Flash nco. SSD. Lub hom flash nco. nco daim card

Flash nco yog ib hom ntawm ntev-kawg nkaus nco rau computers, nyob rau hauv uas tus txheem yuav reprogrammed los yog tshem tawm ib tug hluav taws xob txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog electrically Erasable Programmable Nyeem Tsuas nco kev ua saum toj no nws yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv lub blocks uas yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw sib txawv. Flash nco nqi deb tsawg tshaj li EEPROM, li ntawd, nws tau ua lub hom technology. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm uas koj xav tau ib tug neeg twg thiab ntev-lub sij hawm cov ntaub ntawv preservation. Nws siv yog tau tso cai nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm no: nyob rau hauv cov suab players, koob yees duab, mobile xov tooj thiab cov smartphones, qhov twg muaj tshwj xeeb hauv xov tooj ntawd daim ntaub ntawv rau lub cim xeeb card. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv USB-stick, feeb siv los khaws cov ntaub ntawv thiab hloov ntawm computers. Nws tau txais ib tug tej yam notoriety nyob rau hauv lub gaming ntiaj teb no, qhov twg nws yog feem ntau muaj rau hauv ib lub ris hauv qab rau khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv rau qhov kev kawm ntawm qhov kev ua si.

piav

Flash nco yog ib hom uas yog tau cia ntaub ntawv rau koj daim card rau ib ntev lub sij hawm yam tsis siv lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd tej zaum nws yuav tsum tau muab sau ntau tshaj ceev tej ntaub ntawv, thiab zoo dua kinetic poob siab kuj nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog lub zog disks. Tsaug rau tej yam ntxwv, nws tau ua ib tug siv rau nrov kiag li lawm, powered los ntawm roj teeb thiab accumulators. Lwm undeniable kom zoo dua yog hais tias thaum ib tug flash nco card yog compressed mus rau hauv ib tug khoom, nws zoo tsis yooj yim sua los rhuav tshem ib co txheej txheem lub cev txoj kev, ces nws yuav mas boiling dej thiab kub siab.

Tsis tshua muaj qib ntaub ntawv

ib tug ntaub ntawv txoj kev, nyob rau hauv lub flash nco yog sib txawv heev los ntawm kev uas thov kom pa hom. Tsis tshua muaj qib kev nkag yog ua los ntawm cov neeg tsav tsheb. Tej RAM tam sim ntawd teb rau hu nyeem cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv, rov qab soj ntsuam ntawm xws hauj lwm, thiab cov flash nco ntaus ntawv yog zoo li no hais tias nws yuav siv sij hawm rau thiaj.

Tus ntaus ntawv thiab hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov lag luam

Thaum lub caij, ntau flash nco, uas yog tsim los odnotranzistornyh ntsiab nrog ib tug "floating" rooj vag. Los ntawm no nws yog ua tau los muab ib tug kev kub ceev cov ntaub ntawv cia nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau cov dynamic RAM, uas yuav tsum tau ib tug khub ntawm transistors thiab ib tug capacitor caij. Thaum lub caij lub lag luam yog tej nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm technologies rau constructing qhov yooj yim hais txog qhov no hom ntawm xov xwm, uas yog tsim los ntawm ua manufacturers. Qhov txawv yog tus naj npawb ntawm khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, txoj kev sau ntawv thiab erasing cov ntaub ntawv thiab lub koom haum qauv, uas yog feem ntau yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub title.

Thaum lub caij, muaj ib tug ob peb hom chips uas yog feem ntau: NOR thiab Nand. Nyob rau hauv ob lub cim xeeb transistors kev twb kev txuas yog los ua kom lub ntsis kab - nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus thiab nyob rau hauv series, ntsig txog. Tus thawj hom cell ntau thiab tsawg pab yog loj heev, thiab muaj ib tug tau ceev random siv, uas koj mus ua cov kev pab cuam ncaj qha los ntawm lub cim xeeb. Qhov thib ob yog yus muaj los ntawm me me mesh ntau thiab tsawg pab, raws li zoo raws li lub ceev ceev tshwm sim los muaj kev nkag tau mus uas yog ntau npaum li cas yooj yim thaum qhov yuav tsum tau los tsim kom tau ib ntu-hom pab kiag li lawm uas yuav cia loj nyiaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Feem ntau cov portable pab kiag li lawm SSD siv cim xeeb hom NOR. Tam sim no, txawm li cas los, nws yog ua nce nrov li nrog ib tug USB interface. Lawv siv Nand-hom nco. Maj mam nws tau ntau xyoo qhov ua ntej.

Cov ntsiab teeb meem - fragility

Tus thawj kuaj ntawm flash drives series ntau lawm tsis haum cov neeg siv ntau dua speeds. Tam sim no, txawm li cas los, rau cov ntaubntawv povthawj ceev thiab kev nyeem ntawv yog ib theem uas yuav tau saib tag nrho-ntev yeeb yam los yog khiav ntawm lub tshuab computer operating system. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm manufacturers twb pom hais tias nws lub tshuab, qhov twg lub hard drive yog hloov los ntawm flash nco. Tab sis qhov no technology muaj ib tug heev tseem ceeb drawback, uas yuav ib qho chaw khuam rau cov kev hloov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cab kuj ntawm uas twb muaj lawm magnetic disks. Vim qhov xwm ntawm flash nco pab kiag li lawm nws tso cai rau erasing thiab sau ntawv ntaub ntawv ib tug tsawg tus naj npawb ntawm mus, uas yog achievable, txawm me me thiab portable pab kiag li lawm, tsis hais yuav ua li cas feem ntau nws yog ua li cas rau computers. Yog hais tias koj siv no hom ntawm xov xwm raws li ib tug khoom-xeev tsav rau ib tug PC, ces sai sai los rau ib tug tseem ceeb heev qhov teeb meem no.

Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias xws li ib tug tsav ua rau cov cuab yeej ntawm teb-nyhuv transistors rau cia nyob rau hauv lub "floating" rooj vag hluav taws xob xwb, qhov uas tsis los ntawm lub xub ntiag uas nyob rau hauv lub transistor yog pom raws li ib zajlus kom ib tug los yog pes tsawg nyob rau hauv binary tooj system. Ntaubntawv povthawj siv thiab erasing cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Nand-nco tunneled electrons ua los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov Fowler-Nordheim uas dielectric. Nws tsis yuav tsum tau high voltage, uas tso cai rau koj mus ua ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm tes loj. Tab sis raws nraim txoj kev no ua rau yus lub cev deterioration ntawm lub hlwb, txij thaum lub fais tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ua rau cov electrons txeem lub rooj vag, rhuav lub barrier dielectric. Txawm li cas los, ib tug guaranteed txee lub neej ntawm xws li ib tug cim xeeb yog kaum xyoo. Kev luv nqi nti yog tsis vim hais tias ntawm kev nyeem ntawv cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis vim hais tias ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm nws lwv thiab sau ntawv, vim hais tias kev nyeem ntawv yuav tsis tau kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb, tiam sis tsuas yog kis ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no.

Lawm, nco manufacturers muaj kev koom ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia uas ua cov kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm khoom hauv lub xeev drives ntawm no hom: lawv yog tsau los xyuas kom meej uniformity ntawm cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv / erasing dab nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm lub array mus rau ib tsis hnav ntau tshaj lwm leej lwm tus. Rau load balancing kev pab cuam txoj kev yog dua li siv. Piv txwv li, rau tshem tawm qhov phenomenon siv rau "hnav leveling" technology. Cov ntaub ntawv no feem ntau yuav hloov, tsiv mus nyob rau qhov chaw nyob qhov chaw ntawm lub flash nco, vim hais tias cov ntaub ntawv yog nqa tawm raws li nyias lub cev chaw nyob. Txhua xws yog txawm peem rau nrog nws tus kheej kawm tuab si lug algorithm, li ntawd, nws yog heev yooj yim los sib piv cov hauj lwm zoo sib txawv ntawm cov qauv raws li qhov kev siv cov ntsiab lus twb tsis muab qhia tawm. Raws li txhua txhua xyoo lub ntim ntawm flash drives yog ua ntau tsim nyog los siv ntau npaum algorithms uas pab kom lub stability ntawm ntaus ntawv kev ua tau zoo.

Troubleshooting

Ib tug heev zoo txoj kev uas yuav tshwj kom txhob lub phenomenon tau muab ib qhov nqi ntawm cov nco redundancy, los ntawm cov uas tus uniformity ntawm lub load ensured thiab yuam kev kho los ntawm txoj kev tshwj xeeb algorithms rau cov zajlus kom forwarding lub cev blocks hloov tshwm sim nrog hnyav siv cov memory stick. Thiab los mus tiv thaiv tsis tau ntawm tes ntxiv, puas, sim los yog hloov los ntawm cov thaub qab. Tej software ua rau nws ua tau rau thaiv faib los xyuas kom meej uniformity ntawm lub load los ntawm nce lub xov tooj ntawm mus los ntawm 3-5 lub sij hawm, tab sis qhov no yog tsis txaus.

Nco card thiab lwm yam zoo xws cia li yog yus muaj los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev pab cuam hauv cheeb tsam yog muab nrog cov ntaub ntawv system rooj. Nws tiv thaiv ntaub ntawv nyeem failures ntawm cov zajlus kom theem, piv txwv li, tsis yog los yog disconnecting cia li cessation ntawm lub mov ntawm hluav taws xob. Thiab txij li thaum thaum uas siv cov tshem tau pab kiag li lawm yog muab los ntawm lub caching system, lub heev overwriting muaj feem ntsoog loj heev ntxim rau cov ntaub ntawv faib lub rooj thiab directory txheem. Thiab txawm kev kawm tshwj xeeb rau nco phaib yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus pab tau nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem. Piv txwv li, rau ib tus tib neeg siv tuav theej txhiab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Thiab, Thaj, ib zaug xwb thov mus rau cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv blocks nyob rau hauv uas lawv muab tso rau. Tab sis cov kev pab cuam hauv cheeb tsam corresponded nrog txhua hloov tshiab tej ntaub ntawv, uas yog, qee rooj muaj undergone kev ua no muaj ntau txhiab ntawm lub sij hawm. Vim li no, nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw yuav tsis blocks nyob los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Technology "coj leveling" ua hauj lwm nrog xws li chav nyob, tab sis nws cov hauj lwm zoo xwb. Thiab ces nws tsis muaj nqi dab tsi rau koj siv koj lub computer, cov flash drive yuav yuav puas ntsoog txawm tias thaum nws yog muab los ntawm tus creator.

Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias ua lub peev xwm ntawm xws li tau muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej daim tsuas rau lub fact tias tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov sau mus poob, txij thaum lub cell ua me me, yuav tsum tsawg voltage thiab dissipate oxide partitions uas cais tawm "floating rooj vag." Thiab ntawm no qhov teeb meem no yog xws li hais tias ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm ntawm pab kiag li lawm siv tau qhov teeb meem ntawm lawv kev ntseeg tau ua nce aggravated thiab cov chav kawm ntawv daim ntawv yog tam sim no nyob rau ntau yam. Txhim khu kev qha lag luam los ntawm xws li ib tug kev txiav txim siab yog txiav txim los ntawm nws cov kev nta raws li kev ua lag luam qhov teeb meem no yeej nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd. Vim lub tsiv sib txeeb yuam manufacturers mus txiav nqi nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev. Xws li los ntawm simplifying tus tsim, kev siv cov Cheebtsam ntawm ib tug cheaper teeb, rau cov kev tswj ntawm siv thiab ua thiab ib tug weakening nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev. Piv txwv li, lub cim xeeb daim card "Samsung" yuav raug nqi ntau tshaj li tsawg-paub counterparts, tab sis nws cia siab rau npaum li cas tsawg teeb meem. Tiam sis ntawm no, nyuaj heev los tham txog qhov ua kom tiav tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm cov teeb meem, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub pab kiag li lawm nkaus tsis paub hais tias manufacturers yog ib qhov nyuaj rau xav tias yuav ib yam dab tsi ntxiv.

txoj kev loj hlob prospects

Thaum muaj cuab zoo, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm disadvantages tias characterize lub SD-nco card, tiv thaiv ntxiv expansion ntawm nws daim ntawv thov. Nws yog yog li ntawd khaws cia tas li nrhiav rau lwm yam los daws nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov sim los txhim kho uas twb muaj lawm hom flash nco, uas tsis ua rau ib co yuav tsum muaj kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub uas twb muaj lawm ntau lawm txheej txheem. Yog li ntawd tsis muaj tsis ntseeg tsuas yog ib qho: tuam txhab uas muag muab kev koom tes siv ntawm cov drives, yuav siv nws peev xwm, ua ntej koj mus rau ib tug txawv hom ntawm ntxiv mus txhim kho tsoos technology. Piv txwv li, Sony nco Card ua tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm tagnrho, yog li ntawd nws yog lam xav hais tias nws yog thiab yuav tau txais kev muag khwb khuav.

Txawm li cas los, rau hnub tim, nyob rau hauv industrial kev siv ntawm cov pib yog ib tug tag nrho ntau yam ntawm lwm txoj cia technologies, ib co kev uas yuav muab los siv tam sim ntawd raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm dej siab kev ua lag luam tej yam kev mob.

Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM)

Technology hauv paus ntsiab lus ferroelectric cia (Ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) yog npaj los tsim kom tau ib tug uas tsis yog-volatile nco. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub mechanism ntawm cov muaj technology, uas muaj nyob rau hauv overwriting cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev nyeem ntawv rau tag nrho cov kev hloov kho ntawm qhov yooj yim Cheebtsam, ua rau ib tug tej yam containment ntawm high-ceev pab kiag li lawm tej zaum. Ib tug FRAM - ib tug nco, yus muaj los ntawm simplicity, siab ntseeg thiab ceev ntawm lub lag luam. Cov zog yog tam sim no cov yam ntxwv ntawm DRAM - volatile RAM uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd. Tab sis, ces ntau yuav muab ntxiv, thiab tau ntev-lub sij hawm cia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug SD daim card nco. Cov qhov zoo ntawm no technology yuav ua tau distinguished kuj rau ntau hom kev tob tob tawg uas tej zaum yuav tau thov nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb pab kiag li lawm uas yog siv mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob uas muaj zog radioactivity los yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tshawb fawb. ntaub ntawv cia mechanism yog pom tau hais los ua ntawv thov cov ferroelectric nyhuv. Nws implies hais tias cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj polarization nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm sab nraud hluav taws xob field. Txhua FRAM nco cell yog tsim los ntawm ib tse nrog koj ultrathin zaj duab xis ntawm ferroelectric khoom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm muaju ntawm ib tug khub ntawm tiaj hlau electrodes txoj kev ua ib capacitor. Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua qauv. Qhov no tiv thaiv tus nqi to nyhuv, uas ua rau tsis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub FRAM-nco yog muab khaws cia tseg txawm tias hwj chim voltage.

Sib Nqus RAM (MRAM)

Lwm yam kev nco, uas yog hnub no pom tau hais tias yuav heev pheej, yog MRAM. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm siab kuj ceev kev ua tau zoo thiab tsis yog-volatility. Unit ntawm tes rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog nyias magnetic zaj duab xis tso rau ib tug silicon substrate. MRAM yog ib tug zoo li qub nco. Nws yuav tsis tau periodic rewriting, thiab cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis tsum poob thaum fais fab yog muab tua. Tam sim no, feem ntau cov kws txawj pom zoo hais tias qhov no hom ntawm lub cim xeeb yuav hu ua cov tiam tom ntej technology raws li uas twb muaj lawm tsab qha ib tug ncaj high ceev kev ua tau zoo. Lwm zoo dua ntawm cov tshuaj no yog cov uas tsis muaj nqi ntawm tej daim. Flash nco yog ua nyob rau hauv raws li cov tshwj xeeb CMOS txheej txheem. Ib tug MRAM nti yuav manufactured los ntawm standard tsim txoj kev. Ntxiv mus, cov ntaub ntawv tej zaum yuav pab tau raws li cov neeg siv nyob rau hauv cov pa nqus tawm. Tsim loj batches ntawm cov chips yog cheaper npaum li tshaj tag nrho cov lwm leej lwm tus. Tseem ceeb MRAM-nco feature yog lub peev xwm los pab kom instant. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau mobile pab kiag li lawm. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv no hom ntawm cell yog txiav txim los ntawm tus nqi ntawm magnetic xwb, thiab tsis hluav taws xob, raws li nyob rau hauv cov pa flash nco.

Ovonic Unified nco (OUM)

Lwm yam kev nco, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau yam tuam txhab uas muag khwb khuav ua hauj lwm - nws yog ib tug khoom-xeev tsav-raws li amorphous semiconductors. Thaum nws puag dag lub theem kev hloov technology uas yog zoo ib yam li lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv rau cov pa discs. Ntawm no yog lub theem lub xeev ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws xob field yog hloov los ntawm crystalline rau amorphous. Thiab qhov kev hloov no yog muab cia rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm voltage. Los ntawm cov pa kho qhov muag discs , xws li yog yus muaj nyob rau hauv uas cov cua kub yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no, tsis laser. Nyeem Ntawv yog ua nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no vim qhov txawv nyob rau hauv kev muaj peev xwm tshuaj nyob rau hauv txawv xeev, uas yog ntaus nqi los ntawm tus tsav sensor. Raws, xws li ib tug tov muaj ib tug high ntom ntaub ntawv cia thiab nyiaj pab ntau tshaj kev ntseeg tau, raws li tau zoo raws li ntau zog ceev. High daim duab yog lub siab tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm sau mus, uas siv ib lub computer, flash drive, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lags los ntawm ob peb lub kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau.

Chalcogenide RAM (txeem) thiab Theem Hloov nco (PRAM)

Qhov no technology tau raws lub hauv paus ntawm theem zaus thaum ib theem tshuaj siv nyob rau hauv cov cab kuj ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug uas tsis yog-conductive amorphous khoom, thiab lub thib ob xyuas pib yog crystalline. Cov kev hloov ntawm lub cim xeeb ntawm tes los ntawm ib lub xeev mus rau lwm lub yog nqa tawm los ntawm cov hluav taws xob field thiab cua sov. Tej chips yog yus muaj los ntawm kuj mus ionizing tawg.

Cov ntaub ntawv-multilayered nraim Card (Info-mica)

Ua hauj lwm pab kiag li lawm ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm no technology, raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nyias-zaj duab xis holography. Cov ntaub ntawv yog kaw raws li nram no: ua ntej txoj kev ua ib ob-dimensional duab kis tau mus rau lub hologram ntawm CGH technology. Nyeem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog vim fixation ntawm lub laser beam rau ntawm ntug ntawm ib qho ntawm cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tus kho qhov muag waveguides neeg ua hauj lwm. Lub teeb propagates raws ib tug axis uas yog txheej txheem thaum uas tig mus rau lub dav hlau ntawm lub txheej, txoj kev ua rau tso zis duab coj mus rau cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg yav tas los. Tus ntaub ntawv tej zaum yuav muab tau ntawm txhua lub caij mus txog rov qab coding algorithm.

Qhov no hom ntawm lub cim xeeb favorably nrog lub semiconductor vim lub fact tias kom siab cov ntaub ntawv ceev, tsis tshua muaj zog noj thiab tsis muaj nqi ntawm cov cab kuj, tej kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv tsis tau tso cai siv. Tab sis rewriting ntaub ntawv xws nco card tsis pub, yog li ntawd, yuav pab tsuas yog raws li ib tug ntev-lub sij hawm cia, hloov daim ntawv nruab nrab los yog ib tug lwm txoj kho qhov muag discs rau cov ceevxwm uas multimedia cov ntsiab lus.