Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: piv txwv thiab mis

pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, hloov, tebchaw decomposition yuav sib tham txog nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv qhia. Peb tsom xam cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua hom tam sim no piv txwv kev sib tshuam.

lub ntsiab txhais

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm compound, piv txwv uas yog nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv yog suav hais tias yog thawj kauj ruam ntawm txoj kev kawm? Yuav pib, peb nco ntsoov tias lub sij hawm "tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv" nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS yog suav hais tias yog ob feem ntau tseem ceeb heev.

Nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb, kev twb kev txuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw txhua txhua feeb, uas sib npaug yog paub rau peb, tab sis peb yog cov tsis txawm xav tias.

Piv txwv li, qhov kev npaj ntawm carbonated dej haus, lub combustion ntawm taws - raug piv txwv ntawm cov compound tshua.

Qhov no txoj kev yuav muab cov khoom uas muaj ib tug tej yam zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub pib tshuaj.

Tej yam tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tshua

Tej txheej txheem, nrog rau cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub compound nrog los ntawm tej yam tshwm sim:

• emission ntawm lub teeb los yog thaum tshav kub kub;
• hloov nyob rau hauv cov xim ntawm cov tshuaj;
• xaiv ntawm ib tug gaseous tshuaj;
• tsos peculiar tsis hnov tsw;
• nyias mus nyias los yog los nag.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mob

Nyob ntawm seb cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav mus nyob txawv tej yam kev mob.

Piv txwv li, tus sis hom 2CA + O ₂ = 2CaO (quicklime) nyaij tsis muaj cua sov, ua raws li los ntawm kev tso cai ntawm ib tug ntau yam pauv loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub zog.

Yuav ua li cas rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev tivthaiv kev twb kev txuas? Sib npaug xws dab koom nrog sau ntawv rau sab laug ntawm lub pib cov ntaub ntawv, thiab rau sab xis yog muaj li ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom.

4Na + O ₂ = 2Na ₂ O

Tej kev yog xam qhovkev rau organic tshuaj. Yog li, lub zoo lus teb rau cov unsaturation (lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau yam bonds) yog lub starting khoom siv ntawm oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate.

Lub combustion ntawm ntoo

Qhov no txoj kev yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw raws li kab zauv:

C + O ₂ = CO ₂

Qhov no yog ib tug raug tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm compound, piv txwv uas twb tau muab saum toj no. Yuav ua li cas yog lub essence ntawm tus txheej txheem no? Los ntawm reacting cov ntoo nrog cov pa nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, tus tsim ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide molecules. Cov txheej txheem yog nrog los ntawm cov tsim ntawm tshiab molecules ntawm complex kev sib txuas lus kev twb kev txuas yog ib tug exothermic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm complex tshuaj hnov mob? Piv txwv ntawm kev sis raug zoo nrog tej yam yooj yim tshuaj tau los sib tham saum toj no, tab sis qhov no hom ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm complex tshuaj. Ib tug raug embodiment ntawm no sis yuav ntshai li lub slaking cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Cao + _H2O = Ca (OH) ₂

Qhov no tus txheej txheem no kuj nrog los ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb npaum li cas ntawm thermal zog. Ntawm cov kev nta ntawm tus txheej txheem no, peb nco ntsoov nws spontaneity.

kev faib

Raws li nyob tus yeees ntawm cov pib cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm tebchaw tso cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, decomposition, hloov pauv. Xav txog piv txwv ntawd, nrog rau lub ntsiab txhais ntawm xws dab.

Muab los ntawm - ib tug hloov ib feem atoms yooj yim tshuaj complex compound.

Kev twb kev txuas - ib tug txheej txheem ntawm combining ob peb yam yooj yim los yog complex tshuaj mus rau hauv ib tug ntau. Piv txwv ntawm cov dab yuav yog los ntawm inorganic thiab organic Science News for KIDS.

2H ₂ + O 2 = 2H ₂ O

Qhov no txoj kev muaj tshwm sim nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm ib tug ntau yam pauv loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub, yog li cov tawg yog ua tau.

C ₂ H ₄ + H ₂ = C ₂ H ₆

Nyob rau dua ethylene los ntawm lub hydrogen, muaj ib tug kev sib tawg ntawm lub ob daim ntawv cog lus, tus tsim ntawm cov kev txwv (nyeem) hydrocarbon.

Decomposition - yog cov tshuaj uas ua ntau yam muaj ib tug yooj yim zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg ntawm ib tug complex compound.

Tshua ion pauv thiab - cov no yog cov dab uas tshwm sim complex ntawm tshuaj uas ua rau cov kev pauv ntawm constituent qhov chaw.

Muaj peb khiav tej yam kev mob ntawm tus txheej txheem: gas evolution, los nag, tsim malodissotsiiruemogo substance.

Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog hu ua esterification, raws li qhov kawg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom no yog ib tug ester. Txheej txheem tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv lub rau pem hauv ntej kev taw qhia yog cov kev taw qhia mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov concentrated sulfuric acid.

Lub division ntawm lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm interacting tshuaj

Tag nrho cov tshuaj dab yog txwv kom muab zais rau lub hauv paus homogeneous thiab heterogeneous interoperability. Nyob rau hauv lub yav tas los cov ntaub ntawv pib cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom uas nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm aggregation, thiab tso cai rau cov ua kev hom sib txawv mob.

Piv txwv li, homogeneous txheej txheem yuav tsum tau li nram qab no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:

H ₂ (g) + Cl ₂ (g) = 2HCl (gas)

Raws li heterogeneous cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav xav txog cov nram scenario:

Cao (tv) + H ₂ O (g) = Ca (OH) _{2 (aq)}

Los ntawm cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub oxidation lub xeev

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ib tug compound uas nws mis tau muab saum toj no (dej tsim los ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj) yog ib tug redox txheej txheem. Lub essence ntawm tus txheej txheem lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias muaj yog txais thiab rov qab los ntawm electrons.

Ntawm cov tebchaw ntawm lub tshua tseem muaj dab uas tsis nrog los ntawm ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv oxidation lub xeev, i.e. yog tsis OVR:

Cao + _H2O = Ca (OH) ₂

Los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus khiav

Nyob ntawm seb cov txheej txheem yuav mus nyob rau hauv lub rau pem hauv ntej kev taw qhia los yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab, nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS cais irreversible thiab reversible sis raug zoo.

Piv txwv li, qhov zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob organic tebchaw yog irreversible, txij li thaum nws ua rau yus mus rau tsim ntawm insoluble los yog gaseous tshuaj. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv yog sis zoo tshaj ntawm cov "nyiaj daim iav", uas yog ib tug zoo qauv ntawm cov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm aldehydes.

Ntxiv heev embodiments ntawm reversible tshua uas yuav npaj mus nyob rau hauv ob thiab ob tog opposite qhia, nco ntsoov lub esterification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:

CO ₂ + H ₂ O = H ₂ CO ₃

Nyob rau kev siv ntawm ib tug catalyst

Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, ib tug tsuj roj (catalyst) yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav mus tshuaj txheej txheem. Ib qho piv txwv yog tus sis ntawm cov catalytic decomposition txheej txheem ntawm hydrogen peroxide.

Nta parsing OVR

Ntawm qhov teeb meem uas feem ntau ua rau cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov me nyuam yog qhov kev tso kawm ntawm coefficients nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siv ib tug hluav taws xob tshuav nyiaj li cas txoj kev. Yuav pib nrog, muaj tej yam kev cai raws li uas peb muaj peev xwm txiav txim seb lub degree ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv tus neeg hais nyob rau hauv txhua substance.

Tsis hais seb yooj yim los yog complex tshuaj yuav tsum tau kho, tus nqi ntawd yuav tsum pes tsawg.

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog yuav xaiv tus neeg tshuaj los yog hais tias tau hloov tus nqi ntawm cov degree ntawm oxidation. Lawv tawm nyias, uas qhia cov cim "plus" los yog "rho tawm" tus xov tooj ntawm tau txais los yog pub electrons.

Ntawm cov nuj nqis yog cov tsawg tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus, uas thaum muab faib los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm electrons tau txais, thiab cam khwb cia yuav tsum npaj kom txhij zauv.

Cov lej no tej yog stereochemical coefficients, npaj nyob rau hauv kab zauv npaj cov txheej txheem. Ib qho tseem ceeb theem nyob rau hauv parsing lub redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txiav txim ib tug oxidant thiab reductant, thiab cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv cov txheej txheem. Raws li cov txo neeg sawv cev raug xaiv cov neeg atoms los yog ions, uas nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm nws cov sis nce degree ntawm oxidation, lub oxidant, rau hauv sib piv, yuav txo tau ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm parameter.

Pom zoo no puas algorithm, ib co kev hloov Organic Science News for KIDS? Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ib tug compound hloov decomposition txaus hloov oxidation lub xeev, yog ib tug uas zoo sib xws algorithm.

Muaj ntau yam nta nyob rau hauv lub arrangement ntawm lub degrees ntawm oxidation ntawm cov organic tebchaw, tab sis lawv zaum kuj yuav tsum pes tsawg.

Nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas nws hloov lub oxidation, qhia ob peb hom tshuaj tshua:

• disproportionation - vim ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv oxidation lub xeev ntawm ib tug thiab tib lub caij nyob rau hauv lub loj thiab me me sab;
• kontrproportsionirovanie - yuav reacting lub txo neeg saib xyuas thiab oxidizing neeg sawv cev, nyob rau hauv uas muaj pes tsawg leeg tib lub caij, tab sis nyob rau txawv oxidation theem.

xaus

Raws li ib tug me me xaus, peb nco ntsoov tias sis tej nrog ib leeg tshwm sim rau lawv cov kev hloov, transformations. Cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm ib tug los yog ntau tshaj reactants rau cov khoom coj txawv zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg.

Yog hais tias nuclear transformations cai hloov nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm atomic nuclei, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj tshua uas tsis tau tsuas yog muaj ib tug redistribution ntawm nuclei thiab electrons, ua rau lub tsos ntawm cov tshiab tebchaw.

Cov dab yuav tsum tau nrog los ntawm qhov kev tso tawm ntawm lub teeb, Thaum tshav kub kub, tshwm sim ntawm tsw, los nag, tsim ntawm gaseous tshuaj.

Muaj ntau yam kev xaiv rau kev sib faib ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic sib tshuam nyob rau txawv chaw. Ntawm cov feem ntau kev hloov no tej zaum yuav hais oxidation, aggregation lub xeev, lub reversibility ntawm lub flow, lub mechanism ntawm tus txheej txheem, cov kev siv ntawm cov catalyst (inhibitor).

Tshuaj lom neeg tshua yog lub hauv paus tsis tsuas yog ntawm muaj ntau lawm, tiam sis kuj lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej. Tsis muaj metabolic dab uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob uas nws hav zoov yuav tsis yooj yim sua.