Formula ntawm ammonia. Ammonium hydroxide yog tshuaj tov ntawm ammonia

Ammonia - hydrogen nitride - ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb sib txuas ntawm nitrogen thiab hydrogen. Nws yog ib qho roj tsis muaj xim, tab sis muaj ib qho pungent tsw. Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees qhia ammonia mis - NH _3. Ua kom siab los yog txo qhov kub ntawm qhov khoom ua rau nws pom mus rau hauv ib cov kua tsis muaj xim. Gaseous ammonia thiab nws cov kev daws teeb meem yog siv hauv kev lag luam thiab kev ua liaj ua teb. Hauv cov tshuaj, 10% ammonium hydroxide siv - ammonia.

Tus qauv ntawm molecule. Electronic formula ntawm ammonia

Cov txheej txheem ntawm hydrogen nitride nyob hauv daim ntawv zoo li lub hauv pyramid, nyob hauv cov hauv paus uas muaj nitrogen, kev cob cog rua peb lub atoms ntawm hydrogen. N-H cov khoom ua lag luam muaj zog txaus ntseeg. Nitrogen attracts tus khi electron khub ntau xav. Vim li no, tus nqi tsis txuam nrog cov N N atoms, qhov zoo yuav tsub rau ntawm hydrogen. Nkag siab txog ntawm tus txheej txheem no muaj ib tug qauv ntawm cov molecule, lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab cov yam ntxwv mis ntawm ammonia.

Hydrogen nitride dissolves zoo heev hauv dej (700: 1 ntawm 20 ° C). Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov dawb protons ua rau tuaj ntawm ntau cov hydrogen "txuas hniav" uas txuas cov molecules ua ke. Cov nta ntawm cov qauv thiab cov tshuaj ua ke kuj ua rau lub fact tias ammonia yog yooj yim liquefied los ntawm kev nce siab los yog txo qhov ntsuas kub (-33 ° C).

Keeb kwm ntawm lub npe

Lub sij hawm "ammonia" tau qhia txog kev xyaum ua hauv 1801 ntawm qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov kws hu ua Yaxayas Zakharov, tab sis cov khoom ntawm noob neej paub txog lub sij hawm ancient. Roj nrog lub pungent ntxhiab tso tawm thaum lwj cov khoom ua si tseem ceeb, ntau cov tebchaw organic, piv txwv li, cov nqaijrog thiab urea, thaum lwj taus ammonium ntsev. Keeb kwm ntawm Chemistry ntseeg tau hais tias cov khoom muaj npe tom qab Ancient vajtswv Iyiv Amun. Nyob rau qaum teb chaws Africa muaj ib qho oasis ntawm Siwa (Ammon). Surrounded los ntawm lub Libyan suab puam lub ruins ntawm tus ancient lub nroog thiab lub tuam tsev, tom ntej no mus uas muaj deposits ntawm ammonium tshuaj dawb. Qhov yeeb tshuaj hauv teb chaws Europe tau hu ua "ntsev ntawm Amon." Muaj ib zaj dab neeg uas cov neeg nyob hauv Oasis Siva hnoos ntsev hauv lub tuam tsev.

Kev npaj ntawm hydrogen nitride

Cov lus Askiv physicist thiab chemist Boyle hlawv chiv hauv kev sim thiab pom cov tsim cov pa luam yeeb dawb tshaj li ib tug lo dipped hauv hydrochloric acid thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm cov roj. Nyob rau hauv 1774 lwm British chemist, D. Priestley, rhuab ammonium chloride nrog kua txiv qaub thiab cais cov yeeb tshuaj gaseous. Priestley hu ua compound "alkaline cua", vim hais tias nws cov tshuaj zog tsom ib tug tsis muaj zog puag. Lub Daj Xyooj, uas ammonia raug react nrog hydrochloric acid, tau piav qhia. Khoom ammonium tshuaj dawb dawb tshwm sim raws li qhov hu ntawm lub reactants molecules nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.

Cov tshuaj formula ntawm ammonia yog tsim los ntawm 1875 los ntawm Frenchman C. Bertolle, uas tau sim ua kev sim rau lub zwj ceeb ntawm cov teeb meem hauv cov cheebtsam feem hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev tawm fais fab. Mus txog rau tam sim no, cov kev sim ntawm Priestley, Boyle thiab Berthollet raug muab tsim tawm hauv cov chaw soj ntsuam rau kev tsim cov tshuaj hydrogen nitride thiab ammonium chloride. Cov hom kev tsim tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1901 los ntawm A. Le Chatelier, leej twg tau txais ib daim npav patent rau txoj kev ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm nitrogen thiab hydrogen.

Ammonia kua. Formula thiab khoom

Lub aqueous ammonia tov yog feem ntau sau tseg rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hydroxide - NH ₄ OH. Nws pom cov khoom ntawm lub zog alkali:

• dissociates rau hauv ions NH ₃ + H ₂ O = NH ₄ OH = NH ₄ ^{+ +} OH ^_-;
• Xim cov kua phenolphthalein hauv cov xim xim liab;
• Tshuam nrog cov acids tsim ntsev thiab dej;
• precipitates Cu (OH) ₂ raws li ib tug kaj xiav tshuaj thaum tov nrog soluble tooj liab ntsev.

Qhov equilibrium nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ammonia nrog dej yog hloov mus rau cov ntaub ntawv pib. Preheated hydrogen nitride burns zoo nyob rau hauv oxygen. Oxidation ntawm nitrogen tshwm sim rau diatomic molecules ntawm cov teeb meem yooj yim N2. Qhov txo cov khoom ntawm ammonia kuj tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov tooj liab (II) oxide.

Tus nqi ntawm ammonia thiab nws cov kev daws teeb meem

Hydrogen nitride yog siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm ammonium ntsev thiab nitric acid, ib qho ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj ua lag luam. Ammonia ua hauj lwm raws li cov khoom siv rau cov dej qab zib (raws li txoj cai nitrate). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm hydrogen nitride nyob rau hauv kev lag luam muaj concentrated concentration 25%. Nyob hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, kev siv tshuaj pleev xim rau ammonia siv. Formula kua chiv - NH ₄ OH. Cov tshuaj yog siv ncaj qha ua cov khaub ncaws saum toj kawg nkaus. Lwm yam txoj kev kawm nitrogen av - kev siv cov ntsev ntawm ammonium nitrates, chlorides, phosphates. Nyob rau hauv industrial tej yam kev mob thiab agricultural thaj chaw nws yog tsis pom zoo kom khaws ua ke pob zeb chiv muaj ammonium salts nrog alkalis. Yog hais tias lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub pob yog ua txhaum, cov tshuaj yuav tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog rau ammonia thiab tso tawm rau hauv cov huab cua hauv thaj chaw. Cov tshuaj lom tiv thaiv cuam tshuam rau txoj kev ua pa, lub hauv siab ntawm tus txiv neej. Ib qho sib tov ntawm ammonia thiab cua yog heev.