Koom Haum Niam Kazakhstan: deserts, semi-deserts, steppes. Khan-Tengri. Kazakhstan dej

Kazakhstan nyem yog tsis tshua muaj ntau yam. Mus saib qhov no, nws suffices tsawg kawg glance ntawm lub cev daim ntawv qhia txog lub teb chaws. Tab sis peb mam li ua kom ntxaws thiab nyob rau hauv kom meej qhia rau koj txog lub roob, lub nras, deserts, dej ntws thiab ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws qhov chaw ntawm Eurasia.

Geography ntawm Kazakhstan (luv luv): qhov chaw nyob thiab ib thaj tsam

Kazakhstan - cov coob landlocked lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no (kuv txhais hais tias cov neeg States uas tsis tau ntxuav lub ntiaj teb dej hiav txwv). Nws cheeb tsam yog 2,72 lab sq. M. km thiab tag nrho cov qhov ntev ntawm ciam teb - ntau tshaj li 13 txhiab kilometers. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog tus thib ob loj tshaj plaws nyob lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no los ntawm cov neeg uas yog situated nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw hauv lub ntiaj teb no (ntawm Kazakhstan qhab nia ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm teb chaws Europe thiab Asia).

Ib tug loj cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws lom zem ntau thiab txiav txim seb lub muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm nws ua hauj lwm thiab tej yam ntuj tso ceg. Geography Kazakhstan yog nthuav thiab heev ntau haiv neeg. Nthuav fact: nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub loj loj teb chaws cheeb tsam, tsuas yog tsib cov neeg nyob ze Kazakhstan. Nws yog ncaj qha rau ntawm ciam teb nrog rau Tuam Tshoj, Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan thiab Kyrgyzstan.

Cov ciam teb ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asia yog muaj nyob rau hauv Aktobe cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nws yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj foothills ntawm Mugodzhary, ces raws tus dej Emba thiab Caspian hiav txwv.

Kazakhstan nyem distinguished los ntawm siab zoo. Tag nrho cov ntsug nco nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm ntau tshaj 7000 meters! Kazakhstan Kev nyab xeeb - tsis kub tsis txias continental thiab es qhuav. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov muaj yog feem ntau ib tug ceev nrooj thaum tshav kub kub, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no - mob loj heev txias (cia rau -40 degrees Celsius). Early caij nplooj ntoos hlav nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan climatic contrasts yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog noticeable thaum lub sab qaum teb yog tseem raging snowstorms nyob rau hauv sab qab teb muaj ntoo yuav vam.

Tom ntej no, peb piav qhia txog ntau cov ntsiab lus hais txog dab tsi yog nthuav thiab nyem nta ntawm Kazakhstan. Qhov twg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws koj yuav saib tau lub roob? Qhov twg lub nras, thiab nyob qhov twg - hauv cov suab puam?

Common nta ntawm Kazakhstan nyem

Hais txog 15% ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev nyob los ntawm cov roob ranges thiab ridges, hais txog 30% - yog lub nras thiab plateaus, 10% - kev nyuaj siab, 45% - ntawm cov suab puam thiab semi-suab puam. Tej varied struts ntawm Kazakhstan piav heev geological qauv ntawm lub cheeb tsam. Lub teb chaws yog nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw qhov twg los sib ruaj khov East-European platform, rooj noj Alpine siv thiab daim ntau quav tso lug Ural-Mongolian siv.

Cim nta ntawm lub nyem ntawm Kazakhstan kuj nyob rau hauv ib tug tseem ceeb poob nyob rau hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Yog li, tus nqi qis tshaj taw tes nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Caspian hiav txwv (Karagiye, 132 meters hauv qab no hiav txwv theem). Thiab ntawm no yog lub siab tshaj plaws taw tes nyob rau hauv yuav luag nce mus txog 7000 meters (lub ncov ntawm Khan Tengri nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws).

Qhov siab tshaj plaws roob nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan yog feeb meej raws sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ciam teb ntawm lub xeev. Nws Altai Tarbagatai, Jungar Alatau thiab cov Tien Shan. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub sab qaum teb yog lub yav qab teb ntxeev ntawm lub Ural roob.

Tej tiaj nrag ntawm Kazakhstan nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob thiab nyob rau hauv sab qab teb yog yeej los ntawm lowland. Los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws txiav ntev Turgai lub sab nyob rau hauv uas yuav ua rau nws txoj kev ob tug poj niam dej ntawm Kazakhstan - Tobol thiab Turgay.

Deserts nyob chaw loj loj nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob (nyob rau hauv lub Caspian cheeb tsam) nyob rau hauv sab qab teb thiab nyob rau hauv lub central-sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws.

hydrology Kazakhstan

Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws sau ntau tshaj 85 txhiab ntuj watercourses. Qhov loj tshaj plaws dej ntws ntawm Kazakhstan - yog lub Ural, Tobol, Ishim, los sis thiab Syr Darya. Qhov tseem tuab dej network yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm mountainous cheeb tsam, thiab tus nqi qis tshaj cai nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm deserts. Feem ntau ntawm Kazakhstan lub ntws nqa lawv cov dej mus rau lub Aral thiab Caspian Seas.

Muaj ntau nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan thiab pas dej. Txawm li cas los, loj lub cev ntawm cov dej, uas nws cheeb tsam tshaj 100 square kilometers, tsuas 21. Cov lawv - lub Caspian thiab cov Aral hiav txwv, Balkhash, Tengiz, Alakol thiab lwm tus neeg. Feem ntau ntawm cov pas dej nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv nws sab qaum teb thiab hauv paus cheeb tsam.

Nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan, tseem muaj 13 dag reservoirs. Tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov dej tshiab nyob rau ntawd yog hais txog 87 txhiab nyhav. km.

Kazakh steppe

Steppes thiab semi-deserts nyob rau hauv tag nrho cover txog 70% ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub Central Esxias lub teb chaws. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv qhov chaw yog nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj daim ntawv los yog li hloov los ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no yog negligible.

Kazakhstan steppe stretches ib tug broad txoj siv ntawm yuav luag 2000 kilometers ntawm lub Ural hav dej nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob mus rau lub Altai Toj siab - nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cheeb tsam nws yog tus loj tshaj plaws array ntawm qhuav steppe ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Txoj kev nyab xeeb yog continental thiab qhuav heev: nruab nrab txhua xyoo dej nag tsis tshua tshaj 350-400 hli.

Vim cov tsis muaj dej nyob rau hauv lub Kazakhstan steppes nroj tsuag yog scarce, muaj cov suab tsis muaj ntoo. Tab sis nws yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv fauna thiab hom ntau haiv. Ntawm no yog lub li ib txwm ntau yam ntawm cov cim tsiaj: saiga, Marmot, steppe pika, lwj uas mos lwj thiab lwm tus neeg. Tsis muaj tsawg nplua nuj avifauna ntawm no cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv lub steppes ntawm Kazakhstan, koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug dav dawb hau, dub Lark, liab noog muab tus ntses, dub stork, flamingo, cov lib nyug, golden dav dawb hau, dawb-tailed dav dawb hau.

Cov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab picturesque Kazakh steppe nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thaum pib thiab rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Tej zaum. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no muaj blooming poppies, irises thiab ntau lwm qaim xim, txoj siav gray, lifeless cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv ib tug yeeb yuj ntaub pua txhiab tus flowering nroj tsuag teb.

Kazakh suab puam

Deserts thiab semi-deserts nyob yuav luag ib nrab ntawm cov chaw uas zoo heev ntawm Kazakhstan. Lawv ncab yuav luag tas mus li sawb ntawm lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Aral Hiav txwv mus rau lub roob ranges ntawm sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws. Kazakhstan tso loj heev thiab tsis zoo siv: lawv tsis tshua muaj kev tiaj tus thiab cov tsiaj qus ua hauj lwm enliven lub me me zos thiab picturesque toj los yog caravans phlegmatic ntxhuav.

Nyob rau hauv lub suab puam ntawm Kazakhstan tau ntsib ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic hom: mob rocky, xuab zeb, crushed pob zeb, av nplaum thiab saline.

Suab puam Betpak Dala cheeb tsam ntawm txog 75,000 square kilometers, yog nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm lub teb chaws. Lub nyem yog muab nrog tiaj tiaj nruab nrab qhov siab ntawm 300-400 meters. Caij ntuj so yog heev kub thiab qhuav, dej nag yog tsawg tshaj li 150 mm ib xyoo. Lub depressions ntawm lub suab puam kis ntsev marshes thiab bizarre nyob rau hauv nws cov sab nraud views takyrs.

Mus rau sab qab teb ntawm lub Thawj koom ruam-Pak-Dala nyob Moyynkum Sands. Raws li qhov no suab puam thaj tsam yog yuav luag ib nrab. Nyob rau hauv sab qab teb nws yog bounded los ntawm lub roob ridges ntawm Karatau thiab Kyrgyz Alatau. Raws li, qhov nruab nrab altitude yog siab dua - 700-800 meters. Kev nyab xeeb ntog mus rau 300 hli ib xyoo yog ib tug me ntsis softer, atmospheric nag lossis daus. Muaj ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub suab puam siv los ntawm City li pastures rau nyuj.

Cov lug ntawm cov Ural roob siv

Raws li sau tseg saum toj no, nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan yog lub yav qab teb ntxeev ntawm lub Ural roob teb chaws. Ntawm no nws yog hais Preduralsky thiab Zauralskaya toj siab Mugodzhary roob, raws li zoo li ob peb me me thiab ridges thiab ridges (Shirkala, Shoshkakol thiab lwm tus).

Preduralsky toj siab ncav us txog ntawm lub Caspian lowlands nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob thiab nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj Mugodzhary. Nws maj mam txo rau sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb-sab hnub poob, ib tus hloov mus nyob rau hauv slaboholmistuyu dawb. Qhov nruab nrab qhov siab ntawm lub toj siab - 150-300 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem.

Mugodzhary - huab yav qab teb spur ntawm lub Ural roob nrog altitudes mus txog 657 meters (lub ncov ntawm Mount Boktybay). Cov roob, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, sawv cev ntawm ib cov saw ntawm tsawg thiab ntawm ntiav toj them nrog sib nroj tsuag. Qhov chaw relict birch koog. Mugodzhary - ib tug tseem ceeb qhov chaw ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan. Ntawm no mined gravel thiab lwm yam tsev pob zeb.

Toj siab ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj Kazakhstan

Qhov tseem mountainous ib feem ntawm Kazakhstan - sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws. Ntawm no towering yog hom twg ntawm cov Altai thiab Tarbagatai cais phiab ntawm lub pas dej Zaisan. Nrog tus ciam teb nrog rau Tuam Tshoj thiab Kyrgyzstan ncab lub Tien-Shan. Los ntawm txoj kev, ntawm no nws yog lub siab tshaj plaws taw tes nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm Kazakhstan yog ib tug xov tooj ntawm high roob ranges: Karatau, Junggar thiab Ile Alatau, Toksanbay thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nyob rau hauv lub Karaganda cheeb tsam yog Karkaralinsky Toj siab. Qhov no array muaj feem ntawm granite, quartzite thiab porphyrites paub nplua nuj deposits thiab polymetallic ores.

Nyob rau hauv sab qab teb muaj yog ib tug loj thiab heev scenic caj Karatau (lub Tien Shan). Muaj ntau qhov chaw ntawm ancient txiv neej tau pom. Los ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim, lub caj yog ib tug neeg sib tw rau xam nyob rau hauv ib tug tiv thaiv UNESCO. Ib tug array ntawm complex Karatau txawv pob zeb: sandstones, shales, limestones, thiab lwm yam. Nws ib thaj tsam yog ntau Karst dab thiab phenomena. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm lub Karatau uranium kuv tsim, hlau, ores, raws li zoo raws li phosphate.

toj siab Mangyshlak

Mangyshlak toj siab (Mangystau los yog) nyob rau tib ceg av qab teb nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws. Nws nruab nrab qhov siab - 200-300 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem. Los ntawm sab qaum teb toj siab bordered ntawm roob nrog elevations ntawm Mangistau rau 556 meters. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj, uas nws kis tau zoo mus rau hauv lub nyob ib sab toj siab Ustyurt.

Muaj tsawg kawg yog ob versions ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub npe ntawm tus hauv toj siab. Piv txwv li, lo lus "Mangistau" txhais los ntawm lub Kazakh lus raws li "ib txhiab wintering." Tab sis lub Turkmen soj ntsuam K. Annaniyazov lo lus "mangylshak" translates li "loj zos." Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, qhov no tiab daig lub npe Mangyshlak, tab sis nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Kazakhstan nws lub npe twb txawv - Mangystau.

"Suab puam. Kiag li tsis muaj tej nroj tsuag - yog xuab zeb pob zeb "- thiaj li tau piav cov chaw nto moo Ukrainian kws sau paj lug Taras Grigorevich Shevchenko. Tseeb, yog kev nyab xeeb sharply continental thiab yog tsis tshua muaj qhuav, tus dej ntws nrog perennial watercourse zoo tsis muaj leej twg. Lub cheeb tsam yog nplua nuj ntiaj teb no ntawm cov noog, cov uas muaj ntau tshaj muaj pua pua ntawm ntau hom.

Mangyshlak toj siab yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv pob zeb hauv av pab. Muaj deposits ntawm cov roj, tooj liab, manganese ore, pob zeb siv lead ua thiab pob zeb phosphate. Mangyshlak kuj yog ib tug ntau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kho mineral dej: chloride, bromide thiab sodium.

Qhov ntau nthuav rau hauv toj siab Mangyshlak? Tsis hais lub fact tias nyob rau hauv nws cov sab hnub tuaj extremity tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb Karagiye - lub deepest nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan thiab ib tug ntawm cov deepest nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm 132 meters hauv qab no hiav txwv theem.

Caspian kev nyuaj siab

Nyob rau lub roob yog hom twg, nras, steppes thiab deserts ntawm Kazakhstan, peb twb hais. Tab sis qhov kev piav qhia ntawm lub nyem ntawm lub teb chaws no yuav tsis muaj tag tsis muaj ib tug mention ntawm nws cov coob lowland.

Caspian kev nyuaj siab - ib tug lossis loj cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm 200 txhiab square kilometers (roughly tib cheeb tsam occupies lub koom pheej ntawm Belarus). Nws yog bordered los ntawm sab qaum teb yog ib feem ntawm lub Caspian hiav txwv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub sab qaum teb tsis pub tshaj lowland toj Common Syrt, thiab los ntawm cov sab hnub poob - lub Ural thiab Ustyurt toj siab. Lowland muaj rau hauv daim tshuam du nto, me ntsis inclined mus rau lub Caspian hiav txwv. Lub meej qhov siab ntawm nws txoj kev khwv los ntawm -30 mus 150 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem.

Caspian lowland hla lub hav ntawm tsib dej ntws: lub Volga, Ural, Emba, Terek thiab Kuma. Nyob rau hauv lub lowlands - ib tug ntau ntawm ntiav cov pas dej, los ntawm uas cov ntsev yog mined nquag.

Txoj kev nyab xeeb yog sharply continental thiab qhuav, kub cua yog heev. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb yog ib feem ntawm lub lowland loj hlob wormwood-nyom steppe, thiab nyob rau hauv sab qab teb yog yeej los ntawm cov suab puam thiab semi-suab puam ua hauj lwm. Feem ntau muaj cov ntsev licks thiab ntsev marshes. City siv cov Caspian lowland raws li ib tug lossis loj pasture. Nws kuj npaj zaub thiab tag.

Qhov siab tshaj plaws ncov nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan

Khan Tengri - taw pyramidal ncov ntawm lub Tien Shan, lub siab tshaj plaws taw tes nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan. Lub meej qhov siab ntawm lub roob - 6995 meters, nrog ib tug view ntawm cov dej khov plhaub - 7010 meters.

Thawm xyoo Mount Khan-Tengri yog nyob rau kev tshuam ntawm peb lub teb chaws: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan thiab Tuam Tshoj - yog li symbolizing kev thaj yeeb thiab nyiam phooj ywg kev sib raug zoo ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub roob no climbers kov yeej Soviet Mikhail Pogrebetskiy Boris Tyurin thiab Franz Zauberer. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1931. Cov pab pawg neeg twb zoo ua ntaj riam thaiv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nres Basmachi - partisans uas tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cov soviets nyob rau hauv Central Asia.

6 nthuav tseeb txog rau sab saum toj ntawm Khan Tengri:

• ntawm lub ncov muaj yog ib tug thib ob lub npe - Ntshav Roob (vim lub loj tus naj npawb ntawm climbers uas tuag thaum nce toj rau nws);
• niaj hnub no muaj 25 txawv kev, uas koj muaj peev xwm nce mus rau lub sab saum toj;
• nyob rau saum toj ntawm lub faus ib tug tshwj xeeb tshuaj ntsiav nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov uas climbers tawm lawv cov tswv yim nram qab no nws conquerors;
• paub climber Anatoly Bukreyev npe no ncov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw;
• nyob rau hauv 2002 nyob rau hauv Kyrgyzstan muab ib banknote ntawm 100 soms nrog rau cov duab ntawm lub ncov;
• cov ntaub ntawv rau feem ntau ascents ntawm Khan Tengri yog ib tug climber Gleb Sokolov los ntawm Novosibirsk, uas sawv mus rau lub sab saum toj 34 lub sij hawm!