Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment: Nta

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XVII lub Enlightenment, uas them tag nrho hauv lub tom ntej XVIII caug xyoo. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm thiab ua dawb-rationality. Muaj ib tug kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment, uas tau muab lub ntiaj teb no ib tug tshiab kos duab.

philosophy

Tag nrho cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment raug raws li nyob rau hauv tshiab philosophical tswv yim formulated los ntawm lub thinkers ntawm lub sij hawm. Lub ntsiab kev nom kev tswv xav tau Dzhon Lokk, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Goethe, Kant thiab lwm tus neeg. Lawv tau pom cov sab ntsuj plig nam ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua (uas kuj hu ua lub hnub nyoog ntawm vim li cas).

Lub adepts ntawm lub Enlightenment ntseeg nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb tseem ceeb lub tswv yim. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog cov fact tias tag nrho cov txiv neej yog los ntawm qhov sib npaug, txhua tus neeg muaj lawv tus kheej txaus siab thiab xav tau kev pab. Yuav kom raws li lawv, koj yuav tsum tsim ib tug xis hostel rau tag nrho cov. Cwm pwm tsis tshwm nyob rau hauv lub teeb nws tus kheej - nws yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm vim lub fact tias cov neeg muaj lub cev thiab sab ntsuj plig lub zog, thiab lub siab. Koob pheej ntawm lawv yuav tsum feem ntau yuav nyob rau hauv lub koob pheej ntawm lawv ntawm tag nrho cov ua ntej txoj cai.

Enlightenment kab lis kev cai - ib tug kab lis kev cai siv tau rau tag nrho cov kev txawj ntse. Ua xav ntseeg tias tsuas yog los ntawm cov kis ntawm kev kawm ntawv, koj muaj peev xwm muab ib tug kawg rau kev nyuaj siab ntxhov plawv. Qhov no yog rationalism - tus nrog paub txog lub siab raws li nyob rau hauv tus cwj pwm thiab cognition ntawm cov neeg.

Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub Enlightenment tseem sib cav tswv yim hais txog kev ntseeg. Disassociation los ntawm zej zog loj hlob teev thiab conservative lub tsev teev ntuj (feem ntau Catholic). Cov educated ntseeg kis lub tswv yim ntawm Vajtswv, raws li ib co tsis mechanics, uas ua qhov kev txiav txim chiv muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tsaug rau heev heev scientific discoveries kis taw tes ntawm view uas tib neeg yuav qhia tag nrho cov secrets ntawm lub ntug thiab cov mysteries thiab kev xav nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm.

kos duab taw qhia

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus philosophy, nws muaj thiab artistic kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm kos duab rau ntawm lub qub ntiaj teb muaj ob lub ntsiab qhov chaw. Tus thawj yog Classicism. Nws incarnated nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, music, fine arts. Qhov no sib meant raws li lub ancient Roman thiab Greek tej ntsiab cai. Tej kos duab yog txawv symmetry, rationality, focused thiab kev kawm ua raws li daim ntawv no.

Lub artistic kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment moj khaum ntawm Romanticism teb mus rau lwm cov lus nug: xav, tswv yim, muaj tswv yim improvisation artist. Feem ntau muaj xws li hais tias cov ob tug sib txawv le caag tau ua ke nyob rau hauv ib yam khoom. Piv txwv li, ib daim ntawv yuav sib haum mus rau classicism thiab cov ntsiab lus - Romanticism.

Tau tshwm sim los sim yeej. Nws tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim sentimentalism. Nws tsis tau muaj kev stylistic cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis nws yog siv nws reflected lub ces saib ntawm tib neeg lub siab zoo thiab kev coj dawb huv, uas yog muab rau tus neeg los ntawm cov xwm. Lavxias teb sab artistic kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment, raws li zoo raws li lub European, tau nws tus kheej kaj daim uas sawv daws khoom ib mus rau lub sentimental txaus. Xws li yog zaj dab neeg Nikolaya Karamzina "Tsis Liza".

lub cult ntawm xwm

Nws sentimentalists tsim ib tug yam ntxwv ntawm lub Enlightenment cult ntawm qhov. Lub thinkers ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua nws nrhiav ib tug qauv ntawm cov zoo nkauj thiab zoo, yog dab tsi yuav tsum siv zog rau noob neej. Lub epitome ntawm ib tug zoo dua lub ntiaj teb no tau nquag tshwm nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, chaw ua si thiab lub vaj. Lawv tau tsim raws li ib tug zoo meej ib puag ncig rau zoo meej neeg. Cov compositions muaj xws li kos duab, tho kev ua cov tsev qiv ntawv, tsev ceev teej tug, lub tuam tsev thiab theaters.

Lub Enlightenment ntseeg hais tias tus tshiab "natural neeg" yuav tsum rov qab mus rau lawv lub xeev ntuj - uas yog qhov. Raws li lub tswv yim no ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab thiab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub Enlightenment (los yog es, architecture) muab contemporaries Peterhof. Dua nws siv ua hauj lwm architects nto moo Leblon, Zemtsov, Usov, Quarenghi. Tsaug rau cov kev siv zog rau lub Gulf ntawm Finland muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb cov khaub ncaws ntau, uas muaj ib tug cim ua si, zoo kawg li palaces thiab chaw.

painting

Nyob rau hauv painting, artistic kab lis kev cai ntawm teb chaws Europe ntawm lub Enlightenment hloov zuj zuj mus rau ntau dua secularism. Kev cai dab qhuas pib coj txoj haujlwm txawm nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws nyob qhov twg ua ntej nws muaj ntseeg txaus rau Austria, Ltalis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees. Toj roob hauv pes painting hloov lub mus ob peb vas ntawm tus toj roob hauv pes thiab ib tug intimate portrait hloov lub formal portraits.

Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua Fabkis kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment muab sawv mus rau lub Rococo style. Tej kos duab tau raws li nyob rau hauv asymmetry, nws twb thuam, playful thiab pretentious. Favorite cim ntawm no lub artist yog ib tug Bacchante, nymphs, Venus, Diana, thiab lwm yam nuj nqis ntawm classical mythology, thiab lub ntsiab kawm - kev hlub.

Ib tug piv txwv ntawm Fabkis Rococo - creativity Fransua Bushe, uas kuj hu ua "tus thawj neeg pleev kob ntawm tus huab tais." Nws pleev xim rau ua yeeb yam poob lawm, illustrations rau daim duab phau ntawv rau cov nplua nuj lub tsev nyob thiab palaces. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm nws paintings: "Lub tsev plob ntawm Venus", "Triumph ntawm Venus" thiab thiaj li nyob ..

Antuan Vatto, on qhov tsis tooj, nce tig rau niaj hnub lub neej. Nyob rau hauv nws lub hwj, lub style tau tsim tus loj tshaj plaws English portrait neeg pleev kob Thomas Gainsborough. Nws txawv sab ntsuj plig, sab ntsuj plig zoo thiab cov paj huam.

Lub ntsiab Italian neeg pleev kob ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua yog Dzhovanni Tepolo. Qhov no tus tswv prints thiab murals yog critics xam tias yog qhov kawg yawm sawv cev ntawm lub Venetian tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub capital lub npe nrov khw koom pheej tseem sawv Veduta - txhua hnub nroog toj roob hauv pes. Feem ntau cov kev zoo siab creators nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem pib Francesco Guardi thiab Antonio Kanaletto. Qhov no Enlightenment kab lis kev cai tseg ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm impressive paintings.

ua yeeb yam

XVIII caug xyoo - lub golden hnub nyoog ntawm cov ua yeeb yam. Thaum lub sij hawm Enlightenment, qhov no kos duab daim ntawv tau mus txog lub pinnacle ntawm nws muaj koob meej thiab loj heev. Hauv As Kiv teb, qhov loj tshaj plaws yog tus playwright Richard Sheridan. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm nws tej hauj lwm, "Txawv tebchaws mus Scarborough," "Lub tsev kawm ntawv rau Scandal" thiab "tw" thuam cov kev nkauj kev nraug ntawm lub bourgeoisie.

Dynamic tag nrho ua yeeb yam kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe ntawm lub Enlightenment tsim nyob rau hauv Venice, qhov uas nws ua hauj lwm cia li 7 theaters. Tsoos txhua xyoo nroog carnival attracted rau qhua ntawm tag nrho cov tshaj lub qub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv Venice, ua tus sau ntawm tus naas ej "Traktirschiny" Karlo Goldoni. Qhov no playwright, uas tau sau ib tug tag nrho ntawm 267 tej hauj lwm, saib taus thiab admired los Voltaire.

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws comedy ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua yog "Lub sib yuav ntawm Figaro," sau los ntawm tus poj Frenchman Beaumarchais. Nyob rau hauv no ua si, embodied lub mus ob peb vas ntawm cov haiv neeg muaj ib tug tsis zoo tus cwj pwm mus rau lub meej monarchy ntawm lub Bourbons. Ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawv ntawm cov thawj productions thiab comedies nyob rau hauv Fabkis muaj ib tug kiv puag ncig uas overthrew lub qub regime.

European kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment yog tsis niaj hnub. Nyob rau hauv tej lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub kos duab sawv lub teb chaws nta. Piv txwv li, lub German ua yeeb yam (Schiller, Goethe, Lessing), zoo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm sau nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem raug txom nyem. Nyob rau hauv no ua yeeb yam ntawm cov Enlightenment nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees nws tshwm sim ib ob peb xyoo tom qab tshaj nyob rau hauv Fabkis los yog hais.

Iogann Gete yog tsis yog ib tug ci ntsa iab kws sau paj lug thiab playwright. Tsis rau ib yam dab tsi nws yog hu ua "universal ntse heev" - ib tug connoisseur thiab kos duab theorist, kawm, novelist thiab cov kws muaj txuj nyob rau hauv ntau lwm qhov chaw. Nws tseem ceeb khoom - ib tug xwm txheej no "Faust" thiab cov kev ua si "Egmont." Lwm zoo heev daim duab ntawm lub German Enlightenment, Friedrich Schiller, tsis tsuas sau "intrigue thiab Kev Hlub" thiab "cov tub sab", tab sis kuj tso tseg ib tug scientific thiab keeb kwm ua hauj lwm.

ntawv tseeb

Lub ntsiab txawj ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua yog tus tshiab. Nws yog ua tsaug rau tus tshiab cov phau ntawv tuaj rau triumph ntawm bourgeois kab lis kev cai, uas hloov lub qub feudal qub ideology. Rau siab luam tawm tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab tsis tsuas sau ntawv, tab sis kuj sociologists, philosophers thiab economists.

Cov dab neeg, raws li ib tug ib hom ntawv nyeem, loj hlob tawm ntawm cov nyiaj qhia journalism. Nrog nws, cov thinkers ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua tau pom ib tug tshiab daim ntawv qhia lawv cov kev sib thiab philosophical tswv yim. Sau "Gulliver lub tsev" Dzhonatan Svift muab tso rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm ntau allusions mus rau lub evils ntawm kev kawm zej zog. Nws wrote kuj tau koom "Lub taleas ntawm ib tug npauj npaim." Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no, Swift satirized lub ces kev cai dab qhuas kev txiav txim thiab strife.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub Enlightenment yuav twb tsis siv rau cov emergence ntawm tshiab kev sau ntawv lwm yam. Thaum lub sij hawm no, muaj ib tug epistolary tshiab (ib tug tshiab nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv). Qhov no yog, piv txwv li, ib tug sentimental ua hauj lwm Ioganna Gete "Lub Sorrows ntawm Hluas Werther," nyob rau hauv uas lub protagonist tau ua yus tua yus, raws li zoo raws li "Persian ntawv" ntawm Montesquieu. Muaj documentary novels nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm mus ncig teb chaws sau ntawv thiab mus ncig teb chaws piav ( "tsev nyob rau hauv Fabkis thiab Ltalis," Tobias Smollett).

Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm classicism. Nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua kws sau paj lug Alexander Sumarokov ua hauj lwm Vasily Trediakovskii, Antiochus Cantemir. Muaj thawj qe Sentimentalism (twb raug xa mus rau Karamzin "Tsis Lisa" thiab "Natalie, boyar tus ntxhais"). Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment nyob rau hauv Russia tau tsim txhua tus nkag tau nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muaj rau thaum pib ntawm XIX caug xyoo, lub domestic ntaub ntawv, coj los ntawm Pushkin, Lermontov thiab Gogol, tej nws golden hnub nyoog.

music

Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm Enlightenment, ib tug niaj hnub suab paj nruas lus. Nws tsim yog suav tias yog Iogann Bah. Qhov no zoo kawg composer sau tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lwm yam (kos yog tus opera). Bach thiab hnub no yog xam tias yog ib tug unrivaled tswv ntawm polyphony. Lwm German composer George Handel sau ntau tshaj 40 ua yeeb yam thiab heev heev sonatas thiab suites. Inspiration nws, zoo li Bach, kos nyob rau hauv lub biblical dab neeg (tsiag ntawv los ntawm lub npe: "Ixayees nyob rau hauv Egypt", "Xa-u", "Mexiyas").

Lwm yam tseem ceeb cov suab paj nruas kev tshwm sim ntawm lub sij hawm - lub Viennese School. Cov hauj lwm ntawm nws cov tswv cuab tseem yuav tau khiav kev kawm ntawv orchestras hnub no, yog li ntawd niaj hnub neeg yuav kov cov cuab yeej cuab tam uas tau sab laug lub kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment. Lub 18th xyoo pua yog txuam nrog rau cov npe ntawm tej geniuses li Wolfgang Mozart, Yozef Gaydn, Ludwig van Beethoven. Nws yog ib cov Viennese composers mus rau rethink cov laus cov suab paj nruas ntaub ntawv thiab lwm yam.

Haydn yog suav hais tias yog leej txiv ntawm tus classical symphony (nws sau lawv ntau tshaj li ib puas). Muaj ntau ntawm cov tej hauj lwm tau raws li nyob rau hauv pej xeem cov kev seev cev thiab nkauj. Lub ncov ntawm creativity ntawm Haydn tus London symphonies voj voog yog sau los ntawm nws thaum lub sij hawm mus ua si rau hais. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Renaissance era, lub era ntawm lub Enlightenment thiab ntawm lwm yam lub sij hawm ntawm tib neeg keeb kwm tsis tshua muaj ntses nteg qe li muaj menyuam coob coob ntxias. Dhau li symphony, Quartet Haydn neeg 83, masses 13, 20 thiab 52 ua yeeb yam clavier sonatas.

Mozart tsis tsuas muaj suab paj nruag. Nws yog unsurpassed ua si rau cov harpsichord thiab nkauj laus ncas tswv cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thaum yau. Nws ua yeeb yam thiab concerts txawv txawv heev mus ob peb vas (los ntawm poetic lyrics rau kev lom zem). Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm Mozart xam tau tias yog nws peb symphonies, sau nyob rau hauv tib ib nyob rau hauv 1788 (xov tooj 39, 40, 41).

Lwm zoo classic Beethoven yog fond ntawm heroic dab neeg uas muaj feem rau ntawm overtures "Egmont," "Coriolanus" thiab "Fidelio," lub opera. Raws li ib tug ua yeeb yam, nws ntaus nws lub contemporaries ua si rau cov piano. Rau no Beethoven cuab tam 32 Sonata tau sau. Feem ntau ntawm nws tej hauj lwm hauv lub composer tsim nyob rau hauv Vienna. Tsis tas li ntawd nws yog tswv 10 sonatas rau violin thiab piano (nrov tshaj plaws yog cov "Kreutzer" Sonata).

Beethoven tej ib tug loj muaj tswv yim ntsoog tshwm sim los ntawm lub poob ntawm lawv lub rooj sib hais. Composer inclined mus tua tus kheej nyob rau hauv xav xav txais kev sau nws legendary "Moonlight" Sonata. Txawm li cas los, txawm lub phem heev mob tsis ua txhaum lub siab ntawm cov artist. Thaum kov yeej nws tus kheej nkees, Beethoven kuj sau tau ntau symphonic tej hauj lwm.

English Enlightenment

Hais yog tus birthplace ntawm cov European Enlightenment. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no, ua ntej lwm tus, nyob rau hauv lub XVII xyoo pua, muaj ib tug bourgeois kiv puag ncig, uas tau muab impetus rau kev loj hlob. Hais los ua ib tug piv txwv zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo kev kawm. Philosopher Dzhon Lokk yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj thiab lub ntsiab theorists ntawm lub mas lub tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm nws sau cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev nom kev tswv daim ntawv ntawm cov Enlightenment twb sau - lub American tshaj tawm ntawm Independence. Locke ntseeg hais tias tib neeg kev txawj ntse yog txiav txim los ntawm piav thoob hlo xaav thiab kev tshaj ua ntej refuted lub nrov philosophy ntawm Descartes.

Ib qho tseem ceeb British txawj xav ntawm cov XVIII xyoo pua yog Devid Yum. Qhov no philosopher, nyiaj txiag, historian, diplomat thiab publicist tshiab qhov kev kawm ntawm morality. Nws kawm Adas Smith los ua tus founder ntawm niaj hnub economic kev tshawb xav. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment, nyob rau hauv luv luv, preceded ntau niaj hnub tswv yim thiab tswv yim. Smith lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog zoo li ntawd. Nws yog thawj tug uas equate qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua lag luam mus rau lub xeev qhov tseem ceeb.

Fabkis xav

Fabkis philosophers ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm qhov fab ntxeev ces uas twb muaj lawm kev coj thiab kev nom kev tswv. Rousseau, Diderot, Montesquieu - tag nrho cov ntawm lawv protested tiv thaiv domestic kev txiav txim. Thuam yuav siv sij hawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv: atheism, lub idealization ntawm yav dhau los (extolled lub Republican kev lig kev cai ntawm antiquity), thiab lwm yam ...

Ib cim tshwm sim ntawm lub Enlightenment kab lis kev cai yog cov 35-volume "Encyclopedia". Nws constituted lub ntsiab xav "hnub nyoog ntawm vim li cas". Inspirer thiab chief editor ntawm no landmark ntawv yog Denis Diderot. Pab mus rau lub cais tagnrho muaj Pol Golbah, La Mettrie, Julien, Klod Gelvetsy thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb intellectuals ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo.

Montesquieu sharply criticized lub arbitrariness thiab despotism ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Niaj hnub no, nws yog rightly suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm bourgeois siab. Voltaire los ua ib qho piv txwv ntawm wit thiab txuj ci. Nws yog tus sau ntawm satirical kwv huam, philosophical novels, kev nom kev tswv tracts. Muab ob npaug rau Thinker nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj, ntau lub sij hawm nws yuav tsum tau zais ib tus khiav nkaum. Nws yog Voltaire tsim ib tug zam rau dawb kev xav thiab ntseeg tau pib.

German Enlightenment

German culture ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua muaj nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm kev nom kev tswv fragmentation ntawm lub teb chaws. Advanced minds advocated lub abandonment ntawm feudal survivals thiab lub teb chaws kev sib sau. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub Fabkis philosophers ntawm lub German xav ceev faj txog cov teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau lub tsev teev ntuj.

Ib yam li cov Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Enlightenment, lub Prussian kab lis kev cai yog tsim nrog rau hauv tib neeg kev koom tes ntawm cov autocratic huab tais (nyob rau hauv Russia, nws yog Catherine II, nyob rau hauv Prussia - Fridrih Veliky). Lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev zog txhawb advanced hom phiaj ntawm nws lub sij hawm, thaum tsis tau muab nws unlimited hwj chim. Xws li ib tug system yog hu ua "enlightened absolutism".

Lub ntsiab Illuminator lub teb chaws Yelemees XVIII xyoo pua yog Emanu-es Kant. Nyob rau hauv 1781 nws luam tawm ib tug yuav tsum muaj chaw ua hauj lwm 'soj ntsuas ntaub ntawv ntawm Ntshiab vim li cas. " Philosopher tsim ib tug tshiab kev tshawb xav ntawm kev txawj ntse, tau kawm tau ntawm tib neeg txoj kev ntse. Nws yog nws kev txaus cai rau txoj kev tawm tsam thiab kev cai lij choj daim ntawv hloov kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv system, tsis suav crude nruj kev tsiv. Kant ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kev cai ntawm kev cai lij choj.