Cov neeg Yudais cov philosopher Martin Buber: biography, lub neej, muaj tswv yim thiab nthuav tseeb

Martin Buber - tus poj Jewish humanist thiab philosopher, raws li zoo raws li zoo-paub cov pej xeem thiab kev cai dab qhuas daim duab. Qhov no cwm pwm yog tsis meej xwm, nws yog heev yooj yim. Ib txhia soj ntsuam xav txog nws ib tug theorist, qhov tus tsim ntawm Zionism. Lwm tus hu existential philosophy ntawm cov thawj qhov ntau. Leej twg yog ua tau Martin (Mordechai) Buber? Nws biography thiab lub ntsiab hauj lwm yuav tsum rau rau siab ua peb tsab xov xwm.

Philosopher nyob ib tug ntev, tab sis cov neeg pluag sab nraud lub neej txheej xwm. Tab sis, cuaj kaum, nws yog qhov kev kawm ntawm ntau biographical tej hauj lwm thiab kev tshawb fawb. Buber lub npe yog ntiaj teb nto moo. Nws tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb ntawm kab lis kev cai. Kev txhawj xeeb tsis tsuas cov philosophy ntawm tib neeg lub neej, tab sis kuj kawm ntawv, kos duab, Sociology, kev nom kev tswv, kev ntseeg ntuj (tshwj xeeb yog Biblical Studies). Nws ua hauj lwm rau Hasidism txhais ua ntau yam lus. Tab sis lub Lavxias teb sab nyeem ntawv yog muaj yog tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas tej hauj lwm ntawm lub philosopher. tab sis lawv pauv mus rau "Jewish art", "Jewish rov" thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv lub seventies thiab lawv tau xa mus rau lub tshwj xeeb cov nyiaj. Buber tej hauj lwm twb reprinted thiab nkag cov hnyav Soviet cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv samizdat.

Biography Martina Bubera. Childhood thiab cov hluas

Mordechai yug (Martin) Buber nyob rau hauv Vienna rau Lub ob hlis ntuj 8, 1878 nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj vam meej Jewish tsev neeg. Tus tub twb tsis tseem peb xyoos, nws niam nws txiv sib nrauj. Cov txiv coj nws tus tub mus Lemberg (niaj hnub no Lviv, Ukraine), uas yog ces ib feem ntawm lub Austro-Hungarian Empire. Qhov no lub nroog yog ib lub tsev mus rau lub pog thiab yawg nyob leej txiv lub sab ntawm Martin - Solomon thiab Adele. Shlomo Buber (nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1906) yog ib tug muaj nyiaj banker. Tab sis nws yog nto moo nyob rau hauv Lviv tsis yog nws, thiab hais tias yog ib tug ci ntsa iab kws muaj txuj nyob rau hauv lub ntseeg cuav thaum ub midrash. Thiab yog li ntawd ib tug zoo cai nyob rau hauv lub Hasidic zej zog nyob rau hauv Lviv. Yawg thiab me nyuam tub instilled txoj kev hlub ntawm lub Hebrew lus. Nws cia qhib nws lub qhov rooj nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm lub fascinating thiab mysterious ntiaj teb no ntawm Hasidism - kev cai dab qhuas zog uas sawv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua ntawm cov neeg Yudais ntawm Eastern Europe. Pog nyeem me nyuam tub excerpts los ntawm cov Kabbalah, thiab nws yawg qhia nws Hebrew, instilled ib tug hlub ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev ntseeg.

Hasidism thiab lub philosophy ntawm kev sib tham Martin Buber

Nyob rau hauv Lviv yav tom ntej philosopher kawm txog qhov "pious" Judaism. Qhov tus tsim ntawm Hasidism, Yisroel Baal Shem Tov, ntseeg hais tias txoj kev ntseeg tseeb tsis yog nyob rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub Talmud, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Symptoms rau Vajtswv nrog tag nrho peb lub plawv, plig ecstatic mystical tso zis disembodied kub thiab thov Vajtswv tiag tiag. Qhov no kev cai dab qhuas ecstasy tshwm sim txoj cai sib tham nrog tus Creator ntawm lub ntug. Yog li ntawd, cov Hasidim yog txav deb ntawm lwm txwv txwv ntawm Judaism. Cov neeg uas lossi communicates nrog Vajtswv, tsadiks muaj lub peev xwm los yav tom ntej thiab clairvoyance. Cov pious neeg pab thiab lwm yam Hasidim pob ntseg txoj kev cawm seej thiab cleansing los ntawm txoj kev txhaum. No tag nrho mysterious thiab mystical ntiaj teb no ntawm ib pawg rau cov hluas Martin Buber. Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv, "Kuv txoj kev uas yuav Hasidism" Nws hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug lub sij hawm ntawd pom tau hais cov essence ntawm tag nrho cov tib neeg religions. Qhov no kev sib txuas lus, kev sib tham nrog Vajtswv, tus sib raug zoo ntawm kuv thiab Koj.

Education. cov tub ntxhais hluas xyoo

Yawg tswv cia nyiaj ua kom paub tseeb tias nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv yog ib tug ci ntsa iab kev kawm ntawv. Thaum kaum yim, Martin Buber koom cov kev qhia ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Vienna. Tom qab kawm tiav rau xyoo, nws tseem kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Zurich thiab Leipzig. Thaum lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Berlin nws cov xib fwb twb Dilthey thiab Georg Simmel. Nyob rau hauv nees nkaum xyoo, tus tub hluas los ua xav nyob rau hauv Zionism. Nws yog txawm ib tus delegate mus rau lub thib peb Congress ntawm cov neeg Yudais lub zog. Nyob rau hauv kaum cuaj puas thiab thawj xyoo tau txais kev pab raws li lub Zionist editor ntawm lub limtiam "De Welt". Thaum cov neeg sab nrauv phua, Buber, uas nyob rau lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Berlin, nrhiav tau nws tus kheej publishing tsev hu ua "Yudisher Verlag". Nws tso ib tug neeg Yudais phau ntawv nyob rau hauv German. Tsis txhob cia li hluas txaus siab rau Hasidism teeb meem. Nws txhais mus rau hauv German ib tug series ntawm cov dab neeg thiab zaj paj lug uas Rabbi Nachman ntawm Bratslav. Tom qab ntawd ua hauj lwm mob siab Hasidism "Khauj thiab Makhauj no" (1941), "Lub teeb ntawm lub zais" (1943) thiab "Pardes ha hasidut". Buber them ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim thiab cov kev ua si.

Zionism thiab socialism

Nyob rau hauv 1916, Martin Buber los ua tus editor nyob rau hauv Hmoob ntawm lub hli "Der Yuda". Qhov no ntawv tau ua lub ncauj npog ncig ntawm cov neeg Yudais sab ntsuj plig lub rooj txhawb siab. Nws nrhiav tau lub teb chaws Yudais Committee, uas thaum pib ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua ntej sawv cev tus saib xyuas ntawm lub Eastern European Yishuv. Thiab thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv 1920, lub philosopher formulated nws kev sib raug zoo txoj hauj lwm. Nws hais tias lawv nyob rau hauv Prague Zionist Congress. Qhov no txoj hauj lwm yog zoo li nyob rau hauv suab rau cov chav kawm ntawv rau socialism. Nrog hais txog lub teb chaws nqe lus nug, Buber tshaj tawm hais tias "kev thaj yeeb thiab kwv ua tij nrog cov Arab neeg," urging ob nationalities coexist ua ke "rau ib tug tshiab ntau lub tebchaws." Txoj hauj lwm kuv - Koj, ib tug kev sib tham qhov twg txhua sab yuav hnov thiab to taub lub "qhov tseeb" ntawm lwm tus, tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lub philosophy ntawm lub txawj xav.

Ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog II thiab tom qab xyoo

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nruab nrab ntawm ob kev tsov kev rog, Buber ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub University of Frankfurt. Nws tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug xib fwb nyob rau hauv lub department ntawm ethics thiab philosophy ntawm Judaism. Thaum lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub peb caug-peb tuaj rau lub teb chaws Socialists, lub philosopher poob nws txoj hauj lwm. Tsis ntev, nws twb yuam kom khiav tawm los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees rau Switzerland. Tab sis tom qab ntawd nws emigrated mus thiab los ntawm lub teb chaws uas nyob twj ywm nruab nrab nyob rau hauv ob ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog. Martin Buber, uas quotes lub tiaj coexistence ntawm cov neeg Yudais thiab Palestinians, alas, yog "ib lub suab quaj nyob rau hauv roob moj sab qhua", tsiv mus rau nram lub nroog Yeluxalees. Nyob rau hauv no dawb huv nroog thiab philosopher nws nyob ntawm 1938 mus 1965. Nws tuag rau hli ntuj 13 nyob rau lub hnub nyoog ntawm yim caum xya. Nyob rau hauv ua Ixayees, Buber ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug xib fwb ntawm lub department ntawm Sociology ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub nroog Yeluxalees. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov sixties, nws txais cov saib xyuas npe ntawm cov Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm lub Ixayees Academy ntawm Sciences.

Anthropological mus kom ze rau lub philosophy ntawm Martin Buber

Thaum tseem muaj ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv, philosopher vividly koom nyob rau hauv lub Nietzschean hluas kev sib tham. Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm tus thawj coj thiab cov neeg tias, "me txiv neej" yog tsis tsim nyog rau nws. Txawm li cas los, nws pom tau hais tias Nietzsche sim muab tso rau hauv lub forefront qhov teeb meem ntawm lub cim tib neeg hav zoov nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob qhov twg "Vajtswv tsis kam mus rau cov neeg nyob rau hauv Nws lub xub ntiag." Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tus nqi ntawm txhua tus neeg, xav tias Martin Buber. "Qhov teeb meem ntawm txiv neej" - yog feem ntau ib tug polemical ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas ib tus paub txog criticizes Nietzsche postulates. "Qhov yuav faiv fab" tsis tau, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug coj teeb rau muaj zog personalities thiab dawb lub ntsuj plig. Qhov no mus kom ze yuav tsuas ua tau kom ntau dua dictatorship. Nyob rau hauv Nietzsche tus sib tham, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv tus ntawm Dilthey thiab Ziemer, nws cov xib fwb, nyob rau hauv Buber tus matured nws tus kheej lub tswvyim ntawm anthropology.

Martin Buber, "Koj thiab kuv": txoj kev

Qhov no ua hauj lwm, ntawm chav kawm, muaj peev xwm yuav hu ua lub ntsiab philosophical tej hauj lwm ntawm ib tug txawj xav. Nws Buber txo nws hwj rau txawv teev piv "Kuv - Nws" thiab "Kuv - Koj". Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no cov ntaub ntawv, cov tau kev sib tham, lus sib txuas lus ciaj sia. Thaum ib tug neeg hais txog ib yam dab tsi los yog ib tug neeg raws li "nws" puv ib utilitarian siv. Tab sis ib tug neeg - nws tsis yog ib tug txhais tau tias thiab ib lub hom phiaj. Piv mus rau lwm lub raws li nyob rau hauv "Koj" muab tus menyuam nyob rau hauv lub sib tham ntawm sab ntsuj plig, nqi xwm. Bronis³aw Malinowski tswvcuab sij hawm "mana" Philosophical turnover. Qhov no yog ib Polynesian lo lus phim tus lawm doreligioznogo pom, puas pom dag zog yuam uas yog ib tug neeg, ib tug tsiaj, ib tsob ntoo, thiab txawm lub phenomenon ntawm cov kev kawm. Raws li Buber, ob hom ntawm kev sib raug zoo muab sawv mus tawm tsam tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus neeg pom nws tsis yooj yim rau nyob twj ywm lossi nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm "Kuv - Koj". Tab sis ib tug uas yeej ib txwm hais txog rau sab nraum lub ntiaj teb no raws li "nws" loses nws tus plig.

Kev cai dab qhuas

Lwm yam tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm, uas tau sau Martin Buber - "Ob tug dluab ntawm txoj kev ntseeg." Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no, lub philosopher ntaqwm nws thaum yau yaam puab paub ntawm nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm lub mystic, ib tug me ntsis sensual ntawm Hasidism. Nws contrasts nws Talmudic Judaism. Nws yog tseem tau mus rau qhov txawv ntawm ob yooj yim le caag los ntseeg. Ua ntej, pistis - ib tug muaj kuab "Greek" mus kom ze. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, txoj kev ntseeg - muab los xav cov ntaub ntawv. Nws kuj yuav raug hu ua paub txog los yog txawm "scientific hypothesis". Tej kev ntseeg "Pistis" resists "emunah". Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv kev cia siab rau, nyob hlub, kev sib hwm rau Vajtswv raws li "Koj." Buber ib co kua nplaum yuav ua li cas thaum ntxov cov ntseeg Vajtswv maj ncaim ntawm lub biblical ntsuj plig nrog rau lub plawv, kev nkag siab-xaav ntawm lub Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej rau lub Koom Txoos dogma nrog nws tuag txheej templates.

mysticism

Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws ntawm Zurich thiab Vienna, Martin Buber, uas nws philosophy yog ntau inclined rau existentialism, psychoanalysis mloog kev kawm. Nws yog xav nyob rau hauv lub tib neeg tus nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov sib nrauj. Tswv yim mysticism paub txog pom tsis yog raws li ib tug puas siab puas ntsws pathology. Lub npe ntawm nws doctoral thesis yog ib tug kev tshawb ntawm cov philosophy ntawm Meister Eckhart thiab Yakoba Bome. Cov German mysticism lig Nrab Hnub nyoog muaj ib tug yawm cawv rau Buber. Raws li ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Dilthey, philosopher sim tau siv mus rau lub kev cai dab qhuas kev ntawm lub disgraced Dominican Eckhart. Rau tag nrho cov pilgrimage hloov siab lees txim thiab fasts, txhua yam uas yuam orthodoxy, nws yog ib yam uas tsis muaj nqi yog tias ib tug tsis nrhiav nrog Vajtswv. Boehme kuj pab leg ntaubntawv hais tias cov lus txib yuav tsum hauv yuav tsum tau sau nyob rau ntsiav tshuaj ntawm lub plawv, thiab yuav tsis sab nraum raws li dogmas.

«Chassidic legends»

Mystic qauv nyob rau hauv Judaism - nws yog ib tug mob siab rau, uas kawg ntawm lub neej gravitated Martin Buber. Phau ntawv ntawm Hassidism no cov sau tau txhais ua ntau hom lus. Nyob rau hauv lawv, nws yuav tau qhia txoj kev ntseeg raws li kev sib tham nrog Vajtswv, raws li ib tug nyob kev cia siab rau tus Tswv Tsim. Qhov kawg ua hauj lwm yog tus "Chassidic kev lig kev cai." Lavxias teb sab lus tau raug txhais tsuas yog tus thawj ntawm nws volume. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no, Buber Hasidism muab cov duab tshiab - ib tug txawj ib hom ntawv nyeem. Vajtswv yog tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug series ntawm kev cog qoob loo los qhia rau zaj dab neeg. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, raws li Martin Buber, tau tsim kom muaj kev sib tham choj ntawm tus txiv neej thiab tus "sacrum", ntawm "I" thiab "koj." Qhov no mus kom ze tau criticized los ntawm Gershom Scholem, qhov tus tsim ntawm cov kev kawm txoj kev kawm ntawm cov mystical zog nyob rau hauv Judaism. Nws ntseeg hais tias Buber ignored cov philosophical cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Hasidism.