Keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem ntawm lub teb chaws lub keeb kwm. Txhooj thiab uas yuav tsum tau ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov keeb kwm kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov tshiab kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm keeb kwm, raws li tau zoo raws li qhov muaj zog pej xeem txaus siab nyob rau hauv yav tag los tej xwm txheej twb dictated los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau los tsim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm phau ntawv ntawm tus tshiab hom. Tsim keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem muaj ib tug fundamentally tshiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm tag nrho cov txheej xwm tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws pom txawv le caag los qhia nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub teb chaws yav dhau los, tau xaiv lub yuav tsum tau daim ntawv teev cov ntsiab lus, cov ntsiab lus, cov tswv yim, personalities thiab cov txheej xwm. "Nyuaj lus nug", rau hauv daim ntawv uas yog nrog los ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab kev cai qauv, nrog rau teeb ntau yam yuav tsum tau los sib tham, los rhuab kev sib tham rau tag nrho cov theem ntawm cov haiv neeg. Qhov tsab xov xwm yuav xyuas ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm view nyob rau hauv no hais txog.

kev taw qhia

Keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem yuav tsum txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm keeb kwm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, los tsim cov kev tshawb fawb tsis txawj txaus ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsim ib qho kev cai thiab keeb kwm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Russia. Nrog rau qhov kev siv ntawm tus txheej txheem yuav tsum npaj rau tag nrho cov kev kawm complex uas yog tseem yuav tsum tau tsim ib tug syllabus, cov phau ntawv, phau ntawv, cov phau ntawv rau cov xib fwb, ib tug txheej ntawm phaib thiab hluav taws xob daim ntaub ntawv. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev tshwm sim yuav tsum muaj ntau yam, muaj ntau zog rau tag nrho cov kev siv ntawm cov kev kawm.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum tau kiag li hloov lub mus kom ze rau cov zaj lus qhia ntawm keeb kwm nyob rau hauv ib tug kawm ntawv theem nrab, uas yog undoubted teeb meem. Inclusion nyob rau hauv lub manuals, thiab ntxiv cov phau ntawv rau cov xib fwb ntawm lub duas paub siv ntaub ntawv uas muaj feem rau tag nrho cov feem ntau cov tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm view rau cov txheej xwm raug kawm nyob rau hauv Russia, nws yog tsim nyog los npaj lub "lus nug uas nyuaj ntawm keeb kwm," tau txais cov lus teb.

ntsiab kev pab raws qib

Peb yuav tsum tau tsim txoj cai tej yam kev mob rau paub suab nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm cov kawm ntawv tiav. Keeb kwm thiab kev cai qauv yuav tsum tsim ib lub tswv yim ntshiab ntawm lub ntsiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub multinational Lavxias teb sab xeev.

Nws yog tsim nyog los qhia rau tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm Russia ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab qhia lub essence ntawm nws ua ke rau lub zog ntawm tag nrho cov tiam ntawm Russians. Keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem yog tus sau phau ntawv lub tswv yim raws li ib tug sab panorama, uas yuav tsum tau suav hais tias yog keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws thiab haiv neeg rau tag nrho lub teb chaws, uas yog ib feem ntawm Russia thiab lub Soviet Union nyob rau hauv lub tsim nyog lub sij hawm.

Tutorials

Thaum npaj ib txoj kab tshiab ntawm phau ntawv phau ntawv rau cov kawm ntawv theem nrab txheem yuav tsum tau muab siv. Cov kev pab cuam yuav tsum tau raws li nyob rau hauv cov nram no postulates.

• Tag nrho cov dab thiab cov txheej xwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm yuav tsum tau synchronized nrog lub ntiaj teb no keeb kwm txheej txheem.
• Nws yuav tsum tau thov ib tug tshiab mus kom ze rau lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, vim hais tias nws yog ib tug tas mus li txheej txheem ua rau lub attainment ntawm lub teb chaws yog leejtwg tias mus tshaj lub hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm muaj tswv yim ua tau thiab npe, tab sis hais tias zoo ib yam nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws - thiab cov kev sib raug, economic, thiab kev nom kev tswv.
• Internal contradictions thiab kev tsis sib haum txhais ntawm cov keeb kwm cov txheej xwm yuav tsum raug tshem tawm, txawm yog hais tias lawv muaj ib yam muaj nuj nqis rau lub ntau thaj tsam ntawm Russia.
• Language cov khoom yuav tsum tau zoo li tus, kev nthuav qhia siv tau.

Cov ntsiab cai tseem ceeb

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab kev cai qauv yuav tsum tau adhered kom khov kho. Kev cob qha cov kev txawj ntse thiab pej xeem sib tham no yuav, ntawm chav kawm, qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv nws cov finalization. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim thiab cov thawj kauj ruam nyob rau hauv kov yeej lub legacy ntawm kev txawj ntse feuds restructuring li dhau ideological txhais thiab mindless muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm txhais hais tias yuav tsis muaj feem rau qhov tseeb lub xeev ntawm affairs.

Nkag siab txog ntawm keeb kwm dab yuav tsum tau raws li nyob rau hauv qhov yooj yim kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv ib logic, laaj, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev sib raug zoo thiab cov rooj saab laaj. Yuav kom kawm cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv Russia yuav tsum muaj ib sine hwm rau tag nrho cov nplooj ntawv tsis muaj kev zam, hais tias ua li nws yav dhau los. Cov neeg thiab scientific ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv - cov thawj ua hauj lwm, thiab nws tsis yog nyuaj heev, txawm tias thaum nws nphav feem ntau teeb meem sij hawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm. Yuav tsum tsis txhob suab scathing lus, qhov ntau yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav cov slightest speculation, cia li tseeb thiab cov nuj nqis, tsis muaj kev txaus cai los yog kev raug txim ntawm lawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsis tas yuav ua txhaum pej xeem txiav txim zoo.

Ob hom ntawm cov phau ntawv

Peb xav txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim tus qauv thiab ncua phau ntawv rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm Russia thiab lwm yam humanitarian khoom. Ob hom muaj raws li ib lub hauv paus tib yam keeb kwm thiab kev cai qauv, thiab tib lub canon. Thiab tus qauv siv phau ntawv - ib tug tag nrho puag, tsis yog ib tug surrogate rau hauv chav kawm "cooks cov me nyuam". Lawv yuav tau tsim thiab uas tuamyeem kawm, thiab tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm cov kev pab rau txoj kev tshawb no.

Nyob rau cov tub rog keeb kwm yog twb npaj ib phau ntawv rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, nws tawm hauv lub Lavxias teb sab tub rog-keeb kwm haiv neeg. Tus kwv tij mus rau lub canon ntawm paub txog keeb kwm yog tsim nyog los hais tias nws yog tus nrhiav tau ntawm ib qho kev txiav txim zoo thiab yooj yim qhov tseem ceeb, es ib tug kiv puag ncig thiab tsis populism. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov tshiab cov phau ntawv yog nyob rau hauv ze saib xyuas ntawm pej xeem lub koom haum thiab kev pab pawg uas yog tiag tiag xav nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim thiab ua constructive comments.

pom zoo kawm

Twb tau nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 2015 cov menyuam kawm ntawv tshiab cov phau ntawv raws li keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem ntawm lub teb chaws lub keeb kwm. Peb poob lawm tau pom zoo raws li pub dawb los ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm ambiguous thiab stylistically tom. Peb publishers twb koom nyob rau hauv lub qhov teeb meem ntawm cov tshiab cov phau ntawv rau cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau qib rau mus rau kaum, "Lavxias teb sab lo lus", "bustard" thiab "Kev Kawm Ntawv". Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub kawm qib cuaj, koj muaj peev xwm xaiv tau ib yam ntawm peb cov phau ntawv pom zoo raws li nram no sponsors teams:

1. Torkunov Danilov, Lewandowski, Arsenyev.
2. Lyashenko, Volobuev, Ximoos.
3. Zagladin Minako, Petrov.

Mus ua kom tiav qhov kev hloov mus rau ib tug tshiab keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem yuav tsum kwv yees li ob los yog peb lub xyoos.

Xyuas ntawm terminology

Lo lus "kam", mnogazhdy tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tshiab cov phau ntawv, tham ntau yam txog lub keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub website ntawm lub Ministry of Education thiab Science yog suav tias yog heev unsuitable, muab los hloov nws nrog cov kab lus "kev phooj ywg ntawm cov haiv neeg" los yog lwm yam. Pov thawj ntawm tsis raws kev cai yog lub caij nyoog translation ntawm lub sij hawm raws li ib tug kho mob mob.

Sib tham ua ke hais lus cam uas taw tes nrog hwm rau gulag raws li ib tug cim ntawm Stalinism cia li zoo shabby. Tsis tsuas yog cov tsiaj ntawv purely graphically tso tawm kom pom kom nyob rau hauv lub Standard, historians khib hais tias tej zaum yuav tsis muaj ib tug cim los tso saib no complex lub sij hawm. Tshwj xeeb yog ironic kev xaiv: tus ntoo khaub lig - ib lub cim ntawm Tsarist, Peter thiab Paul Fortress - ib lub cim ntawm authoritarianism Petra Velikogo. Nws yog tseem heev npaum li cas sib tham outraged hom cov kab lus "zoo-power ambitions ntawm Stalin." Thaum kawg - cov me nyuam tsis to taub.

Xyuas txog cov kev pab them nqi ntawm cov keeb kwm cov txheej xwm

Hais txog nqe lus hais txog cov dej num ntawm Smersh online tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm nthuav cov lus, thiab cov xib fwb-historians hais tias nws yuav tsis yooj yim rau ntau thov cov khoom, coj los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub tswv yim uas yuav tsum tau ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem. Qhov twg koj pom ib qho tsis tsim nyog "quacks" journalism billions tua, thiab cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub koom haum muaj kev cuam tshuam qhov tseeb kev, xws li nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv Bogomolov, "Lub caij ntawm tseeb. Nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj, plaub caug-plaub." Tsis tas li ntawd los sib tham yog cov official ntawv ntawm lub FSB archive nrog lub tswv yim pom zoo ntawm cov xib fwb los muab kev kawm.

Unknown mus rau lub kuag tooj kuag hlau tej lus cog tseg txog tus thuam ntawm Gorbachev, Yeltsin, uas sau tseg hais tias nws yog ib tug thuam ntawm sab laug, thaum lub Liberals txog cov Socialists thiab txawm lub Social Democrats tau yeej ib txwm tau txoj cai. perplexity kuj tshwm sim los ntau nqe lus thiab cov tswv yim nkag tau rau hauv lub keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem rau Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm. Piv txwv li: lub imperial haiv neeg, civil kev txiav txim zoo ntawm kev ncaj ncees, pej xeem zej zog, cov pej xeem 'thawj kauj ruam (tag nrho cov no - cov lo lus "civil" - hais txog cov puas tawm xyoo dhau!), Social stratification, tiam ntawm enlightened cov neeg, cov post-tsov rog contingent gulag - tag nrho cov tsis sau.

Xyuas ntawm cov txheej xwm

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem rau qhov cov tshwm sim los tsis sib ntseeg cov xib fwb sib txawv ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Russia. Lawv tsis pom raws li tus tshiab phau ntawv GEF yuav tsum. Yuav ua li cas peb rov cov ob txheem ideological, methodological thiab kev cai lij choj - lo lus nug tsis muaj ib tug yuav teb. Keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem kev pom zoo, tab sis purely tswv yim xib fwb tsis paub yuav ua li cas rau txoj kev ua nws.

Kom pom tseeb rau ntawm patriotic kev kawm ntawv ntawm tag nrho cov xav txog lawm, tab sis qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv no txoj kev yog formulated yog tsis meej, Ntxiv, ib tug ntau ntawm inaccuracies thiab inconsistencies. Keeb kwm - ib tug science. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov lus tseeb uas yog muaj rau cov me nyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau xaiv objectively, qhov twg patriotic patriotic hauv paus yog npaum li cas tsawg ib qho tseem ceeb. Hauv vib this kev xaiv ntawm tus txij nkawm yog neeg pluag. Yog vim li cas yog lub ntsiab txawj ua hauj lwm ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo hu ua "Woe los ntawm wit" Griboyedov, thiab thib nees nkaum - "Ib tug hnub nyob rau hauv lub Ivana Denisovicha," Solzhenitsyn? "Yuav ua li cas yuav li no?" - nug tus xib hwb.

Comments txog cov niaj hnub txoj kev tshawb no

Keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem tseem eliminates kawm cov txheej xwm ntawm lub xyoo caum kawg thiab ib tug ib nrab. Nyob rau hauv cov pawg lus 7 ntawm lub tswv yim pom zoo, yog muaj mention ntawm cov niaj hnub txoj kev tshawb no, uas yog, lub ntsiab lus tshiab khiv nkag mus hauv kwv "nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm Russia." Cov xib fwb tsis to taub yuav ua li cas hais txog nrog cov kev kawm txuj. Cov assumption yog tias tus txuj no yog tsim los rau cov thawj thiab yooj yim lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov kawm ntawv cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tau kawm hauv chav kawm "Lavxias teb sab ntiaj teb no".

Cov xib fwb xav paub lub hom phiaj ntawm kev mus saib xyuas keeb kwm thiab kev cai txheej txheem: coj muaj nuj nqis rau lawv lub teb chaws los yog tsis tau tsa lub creators thiab tau txais kev pab, nrog muaj kuab? Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev thiab cov tswj system, cov xib fwb yuav tsis to taub. Lawv pom nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem kev soj ntsuam ntawm peb keeb kwm los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm mas Western tswv yim, qhov twg ua ntej yog muab rau cov lag luam, kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab lwm yam cwj pwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas lub ntiaj teb no. Coj los ntawm tus txheej txheem, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los mus piav qhia yog vim li cas Lavxias teb sab tau yeej ib txwm tau (thiab yuav tsum tau) kev vam meej teb chaws, qhov chaw uas nws tuaj ntawm peb zoo keeb kwm.

Xyuas ntawm Canon shortcomings

Nws tsis yog ib qho yooj yim ua hauj lwm - lub creation ntawm xws qauv, uas tus sau phau ntawv tau mus thov rau tej yam loj methodological dees. Tab sis methodological kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv nws tseem muaj, thiab tsis muaj kev kho nqi lus (tshaj tawm - ib tug tshaj dhau!) Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm ib tug kawm nyob rau hauv theem nrab tsev kawm ntawv. Tab sis niaj hnub no muaj ib tug caij nyoog ntawm ib tug historic txhob nyob rau hauv lub scientific haiv neeg: lub sij hawm tas los muaj ib tug txheej ntawm archaeological finds (tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv Novgorod).

Muaj yog tsis ib lo lus nyob rau hauv qhov Standard ntawm lub Vedas, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb lub tswvyim ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiaj nyob rau hauv Russia yog precisely Vedic. Qhov twg qhov chaw uas feem ntau haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab hwjchim ci ntsa iab: lub chronicle ntawm lub monastery ntawm lackeys, "lus dab neeg uas Slovenia thiab Ruse" ioachim chronicle, chronograph academician Tikhomirov, kev tshawb fawb Gumilyov thiab Solonevich ... qhov twg zais, txawm hais tias cov kws txawj paub tej xwm txheej - Azov lub rooj sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas? Daim ntawv teev cov tseem ceeb thiab yog tsis muaj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem yog ntev heev.

mauj haum ntawm

Nrog rau tus thuam ntawm cov xib fwb nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib tham ua hauj lwm pab creators qauv yog heev nthuav proposals. Cia li ib tug piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas nws yuav tsim nyog yuav xa cov ntaub ntawv systematically. High tsev kawm ntawv cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum paub hais tias Ivan Grozny tsis yog ib tug "tug txiv neej-eater". Tsis tsuas yog hais tias, nws muaj ntau zog rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Russia yog ib puas feem pua (!): From 2.8 rau 5.4 lab square kilometers. Rau tag nrho cov tsib caug xyoo reign nws tua deb tsawg dua cov neeg tshaj ib (!) Tsuas yog Parisian St. Palaumais, qhov twg lub Huguenots raug tua nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb teev ntxiv.

Thiab tib Christian II rau ob hnub (!) Bloodbath nyob rau hauv Stockholm tu ncua kev kawm kaum lub sij hawm ntau. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yuav tsum tau hais tias nyob rau hauv ces dai landless nees nkaum lub sij hawm tsawg (Law vagrancy), thiab lub Dutch raug tua tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas thaum lub sij hawm Eighty Years 'War. Thiab thaum kawg, ib tug ntau tseeb. Tom qab hauv daim duab, qhov twg tus huab tais tua nws tus tub Ivan, Ilya Repin withered tes.