Historiography - ib tug Lavxias teb sab historiography ...

Yuav koj nco ntsoov thaum peb tau kawm nyob rau lub tsev kawm ntawv los yog kawm ntawv qib siab hauv keeb kwm? Yog li ntawd txawm yuav yog nthuav? Feem ntau cov yuav, koj cov lus teb yuav yog nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas cov khoom yog hais koj tus xib fwb. Yog hais tias nws cia li ua rau koj nco lub hnub tim, nws tsis yog li ntawd, zaj dabneeg mag tau "laj tuag." Txawm li cas los, tej zaum nws tsis yog li ntawd, thiab koj tus xib fwb yuav ua pa lub neej mus rau keeb kwm science. Thaum nws tham txog lub neej nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt los yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Sparta, lub keeb kwm narrative cia tuaj ciaj sia nyob rau hauv lub minds ntawm inquisitive menyuam kawm ntawv. Koj puas xav tias cov keeb kwm cia tuaj mus rau lub neej nyob rau hauv koj lub siab? Zoo, yog hais tias yog cov ntaub ntawv. Yuav ua li cas yog qhov teeb meem? Yog vim li cas yog tus mus kom ze ib tug xib fwb muaj peev xwm yuav li txawv los ntawm hais tias ntawm lub lwm yam? Qhov txawv ntawm ib tug xib fwb thiab tus phem keeb kwm yog tib yam li cov sib txawv ntawm ib tug qhuav keeb kwm thiab historiography. Nws hloov tawm, historiography theem yuav piav qhia txog cov txheej xwm yog npaum li cas livelier. Yuav ua li cas no tshwm sim? Cia peb kawm saib.

Yuav ua li cas yog historiography?

Historiography - yog, tsuas muab tso rau, cov nyob rau ntawm tag nrho systematic cov ntaub ntawv uas qhia cov essence ntawm ib tug qauv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm. Koj muaj peev xwm muab ib tug piv txwv yooj yim. Biblical historiography - ib tug sau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau txog cov neeg Yudais ntawm biblical lub sij hawm, cov nyob rau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm archeology, cov lus ntawm cov Hebrew lus thiab cov muaj scientific discoveries; ntshiab system nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm tseeb ncaj los yog pov thawj uas yog dai kom zoo nkauj thematically.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog qhov no zoo ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb, raws li ib tug science, whereas historiography - ib tug qhuab qhia uas kawm cov keeb kwm thiab nws cov kev taw qhia. Historiography tsom kwm qhov zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab ib cov ntshiab tsim. Qhov no muaj xws li cov ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau kev soj ntsuam, rau cov uas nws twb them. Raws li cov phau ntawv txhais lus Ozhegova, historiography - qhov kev kawm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab lub sab keeb kwm ntawm lub txoj kev ntawm cov keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb.

historiography keeb kwm

Historiography - ib txoj kev ntawm kev tshawb fawb mus rau hauv lub keeb kwm, paub Croce, los ntawm kev uas tej zaum yuav pom cov kev sib raug zoo niam keeb kwm thiab philosophy. Yog vim li cas yog muaj ib tug yuav tsum tau qhov science? Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv Ntxiv nrog rau qhov saib xyuas thiab teev cia cov ntawm cov lus tseeb, muaj ib txwm yuav tsum tau mus muab ib tug kev piav qhia ntawm cov txheej xwm. Thiab cov views paub tias muaj neeg sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, qhov tseeb xaav ntawm kev muaj tiag yuav tsum tau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau txoj kev cov dab neeg piav lawv taw tes ntawm view. Tsis tas li ntawd, Croce txuas tseem ceeb heev rau tam sim no.

Raws li keeb kwm ntaub ntawv - nws yog feem ntau xwb qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm purely subjective taw tes ntawm view ntawm tus sau, uas tej zaum yuav txawv radically los ntawm cov kev muaj tiag, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb raws li ib tug sib lawv liag, thiab qhov tseeb mus kom ze rau txoj kev tshawb no. Txawm li cas los, ob tug lub tswv yim yuav tsis tsum hu ua opposites. Theej, lawv muaj ob txawv kiag li taw tes ntawm view. Chronology pib xwb qhov tseeb, thaum lub sij hawm zaj dabneeg - uas yog lub neej. Chronicle poob nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los thiab keeb kwm ntawm niaj hnub txhua lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej pointless zaj dabneeg puv rau hauv ib lub banal keeb kwm. Raws li Croce, zaj dab neeg yuav tsis muaj los ntawm lub keeb kwm, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug nyob tsis tuaj los ntawm cov neeg tuag.

philological keeb kwm

Yuav ua li cas yog lub philological keeb kwm? Qhov no mus kom ze, uas, piv txwv li, ntawm ob peb keeb kwm ua hauj lwm, los yog cov phau ntawv koj yuav tau txais ib. Qhov no yog hu ua nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus muab tso ua ke - ib tug union ntawm txawv teb chaws kev tshawb fawb thiab cov tswv yim tsis muaj self-ua cov thawj qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv ntawv thov no mus kom ze ntawm tus txiv neej yog tsis muaj yuav tsum tau mus nrhiav los ntawm ib lub roob ntawm cov phau ntawv, tab sis qhov kawg tshwm sim tau raws li ib tug ntawm xws li kev tshawb fawb, muaj me ntsis uas tsis muaj kev siv. Peb tau txais lub liab qab tseeb, tsis yeej ib txwm ua tau, txhim khu kev qha, tab sis peb tsis tau cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - uas muaj sia nyob keeb kwm. Yog li ntawd, zaj dab neeg yog raws li nyob rau hauv Philology, tej zaum yuav muaj tseeb, tab sis yog tsis muaj tseeb. Thov txoj kev no tej zaum yuav xav kom lwm tus neeg hais raws li lawv tus kheej thiab hais tias tej ntaub ntawv - nws yog ib qho indisputable sib cav nyob rau hauv dej ntawm qhov tseeb. Yog li, lawv yog cov compilers keeb kwm, nrhiav qhov tseeb tsis pub dhau rau lawv tus kheej, tab sis nco cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Xws li ib tug mus kom ze tsis tau muaj feem xyuam rau qhov tseeb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm historiography.

Ib tug xav paub ntau tshaj txog lub hauv paus pib ntawm historiography

Yog hais tias peb tham txog dab tsi lub Soviet historiography, los yog lwm yam, tej zaum nws yuav tsum tau muab sau hais tias ua ntej no lub sij hawm txhais tau tias nws txhais li cas, namely, "zaj dab neeg nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv" (Graphos - tsab ntawv). Tom qab, Txawm li cas los, tej yam uas tau hloov lawm, thiab hnub no, qhov no qhia saib lub keeb kwm ntawm cov keeb kwm nws tus kheej. Ntawm cov neeg uas sawv ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm historiography yuav hu ua S. M. Soloveva, V. O. Klyuchevskogo thiab P. N. Milyukova. Lawv, xws li ib co lwm cov neeg, tshawb yuav ua li cas cov kev xav raws li cov lus tseeb, thiab twb proven system. Los ntawm lub caij puv 19 xyoo pua, zaum tau tsim ib tug tag nrho palette ntawm scientific keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau saum toj kev tshawb fawb, nws yog ua tau rau lub npe thiab lwm tus neeg, uas clarified qhov tseem ceeb ntawm historiography raws li ib tug science, thiab leej twg piav txog tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev ua ib txoj kev tshawb no ntawm yav dhau los, siv ib tug scientific mus kom ze. Raws li peb hais saum toj no, lub philological historiography saum toj no rau lub nqaim conceptions ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Tiamsis, nws yog ib qho los mus recreate lub ntiaj teb no raws li nws yog pua pua los yog txawm ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los, muaj lub siab xav kom tau lub qhov muag ntawm xav nyob rau hauv cov ancient lub sij hawm, thiab txawm tsa lub neej thiab kev paub ntawm cov neeg uas nyob ntev dhau los.

historians ntsiab lus

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm historiography yog ib tug to taub tag nrho ob qho tib si yav dhau los thiab tam sim no, keeb kwm raws li ib tug science. Tsaug rau nws, nws tseem tau los mus txiav txim zaj dab neeg yuav tsim nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia, thiab ua kev tshawb fawb ntau yog. Vim lub historiography nws yog ua tau los npaj ib tug ntau txog tej tub txawg nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm keeb kwm.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nyob nruab nrab ntawm science thiab xyaum nws yuav yog ib tug loj loj ntxi, yog hais tias lawv tsis tau kev cob cog rua lub historiography ntawm uas kev tshawb xav lem mus rau hauv kev siv tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, yog tias ib tug kws historian paub lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm science, nws researches thiab qhia, nws yuav pab nws mus tau ib tug zoo kev nyob rau hauv nws daim teb.

Niaj hnub nimno cov me nyuam broaden cov foundations nyob rau hauv historiography

Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm ob peb xyoo lawm, nws tau zoo zog rau nws mus coj ib tug tshiab saib lub keeb kwm ntawm cov keeb kwm kev kawm. Ntawm cov luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv tej zaum yuav tau hais tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov sau "Soviet historiography", 1996 tsab, raws li zoo raws li lub phau ntawv "Patriotic keeb kwm science nyob rau hauv lub Soviet era" (2002). Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav ras los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub historiography ntawm lig, txij li thaum nws qhib txoj kev mus rau ib tug tob txoj kev tshawb no ntawm keeb kwm.

Lavxias teb sab historiography

Cov kev siv zog los xyuas kom meej tias ib tug zoo dua kev nkag siab ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia - tsis yog ib tug tshiab lub tswv yim. Raws li lub xyoo dhau lawm, cov neeg hloov lawm, thiab yog li ntawd, hloov thiab txuas rau txoj kev tshawb no. Nyuam qhuav pib keeb kwm kawm ntxiv nrog cov aim mus nrhiav tau tus precedents ntawm yav dhau los. Txawm li cas los, txhua lub sij hawm Lavxias teb sab historiography twb tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub philosophy ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv uas nws nyob soj ntsuam. Providence, tsis muaj feem xyuam rau lub tseeb tej lus qhia ntawm vaj, nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog tau txais kev pab raws li lub ntsiab cav ntawm lub siab xav to taub zaj dab neeg. Yog hais tias tej kev tshwm sim los yog kev huam yuaj ntaus nqi mus rau Vajtswv vmeshateltvu, uas raug nqi ntau cov fact uas yog kom meej meej hais nyob rau hauv phau Vajlugkub: "Tus txiv neej dominates txiv neej rau nws raug mob." Yog li Vajluskub qhia hais tias tej tig cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ua ntej thiab foremost cov neeg uas tsim lawv. Lavxias teb sab historiography twb tseem muaj nyob los ntawm cov neeg uas tsis raws li cov lus tseeb, kev xav.

Kev nthuav qhia los ntawm lub Slavs

Txawm tias hnub no yog tsis raws nraim paub rau tag nrho cov neeg lub tswv yim hais tias muaj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Kievan Rus, tab sis los ntawm tshuaj ntsuam qhov tseeb, tsis tau koj yuav pom tau tias nyob rau hauv cov hnub muaj ntau legends thiab zaj nkauj uas muaj kev cuam tshuam lub ntiaj teb no views ntawm lub ancient Slavs. Lawv lub tswv yim hais txog lub ntiaj teb no radically txawv los ntawm hnub no lub. Txawm tias grain ntawm qhov tseeb, tej zaum, lawv muaj, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tsis muaj ib tug yuav muaj kev tso siab nyob rau hauv xws whims. Koj muaj peev xwm txawm li cas los, mloog cov lus ntawm ib tug txawj sau ntawv uas muaj npe tag nrho cov Slavic songs, epics, tales thiab paj lug "lub meej mom thiab txawj ntse ntawm cov neeg." Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov neeg uas sau lawv, xav tias nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev.

Thaum lub sij hawm, li cas los xij, nrog lub advent ntawm cov tshiab keeb kwm tseeb, thiab nce kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv qhov mus kom ze rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm science nws tus kheej twb khees me ntsis lawm. Nrog rau cov emergence ntawm tshiab kev xaav thiab qhov tseeb scientific sau ntawv sochneny zaj dabneeg hloov thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb mus rau hauv lawm.

Ntev-sawv attempts kom lub chronology

Nyeem feem ntau ancient scientific tej hauj lwm rau lub keeb kwm, koj yuav pom ib qho kev nthuav yam ntxwv feature - zaj dab neeg ntawm tej txheej xwm feem ntau yog pib nrog rau qhov kaj ntug ntawm lub sij hawm thiab zakanichalas meanwhile, nyob rau hauv uas tus sau nyob. Rau niaj hnub zaum no tseem ceeb cov ntaub ntawv uas cov historian sau txog lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv uas nws nyob, raws li cov lus qhia no yog lub feem ntau credible thiab txhim khu kev qha. Kawm tej hauj lwm sib txawv ntawm cov sau phau ntawv qhia hais tias txawm ces muaj yog ib tug sib txawv ntawm views ntawm cov neeg sib txawv nyob rau hauv tib teeb meem. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg sib txawv feem ntau muaj ib tug heev txawv tswv yim hais txog ib tug keeb kwm kev tshwm sim.

Yuav ua li cas tau peb kawm?

Yog li, peb twb tau mus plunge rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab saib yuav ua li cas strikingly txawv le caag los tshawb fawb, muab piv nrog peb lub sij hawm. Peb yuav luv luv pom zoo li cas influences txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov keeb kwm raws li ib tug science, thiab suav hais tias tshaj tiaj scientific method yog txawv los ntawm lub tiag tiag nyob kev tshawb fawb, nyob rau hauv uas lub qhov rooj yuav qhib ib tug scientific mus kom ze, paub hnub no raws li historiography. Thov kev txawj ntse tau nyob rau hauv koj tus kheej, koj yuav muaj peev xwm ua kev kawm keeb kwm kev lom zem rau koj tus kheej thiab lwm leej lwm tus. Historiography ntawm lub Kievan Rus 'thiab Lavxias teb sab historians yog tam sim no rau koj tsis prolema.