Leej twg pom hluav taws xob? Kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tshawb nrhiav

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj nrhiav ib tug neeg uas tsis paub txog hluav taws xob. Tab sis nrhiav ib tug neeg uas paub txog keeb kwm ntawm nws discovery yog ntau nyuaj. Leej twg pom hluav taws xob? Qhov no tshwm sim yog dab tsi?

Ib me ntsis txog hluav taws xob

Lub tswvyim ntawm "hluav taws xob" txhais tau tias daim ntawv ntawm cov lus tsa suab ntawm qhov teeb meem, npog lub phenomenon ntawm cov hav zoov thiab sis ntawm them hais. Lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv 1600 los ntawm lo lus "electron", uas los ntawm lus Greek txhais ua "amber". Tus neeg sau ntawm lub tswvyim no yog William Gilbert - ib tug txiv neej uas qhib hluav taws xob rau Europe.

Cov tswvyim no, ua ntej ntawm txhua yam tsis yog ib qho khoom tsim tsim, tab sis muaj tshwm sim rau cov khoom ntawm qee lub cev. Yog li ntawd, lo lus nug: "Leej twg qhib hluav taws xob?" - nws tsis yooj yim los teb. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov xob laim, vim txawv nqi ntawm lub Upper thiab qis khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov cua ntawm cov ntiaj chaw.

Nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu lub neej, vim hais tias kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub paj hlwb yog ua los ntawm hluav taws xob impulses. Tej cov ntses, xws li cov rays thiab eels, tsim hluav taws xob los tua prey lossis tus yeeb ncuab. Muaj ntau cov nroj tsuag, xws li cov Venus flytrap, Mimosa pudica, kuj yog muaj peev xwm mus tsim hluav taws xob ntswg.

Leej twg pom hluav taws xob?

Muaj ib lub tswv yim uas tib neeg kawm txog hluav taws xob hauv Tuam Tshoj thiab Is Nrias teb thaum ub. Txawm li cas los, tsis muaj kev pom zoo ntawm qhov no. Ntau nti pov plob hais tias sab static hluav taws xob, Greek tus paub txog Thales.

Nws yog ib tug paub zoo zauv thiab neeg txawj ntse, nyob hauv nroog Miletus, kwv yees nyob rau hauv VI-V centuries BC. Nws ntseeg tias Thales tau pom cov cuab yeej los ntawm cov khoom me me, xws li tis los yog plaub hau, yog tias koj rub nws nrog ib daim ntaub ntaub. Tsis muaj daim ntawv thov ntawm no tshwm sim, thiab nws tau sab laug tsis paub.

Thaum xyoo 1600, tus kws hais lus Askiv William Gilbert tau tshaj tawm ib txoj haujlwm ntawm cov khoom sib nqus, uas muab cov lus qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab hluav taws xob, thiab kuj muab pov thawj tias lwm yam minerals, piv txwv li, opal, amethyst, pob zeb diamond, sapphire, tau hluav taws xob, ntxiv nrog cov ntxhuav. Lub cev uas tuaj yeem tsim cov kws tshawb fawb hais txog hluav taws xob, thiab cov cuab yeej ntawm tus kheej - hluav taws xob. Nws yog nws leej twg thawj zaug pom tias xob laim txuas nrog hluav taws xob.

Hluav taws xob sim

Tom qab Gilbert cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, tus German burgomaster Otto von Guericke nyob hauv nws tus kheej. Txawm hais tias nws tsis yog thawj qhib hluav taws xob, nws tau tswj hwm txoj kev kawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. Otto los ua tus sau rau ntawm lub tshuab electrostatic uas ntsia zoo li ib lub phom pob, tig rau ntawm tus pas hlau. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev tsim no, nws yog ib qho ua tau kom paub tias hluav taws xob tau lub cev tsis tuaj yeem tsuas yog nyiam, tab sis kuj ua tsis tau. Kev tshawb fawb burgomaster ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm electrostatics.

Tom qab ntawd ua raws li cov kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau kev siv lub tshuab electrostatic. Stephen Grey nyob rau hauv 1729 hloov lub cuab yeej rau Gerike, hloov cov leej faj pob nrog ib khob, thiab, ntxiv cov sim kawm, nrhiav tau lub phenomenon ntawm hluav taws xob conductivity. Ib me ntsis tom qab, Charles Dufet pom muaj ob hom kev them nyiaj - los ntawm cov iav thiab los ntawm cov hnyuv ntxwm.

Nyob rau hauv 1745 Peter van Mushenbrook thiab Jurgen von Kleist, ntseeg tias dej tau sau nqi, tsim lub "Leiden jar" - lub ntiaj teb thawj condenser. Benjamin Franklin sib cav hais tias accumulates lub them nyiaj tsis yog dej, tab sis iav. Nws kuj qhia cov ntsiab lus "ntxiv" thiab "rho tawm" rau nqi hluav taws xob, "capacitor", "charge" thiab "tus neeg xyuas pib."

Yawm discoveries

Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua paub, cov hluav taws xob ua ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav. Tam sim no tshwj xeeb mloog yog them rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov txheej txheem dynamic thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau theem pib los ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob tam sim no.

Nyob rau hauv 1791, Galvani hais txog lub neej ntawm lub cev hluav taws xob, uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm cov tsiaj. Ua raws li nws, Alessandro Volta invents ib tus qauv galvanic - ib qhov qauv ncej. Nws yog thawj qhov chaw ntawm lub direct tam sim no. Yog li, Volta - ib tug kws tshawb fawb uas pom hluav taws xob dua, vim tias nws qhov kev tsim muaj lub npe pib rau kev siv hluav taws xob thiab kev siv hluav taws xob ntau.

Nyob rau hauv 1802, qhib ntawm lub voltaic arc Vasily Petrov. Antoine Nolle tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab tshawb txog hluav taws xob ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1809 Physicist Delarue invented ib lub roj teeb.

Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nplhaib thiab hluav taws xob yog kawm. Om, Lenz, Gauss, Amper, Joule, Faraday ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb. Xeem tsim thawj hwj chim generator thiab ib tug hluav taws xob motor, qhib txoj kev cai electrolysis thiab electromagnetic induction.

Nyob rau hauv XX xyoo pua, hluav taws xob kuj yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb Maxwell (kev tshawb xav ntawm electromagnetic phenomena), Curie (sab piezoelectricity), Thomson (sab electron), thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

Xaus

Ntawm chav kawm, ib tug tsis hais nrog tseeb tseeb uas qhib hluav taws xob hauv kev muaj tiag. Qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov, thiab nws yog heev tau hais tias nws tau pom ua ntej Thales. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xws li William Gilbert, Otto von Guericke, Volta thiab Galvani, Om, Ampere, yog qhov ua rau peb lub neej niaj hnub no.