Fridrih Rattsel thiab nws lub ntsiab tswv yim

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, Fridrih Rattsel yeej lub thaj scene nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub natural sciences, thiab qhov kev kawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau ua ib qhov txuas ntawm lawv thiab txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tus txiv neej. Nws tau txais nws doctorate nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog tsiaj txhu, geology thiab comparative lub cev, thiab ua tus tsim anthropogeography.

Rattsel Fridrih: biography

Yug nyob rau hauv 1844, Ratzel twb kawm ntawv nyob rau ntau German universities. Nyob rau hauv 1872 nws tau mus xyuas Ltalis, thiab lub tebchaws United States thiab Mexico nyob rau hauv 1874-75, ntsig txog. Kuv cov kwv tij mus sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws ntawm Munich thiab Leipzig. Nyob rau ib tug kawm ntawm Darwin twb zoo heev los ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm evolution. Ratzel mus thov cov tswv yim rau tib neeg lub neej. Ua ntej nws, lub hauv paus ntawm kev geography nteg lub Alexander von Humboldt, thiab lub regional - Carl Ritter. Paschel thiab Richthofen teev tseg tej ntsiab cai rau ib tug systematic txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm peb ntiaj chaw.

Fridrih Rattsel thawj piv rau lifestyles ntawm ntau yam pab pawg neeg thiab haiv neeg, thiab yog li cim pib ntawm systematic kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm socio-economic geography. Nws muaj ib tug ntse txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg, haiv neeg thiab haiv neeg, thiab tom qab lub teb tshawb coined lub sij hawm "anthropogeography", piav txog nws raws li lub ntsiab kev coj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Ratzel tau tsim Ritter lub geography, faib nws mus rau hauv anthropological thiab kev nom kev tswv.

Koob meej mas yuav kis tau nws organic kev tshawb xav ntawm lub xeev (los yog qhov chaw nyob lebensraum), nyob rau hauv uas nws muab piv rau nws cov evolution ntawm muaj sia.

patriot lub teb chaws Yelemees

Ratzel, ib tus kawm ntawm ntau haiv neeg cov kev tshawb fawb kev txaus siab, yog ib tug staunch patriot. Thaum pib ntawm lub Franco-Prussian ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1870, nws tuaj koom lub Cov Qib ntawm cov Prussian pab tub rog thiab cov sib ntaus sib tua raug mob vim yog ob zaug. Tom qab German unification nyob rau hauv 1871, nws mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau kev kawm txoj kev ua neej ntawm lub Germans nyob txawv teb chaws. Ua li no, nws tau mus xyuas Hungary thiab Transylvania. Nws mus rau nws lub hom phiaj, thiab nyob rau hauv 1872, tom qab hla tus Alps, mus xyuas Ltalis.

Cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv America

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1874-75 Fridrih Rattsel mus rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab Mexico, yog li expanding lub Scope ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb. Nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, nws kawm economics, kev sib raug zoo qauv thiab tej vaj tse ntawm hauv paus txawm neeg thiab pab pawg neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub neej ntawm Khab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws txawm nta hlo cov xim rau cov dub thiab Suav nyob rau hauv lub central ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws United States, cov Midwest thiab California. Raws li nws kev tshawb fawb, nws sim los formulate ib co kev cov ntsiab lus hais txog thaj regularities tshwm sim los ntawm hu rau nruab nrab ntawm cov aggressively expanding thiab retreating cov pab pawg neeg.

Fridrih Rattsel: anthropogeography

Nyob rau hauv 1875, tom qab ua kom tiav cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub US thiab Mexico, nws rov qab mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab nyob rau hauv 1876 tau raug tsa xibfwb hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Leipzig. Nyob rau hauv 1878 thiab 1880 nws luam tawm ob tug phau ntawv nyob rau North America, hais txog nws lub cev thiab kev cai geography.

Cov phau ntawv, los ntawm cov uas tus German kawm los ua paub thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no, tau ua tiav ntawm 1872 thiab 1899 xyoo. Fridrih Rattsel yooj yim lub tswv yim kos los ntawm tus tsom xam ntawm tus ntawm ntau yam lub cev tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub teb thiab qhov uas cov neeg nyob. Cov thawj lub ntim ntawm "anthropogeography" yog ib txoj kev kawm ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus txiv neej thiab lub ntiaj teb, thiab lub thib ob - txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nws feem rau cov ib puag ncig. Ratzel tus ua hauj lwm raug raws li lub tswvyim hais tias tib neeg kev ua si yog txiav txim los ntawm nws lub cev ib puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no tus sau tshuaj xyuas rau cov tib neeg geography nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov neeg thiab haiv neeg. Raws li nws, cov haiv neeg yuav tsis nyob twj ywm tshem tawm nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Tom qab, nws kov yeej tej co determinism ntawm nws txoj kev xav, hais tias cov neeg muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua si ntawm qhov, thiab qhov ib puag ncig yog ib tug khub, tsis yog ib tug tub qhe ntawm tib neeg kev ua si.

Ratzel Darwin thov lub tswvyim ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Analogy no yuav qhia tau tias pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg tau ntoog kom ciaj sia nyob rau hauv tej yam kev kawm xws li cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj. Qhov no mus kom ze yog lub npe hu ua "social Darwinism." Ratzel yog qhov yooj yim philosophy ntawm "ciaj sia taus ntawm cov fittest" nyob rau hauv lub cev ib puag ncig.

dag ntawm militarism

Nyob rau hauv 1890 nws nquag advocated qhov qaug dab peg ntawm German txawv teb chaws ib cheeb tsam thiab tsim nws rog uas muaj peev xwm ntawm nyuaj teb chaws Aas Kiv. Nws lub tswv yim qhia spatial siv ntawm lub Darwinian tawm tsam rau hav zoov. Nyob rau hauv raws li cov "kev cai" ntawm lub hwv txoj kev loj hlob nyob ruaj khov, lub xeev yuav tsum tau txhab, thiab "siab dua ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev vam meej yuav tsum tau txhab rau ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm lub sab." Cov kev cai twb supposedly ntuj, muab lub tsis ntev los no kev koom ua ke ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, inter-State rivalry nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe (General Schlieffen twb tsim ib lub hom phiaj ua rau Fabkis) thiab tus sawv ntawm empires (Africa twb muab faib nyob rau Berlin sablaj nyob rau hauv 1884-85 xyoo). Zoo Ratzel teb hwv neeg pab leg ntaubntawv ntawm lub teb chaws. Tom qab nws tuag tas thiab tus thawj lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog German geopolitics revived anthropogeography tswv yim kom los siav lawv tus kheej ambitions thiab, raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau, nws tej hauj lwm tau rau txim los ntawm British thiab American kws tshawb fawb.

Muaj txoj cai kom qhov chaw nyob

Nyob rau hauv 1897, Fridrih Rattsel sau "nom tswv geography", nyob rau hauv uas nws muab piv rau lub xeev nrog rau lub cev. Zaum cam hais tias nws yog, zoo li tej yam yooj yim cov kab mob no yuav tsum yog loj hlob los yog tuag, thiab yuav tsis sawv tseem. Fridriha Rattselya kev tshawb xav ntawm "qhov chaw nyob" tau generated controversy txog lub superior thiab ua tsis tau zoo haiv neeg, thov hais tias lub mas tsim haiv neeg muaj txoj cai los nthuav nws lub teb chaws ( "qhov chaw nyob") nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis ntawm tsawg tsim cov neeg nyob ze. Nws sau tseg rau nws views, hais tias qhov yuav ncua ntxiv ntawm lub xeev ntawm nws ciam teb rau lwm nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm cov uas qaug zog yog ib tug rog xav txog ntawm nws puab lub hwj chim. Lub siab dua ib lub teb chaws txiav txim rov qab haiv neeg, ua ib tug natural xav tau. Yog li, Fridrih Rattsel, uas nws geopolitics prevailed nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau hauv lub thirties, tau pab mus rau phaum ob ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog.

Cov qib kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg

Sib tham seb cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev puag ncig nyob rau hauv tib neeg, German anthropogeography sib cav hais tias tib neeg lub neej loj nyob rau hauv theem. Cov kauj ruam no yog:

• yos hav zoov thiab nuv ntses;
• rab hlau kab lis kev cai;
• tillage;
• mixed ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv uas ua liaj ua teb thiab cov tsiaj husbandry yog mixed;
• unmixed tsiaj husbandry;
• qoob loo.

Nws, txawm li cas los, hais tias nws tsis yog tsim nyog hais tias tag nrho cov societies kis tau los ntawm cov tib theem ntawm nyiaj txiag.

Kev sib sau nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg

Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, muaj tau ib tug zoo kawg li nce nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse thiab cov lus qhia; cov ntaub ntawv tuaj txog nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Txhua cheeb tsam yog yus tus kheej ib puag ncig ntau txoj kev ntawm ntau lawm thiab lub neej yeej. Ratzel sim los tsim kom tau ib tug "yuav tsum muaj kev sib sau nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg".

Ib tug German tus paub txog tau pom cov me nyuam yug ntawm kev sib tham txog cov dichotomy ntawm lub cev thiab socio-economic geography. Scholars xws li Dzhordzh Dzherald, ntseeg hais tias qhov no science deals nrog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub ntiaj teb raws li ib tug tag nrho tsis muaj reference rau ib tug. Lawv ntseeg hais tias lub caij nyoog cai yuav tsuas yuav muab yog ib tug neeg tsis tau los ntawm nws vim hais tias nws tus cwj pwm yog tsis tshua muaj unpredictable. Ratzel tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej ib tug tshaj dhau taw tes ntawm view, hais tias lub cev geography ntawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm science, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug neeg yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Nws muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib sau nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg, hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob ib tug neeg uas ib txwm fits, yog li ntawd rau tag nrho to taub lub thaj hnab ntawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog tsim nyog coj los ua ke ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej yam ntuj tso thiab kev cai tshwm sim.

Ntsiab lus, peb yuav hais tias cov ua hauj lwm ntawm Ratzel twb fruitful, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav tias yuav tus nqi lawv muaj kev txawj ntse sib cav tswv yim rau ob tog ntawm lub Atlantic. Outlook ntawm tus paub txog los ntawm nws kev qhia thiab kev tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm mus rau tus thawj rau decades.