptors. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm nws qhua yog Leonardo da Vinci, lub legacy ntawm uas tau mus rau lub Louvre painting "Mona Lisa."

Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm lub huab tais Henry IV Louvre Palace nyob rau hauv Paris yog tus artistic chaw ntawm Fabkis. Cov neeg pej xeem Gallery muaj dozens ntawm zoo-paub masters, uas nws tej hauj lwm los ua lub hauv paus rau lub neej yav tom ntej tsev cia puav pheej. Louis XIV hlub zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv nws muaj koob muaj npe chaw ua hauj lwm, muaj kaum tsib puas paintings, Fabkis, Flemish, Italian thiab Dutch ntxias.

Fabkis txoj kiv puag ncig contributed rau cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej thiab nws cov transformation mus rau hauv ib tug pej xeem lub tsev kawm ntawv. Collections ntawm cov vaj ntxwv, aristocrats, lub koom txoos twb nationalized thiab tuaj koom lub tsev cia puav pheej. Napoleonic campaigns tau los ua ib tug qhov chaw ntawm replenishment ntawm cov nram qab no tib. Tom qab lub yeej ntawm Napoleon raug xa rov qab ntau tshaj 5000 daim ntes qub tswv, tiam sis muaj ntau nyob rau hauv lub Louvre.

Cov tsim ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej

26/07/1791 Constituent los ua ke kom sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub palace ntawm lub lub Louvre "monuments uas kawm askiv thiab sciences." Rau pej xeem tsev cia puav pheej yog qhib rau 11/18/1793.

Nyob rau hauv XX xyoo pua lub Louvre Palace, uas yog yees duab ciav splendor, tau undergone kev hloov. Re underground gallery nrog ib tug iav pyramid ua tau, thiab cov tsev khaws puav pheej tus sau twb muab faib. Muaj tsuas tej hauj lwm uas kuv tau ua 1848. Tom qab ntawd Impressionist paintings tsiv mus rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Orsay thiab Impressionism. Cov teev uas tsim tom qab xyoo 1914 yog cov National Center rau lawv. Georges Pompidou.