Roman philosophy: keeb kwm, cov ntsiab lus thiab yooj yim lub tsev kawm ntawv

Roman philosophy yog yus muaj los ntawm eclecticism, xws li tus so ntawm no era. Qhov no kab lis kev cai yog tsim nyob rau hauv tej teeb meem nrog rau cov Greek kev vam meej thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj ib tug kev sib sau nrog nws. Roman philosophy yog tsis heev txaus siab nyob rau hauv txoj kev yuav ua li cas xwm - nws mas hais txog lub neej, kev kov yeej kev nyuaj siab thiab kev txaus ntshai, raws li zoo raws li yuav ua li cas muab kev ntseeg, physics, logic thiab ethics.

Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub virtues

Ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb sawv cev ntawm lub Stoic tsev kawm ntawv yog Seneca. Nws yog ib tug xib fwb ntawm Nero - nto moo rau nws lub koob npe nrov phem Roman faj tim huab tais. Seneca lub philosophy yog piav nyob rau hauv xws tej hauj lwm raws li "Cov tsiaj ntawv rau Lucilla," "Lus nug ntawm qhov." Tab sis Roman Stoicism txawv los ntawm classic Greek destinations. Yog li ntawd, Zeno thiab Chrysippus xav logic cev pob txha philosophy thiab tus ntsuj plig - physics. Ethics, lawv ntseeg nws cov leeg. Seneca lub Stoic yog tshiab. Tus ntsuj plig thiab lub siab ntawm txhua qhov zoo hu ua ethics. Yog, thiab nws nyob raws li nws tej hauv paus ntsiab. Vim li cas ho tsis pom zoo rau nws tus menyuam kawm ntawv txoj kev tsuj tiv thaiv cov ntseeg thiab cov tsis sib xws, cov huab tais kom Seneca los tua nws tus kheej, hais tias nws yog nrog lub meej mom thiab puas tau.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev txo hwj chim thiab cawv

Stoicism philosophy ntawm ancient Greece thiab Rome ntaus nqi heev zoo thiab tsim cheeb tsam no txog rau thaum xaus ntawm Antiquity. Lwm zoo-paub txawj xav ntawm tsev kawm ntawv no yog Epictetus - tus thawj philosopher ntawm lub ancient ntiaj teb no, uas yog ib tug qhev los ntawm kev yug me nyuam. Nws tshuav ib qho imprint rau nws views. Epictetus suav tab hu ua qhev los ntawm cov tib neeg, xws li txhua leej txhua tus lwm tus, uas yog tsis muaj nyob rau hauv Greek philosophy. Rau nws stoicism nyob txoj kev ua neej, science, uas muaj siab loj, tsis txhob nrhiav Library thiab yuav tsis ntshai kev tuag. Nws hais tias yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj ntau yam yuav tsum tau xav, thiab dab tsi yog twb muaj. Ces koj yuav tsis chim nyob rau hauv lub neej. Nws philosophical Credo Epictetus hu ua apathy, cov kev kawm ntawm kev tuag. Qhov no nws hu ua tus Logos mloog lus (rau Vajtswv). Kev txo hwj chim rau destiny yog ib tug manifestation ntawm lub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm sab ntsuj plig txoj kev ywj pheej. Epictetus yog ib tug follower ntawm huab tais Mark Avrely.

skeptics

Historians uas kawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev xav, raws li ib qhov chaw xws phenomenon li ancient philosophy. Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Rome twb zoo ib yam li txhua lwm yam nyob rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tswv yim. Qhov no yog raug rau lig lub sij hawm antiquity. Piv txwv li, lub Greek thiab Roman xav tias nws paub xws li ib tug tshwm sim raws li skepticism. Qhov no kev taw qhia yeej ib txwm tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm poob ntawm cov loj civilizations. Lub philosophy Roman nws cov neeg ua hauj twb Enesidem los ntawm Knossos (tus menyuam kawm ntawv Pyrrhon) Akipas Sekst Empirik. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog zoo li txhua lwm yam thiaj li hais tias lawv txwv txhua yam ntawm dogmatism. Lawv lub ntsiab lus hais tias advocated qhov assertion tias tag nrho cov kev cai qhuab qhia nyias hais txawv nyias thiab tsis muab lawv tus kheej, tab sis tag nrho cov tsis ntseeg tau pib thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv nqe lus nug.

"Nyob rau hauv Xwm yam"

Epicureanism yog lwm nrov lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm ancient Rome. Qhov no philosophy los ua lub npe hu feem ntau ua tsaug rau Titus Lucretius Kara, uas nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo nkauj ntxhib lub sij hawm. Nws yog tus txhais lus los ntawm Epicurus, thiab nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "Nyob rau hauv Xwm yam" nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub txog cov nws philosophical system. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws piav qhia cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm atoms. Lawv yog deprived ntawm tej khoom, tab sis lawv ua ke ua zoo ntawm tej yam. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov atoms nyob rau hauv qhov yog yeej tib yam nkaus. Ua tsaug rau lawv, muaj ib tug transformation ntawm qhov teeb meem. tsis muaj dab tsi los ntawm tsis muaj dab tsi. Worlds yog ntau yam, lawv tshwm sim thiab tuag raws li txoj cai ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tseem ceeb, thiab lub atoms yog ib txhis. Lub ntug yog infinite, lub sij hawm yog muaj xwb nyob rau hauv cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem, tsis txhob mus nws tus kheej.

Epicureanism

Lucretius yog ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws txawj xav thiab paj huam los ntawm ancient Rome. Nws philosophy evoked ob admiration thiab resentment nrog nws cov contemporaries. Nws lossi sib cav nrog lwm qhov chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub skeptics. Lucretius ntseeg hais tias lawv ntseeg tsis muaj dab tsi defunct science, vim hais tias txwv tsis pub peb yuav lossi xav hais tias txhua txhua hnub ib tug tshiab tshav ntawm lub nce. Meanwhile, peb paub hais tias qhov no yog ib tug thiab tib lub teeb. Lucretius kuj criticized lub Platonic tswv yim ntawm cov transmigration ntawm tus ntsuj plig. Nws hais tias, vim hais tias qhov no ib tug neeg yuav tseem tuag, dab tsi sib txawv qhov twg nws tus ntsuj plig nkag mus rau. Ob leeg cov ntaub ntawv thiab puas siab puas ntsws nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej yog yug los, hlob laus thiab tuag. Lucretius thiab xav txog lub hauv paus pib ntawm kev vam meej. Nws sau hais tias cov neeg thawj nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm savagery, kom txog thaum peb kawm tau hluav taws. A haiv neeg ntawd lub txiaj ntsim ntawm ib tug ntawv cog lus ntawm cov neeg. Lucretius qhia ib hom ntawm Epicurean atheism thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm thuam tus Roman tus cwj pwm zoo li ib yam nkaus thiab perverse.

rhetoric

Lub brightest neeg sawv cev ntawm lub eclecticism ntawm ancient Rome, cov philosophy uas yog qhov kev kawm ntawm no tsab xov xwm, yog Cicero. Lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov xav tias nws ntseeg lub rhetoric. Qhov no politician thiab nws sim mus koom lub Roman siab rau virtue thiab Greek kos duab rau philosophise. Nws yog Cicero uas coined lub sij hawm "gumanitas" uas peb tam sim no feem ntau siv rau hauv nom tswv thiab pej xeem kev daws. Nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm science uas yuav tsum tau hu ua ib tug polymath txawj xav. Raws li rau cov siab ncaj thiab ethics, nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, nws ntseeg hais tias txhua qhuab qhia yog ib tug virtue tus kheej txoj kev. Yog li ntawd, txhua txhua kawm ntawv tus neeg yuav tsum paub txhua txoj kev ntawm kev txawj ntse, thiab coj lawv. Thiab tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm txhua hnub kev nyuaj siab kov yeej los ntawm kev quab yuam yuav.

Philosophical-kev cai dab qhuas cov tsev kawm ntawv

Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm nws txuas ntxiv mus rau evolve thiab cov tsoos ancient philosophy. Ancient Rome yog zoo dab tsi cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Plato thiab nws cov thwjtim. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm no nws yog fashionable philosophical thiab kev cai dab qhuas cov tsev kawm ntawv, uniting lub West thiab sab hnub tuaj. Lub ntsiab teeb meem tsa los ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia - thiab tus zoo piv ntawm ntsuj plig thiab teeb meem.

Ib qho ntawm feem nrov destinations twb neopifagoreystvo. Nws nce lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug Vajtswv thiab lub ntiaj teb no yog tag nrho ntawm contradictions. Neo-Pythagoreans ntseeg nyob rau hauv cov khawv koob ntawm cov zauv. Heev zoo-paub daim duab ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv yog Apollonius ntawm Tyana, uas luag thuam Apuleius nyob rau hauv nws "Metamorphoses". Ntawm cov Roman intellectuals yeej cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Philo ntawm Alexandria, uas twb sim mus cuag Judaism nrog Platonism. Nws ntseeg tias Yehauvas tau tsim Logos, uas tsim lub ntiaj teb no. Tsis muaj lub zem Engels ib zaug hu ua Philo "txiv ntxawm ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv."

Lub kub tiam sis

Basic cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Ancient nroog Loos xws li philosophy thiab Neo-Platonism. Thinkers ntawm qhov no tsim cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm tag nrho cov system ntawm intermediaries - emanations - nruab nrab ntawm Vajtswv thiab lub ntiaj teb no. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub Neoplatonists ammonium Saccas, Plotinus, Iamblichus, Proclus. Lawv professed polytheism. Nyob rau hauv philosophical cov ntsiab lus uas Neoplatonists tshawb xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm creation raws li ib tug highlight ntawm cov tshiab thiab nyob mus ib txhis rov qab. Lawv ntseeg Vajtswv tus ua, hauv paus ntsiab lus, essence thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm txhua yam. Creator ywg kiag tawm mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, vim hais tias cov txiv neej nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov frenzy yuav mus rau nws. Nws yog ib lub xeev lawv hu ua ecstasy. Close rau Iamblichus twb nyob mus ib txhis tw Neoplatonists - Gnostics. Lawv ntseeg hais tias kev phem muaj kev ywj siab pib, thiab tag nrho cov emanations yog lub qhov tsim nyog ntawm lub fact tias cov creation tau pib tiv thaiv Vajtswv lub siab nyiam.

Lub philosophy ntawm ancient Rome twb luv luv piav saum toj no. Peb pom tias lub tswv yim ntawm no era twb ntau tus los ntawm nws predecessors. Nws yog tus Greek tej yam ntuj tso philosophers, Stoics, Platonists, Pythagoreans. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov neeg Loos nyob rau hauv ib yam dab tsi hloov los yog tsim kev txiav txim zoo ntawm yav dhau los cov tswv yim. Tab sis nws yog lawv popularization yog thaum kawg pab mus rau lub ancient philosophy raws li ib tug tag nrho. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ua tsaug rau lub Roman philosopher medieval Europe los ua cuab kav nrog Greeks thiab pib mus kawm ntawv rau lawv ntxiv lawm.