Ecology yog lub neej

Ecology yog ib qho txuj tshawb fawb uas kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob nyob nrog thiab nrog lawv qhov chaw. Lub sij hawm twb xub siv los ntawm Ernst Haeckel nyob rau hauv 1866. Rau hnub tim, cov ib puag ncig - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub natural sciences, muaj Ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub neej ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev qhuab qhia no tseem ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb: qhov khoom ntawm nws txoj kev kawm, nws lub tsev, lub ntsiab lus ntawm "ecology" thiab ntau yam teeb meem raug tham txog. Kev txiav txim siab dav dav uas tau pom los ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm kev pom muaj nyob hauv qab no: Cov kev tshawb fawb ecological tuaj yeem raug hu ua cov kev tshawb fawb los kawm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv lawv qhov chaw nruab yeeb, tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv thiab txiav txim siab rau lawv qhov chaw nyob. Peb tseem nco ntsoov tias nws tsis yog lawm hais tias, piv txwv li, "kev phem ntuj ecology", vim hais tias ecology yog kev tshawb fawb, thiab tsis yog yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw.

Cov khoom ntawm txoj kev kawm rau ecology yog cov kabmob loj loj: pejxeem, biocenoses, ecosystems. Qhov kev kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog tsim los ntawm cov hauv lub sijhawm no thiab qhov chaw. Ecology yog science uas nrhiav kev los daws cov txheej txheem Ntau qhov teeb meem theoretical thiab practical, peb paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv qhov tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, lub tswv yim tsim los tsim cov kev cai lij choj los ntawm kev tsim nyog cov kev pab cuam rau lub neej kev ua ub no raug muab faib tawm ntawm cov biocenoses tsim, thiab yuav tsum paub tswj cov kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv cov neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam dab tsi.

Raws li sau tseg saum toj no, ecology yog qhov kev qhuab ntuas heev, thiab nws cov qauv tseem pom tias tsis meej xwm: ntau cov kws tshawb fawb pom cov chaw sib txawv ntawm nws txoj kev kawm. Xa mus rau cov kev faib ntawm lub kawm tej theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm nyob teeb meem.

1. Autoecology kev tshawb fawb tib neeg, tus kabmob muaj kabmob. Txog cov kev txwv ntawm cov ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug neeg.
2. Demecology kev tshawb fawb txog pejxeem. Tshawb nrhiav txog cov xwm txheej uas tsim muaj thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo.
3. Eydecology kev tshawb fawb hom. Tam sim no, qhov no yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cheeb tsam ntawm ecology, raws li kev txaus siab ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm hloov los ntawm cov pejxeem theem mus rau biocenotic qib, bypassing hom theem.
4. Synecology kev tshawb fawb biocenotic theem. Nws kawm txog kev tsim, kev ua si tseem ceeb thiab kev puas hlwb ntawm biocenosis.
5. Ntiaj teb ecology kawm txog biosphere. Tshawb cov teeb meem ntawm yav tas los.

Raws li cov lus qhia ntawm ecology, muaj ntau tus neeg tshiab thiab ntau cov neeg tshwj xeeb. Cov tuam tsev tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm ecology zoo intertwine nrog lwm cov kev tshawb fawb biology, uas ua rau kom muaj kev nce qib hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv txhua qhov chaw koom tes.

Academician SS Shvarts hais tias ecology "ua qhov theoretical hauv paus rau tus cwj pwm ntawm ib tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ua hauj lwm hauv qhov." Raws li tsab ntawv no nws tuaj yeem txiav txim rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm peb. Niaj hnub no, ecology thiab kev tswj kev kawm yog kawm nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Federation.