Ib suam ntawm tshuaj

Ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tus txheej txheem ntawm transformation ntawm tshuaj, thaum lub sij hawm uas lub sij hawm muaj ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv los yog muaj pes tsawg leeg. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev no yog ib txoj kev hloov pib ntaub ntawv los yog reagents rau hauv lub kawg khoom. Niaj hnub no tsim ib tug heev ntshiab kev faib tshuaj tshua.

Hauj lwm tshua siv sib npaug. Tej yam tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tshua

Muaj ntau ntau classifications, txhua tus uas yog coj mus rau hauv tus account ib los yog ntau nta. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj lom tshuaj yuav tau muab cais los ntawm hmoog rau:

• kom muaj nuj nqis thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub reactants thiab zaum kawg cov khoom;
• lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm thawj zaug thiab zaum kawg tshuaj (gas, kua, khoom daim ntawv no);
• tus naj npawb ntawm theem;
• xwm ntawm cov lus hais uas yog kis thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (ion, electron);
• thermal cov nyhuv;
• ntws nyob rau hauv lub rov qab coj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias tshuaj no feem ntau yog sau siv cov qauv thiab sib npaug. Lub sab laug sab ntawm lub kab zauv qhia txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub reactants thiab qhov xwm ntawm lawv kev sis raug zoo, thiab txoj cai ces koj yuav pom qhov kawg khoom. Lwm tseem ceeb heev taw tes - tus xov tooj ntawm atoms ntawm txhua lub caij nyob rau hauv txoj cai thiab sab laug yuav tsum sib npaug zos. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv no txoj kev uas nws muaj cai raws li txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj.

Raws li twb tau hais, muaj ntau ntau yam classifications. Nws yuav sib tham txog cov feem ntau siv.

Ib suam ntawm tshuaj rau pes tsawg leeg, tus xov tooj ntawm thawj zaug thiab zaum kawg khoom

Tshua ntawm Tiabsis cov: lawv yuav tsum ntau yam uas tau muab ua tsim ib tug ntau txoj substance. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog nrog los ntawm kev tso cai ntawm tshav kub.

Decomposition tshua: thawj zaug reactant yog ib tug complex compound uas ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub cev qhuav dej dog dig yooj yim tshuaj. Tej tshua tej zaum yuav ob redox thiab tshwm sim tsis tau hloov lub valence.

Hloov tshua - sawv cev rau cov kev sib tshuam ntawm txoj thiab yooj yim substance. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub hloov ntawm tej atom ntawm ib tug compound. Schematically, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum qhia raws li:

A = AB + BC + C

metathesis - ib tug txheej txheem thaum lub sij hawm uas lub ob reactant txau exchanged nruab nrab ntawm cov kev tivthaiv qhov chaw. Piv txwv li:

AB + CD = AD + CB

hloov mus rau lwm tshua - yog yus muaj los mus hloov ib tug atom los yog pab pawg neeg ntawm atoms los ntawm ib tug yeeb tshuaj mus rau lwm lub.

Ib suam ntawm tshuaj tshua: reversible thiab irreversible dab

Ib qho tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - nws yog ib lub sij hawm kom rov qab tus txheej txheem.

Yog li ntawd hu ua reversible xws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom uas tej zaum yuav koom nrog txhua lwm yam, txoj kev ua rau tib starting cov ntaub ntawv. Feem ntau, qhov no feature yuav tsum tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kab zauv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, rau sab laug thiab txoj cai ib feem ntawm kab zauv muab ob tawm tsam sub.

Thaum ib tug irreversible tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom nws yog tsis muaj peev xwm yuav hnov mob nrog txhua lwm yam - yam tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam.

Suam ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub thermal nyhuv

Thermochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog muab faib ua ob lub ntsiab pawg:

• exothermic dab, thaum lub sij hawm uas muaj tshav kub dissipation (zog);
• endothermic dab, uas yuav tsum tau lwm lub zog haum.

Ib suam ntawm tshuaj rau tus xov tooj ntawm theem thiab theem featured

Raws li twb tau hais, lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm cov tshuaj no kuj zoo kawg thiab tseem ceeb rau tag nrho cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tshua. Nyob rau cov thaj av feem ntau distinguished:

• cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov roj;
• tshua nyob hauv cov tshuaj;
• tshuaj dab ntawm cov khib nyiab.

Tab sis cov thawj thiab zaum kawg cov khoom yeej tsis xa mus rau ib tug lub xeev ntawm aggregation. Yog li ntawd, tshua thiab cov dej num raws li tus xov tooj ntawm theem:

• ib leeg-theem los yog homogeneous tshua - yog dab uas nws cov khoom yog nyob rau hauv tib lub xeev (nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv no yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw yog nyob rau hauv cov roj theem los yog nyob rau hauv cov kua);
• heterogeneous cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (multiphase) - reactants thiab zaum kawg cov khoom tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv sib txawv xeev ntawm aggregation.