Classification receptors. Flavoring, nrig txog kev pom, nociceptors

Yuav ua li cas yog lub cev? Nws yog ib tug science uas kawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev. Ib suam ntawm receptors thiab stimuli kuj yog hais txog teeb meem ntawm kev qhuab qhia. Yuav ua li cas puas tau tus thawj txuam nrog rau ob? Nws yog heev yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv lub cev yog lossi raug mus rau ib tug loj ntau yam ntawm stimuli, peb receptors teb rau lawv xaiv, nws tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw thiab cov qauv. Paj tsim yog tseem hu ua piav thoob hlo system, kis tau tus mob ntawm lawm tsis totaub lub hauv paus poob siab system.

Muaj ntau hom kev receptors, tab sis pib paub qhov txawv cov tsis totaub:

• Ob lub qhov muag.
• Pob ntseg.
• Kev txiav txim zoo hauv nruab nrog cev lub ntiajteb txawj nqus.
• Language.
• Qhov ntswg.
• Tawv.

Vim li cas peb yuav tsum tau receptors

Tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv yuav tsum tau ntawm tej ntaub ntawv uas muab los ntawm cov ib puag ncig. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov nws yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv thiaj li muab lawv tus kheej nrog cov zaub mov thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov opposite pw ua niam txiv los mus tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev phom sij thiab rau orientation rau hauv qhov chaw. Tag nrho cov no muab cov paj lug. Ib suam ntawm receptors - nws yog yeej muaj ib qho tseem ceeb heev qhov teeb meem, tab sis tsis tau ua ntej lub teeb liab tsom xam ntawm ntau yam yeeb yam rau lawv.

irritants

Lawv cov dej num los ntawm cov nram qab no nta:

• Modality.
• Adequacy.

Hais txog cov thawj point, lwm stimuli paub qhov txawv ntawm thermal, hluav taws xob, mechanical, osmotic, tshuaj, lub teeb, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Lawv yog kis tau ncaj qha ntawm lub dag lub zog ntau hom, e.g., thermal, tsis kuj ceeb tias, yog kis tau los ntawm qhov kub thiab thiaj li nyob.

Tsis tag li ntawd no, lawv muab faib ua txaus thiab tsis txaus stimuli, nws yog tsim nyog los tham ib tug me ntsis ntau.

adequacy

Ceeb incredibly ntse lub tswv yim Fridriha Engelsa, uas ntseeg hais tias cov tsis totaub - qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntsuas ntawm lub paj hlwb. Nws yog yeej txoj cai, vim hais tias txhua yam uas peb pom, hnov thiab hnov - nws yog ib tug tsim nyog ntawm cov kev txiav txim zoo hauv nruab nrog cev thiab receptors, thiab stimulation ntawm yav dhau los - qhov no yog thawj zaug ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraum paub txog. Piv txwv li, lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub saj buds , peb xav tias, thaum peb xav tias cov zaub mov tastes (iab, qab ntsev, qaub los yog qab zib), khaus qhov muag ntawm receptors qhia rau peb ib tug txiav txim zoo ntawm lub teeb, los yog tsis muaj thereof.

Lub stimulus uas tus receptor yog nruj heev heev, hu ua txaus. Ib tug piv txwv zoo pab hom lus receptors. Thaum muab tso rau hauv lub qhov ncauj ntawm tej yam khoom uas peb xav tias cov saj, xws li iab, qab ntsev, qab zib los yog qaub. ob lub qhov muag lub retina captures lub teeb tsis, li ntawd, peb to taub tias lub teeb rau.

inadequacy

receptor zog yog heev ntau haiv neeg, tab sis, hais txog inadequacy ntawm stimuli yuav qhia tau raws li nram no: nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub zog uas tus receptor yog tsis haum, hu ua insignificant ib feem ncus, xws li thaum tsim nyog stimulation. Piv txwv yog hluav taws xob poob siab, los yog tshuaj voos.

Yog hais tias lub retina tau txais txhua yam stimulation, yuav muaj ib tug kev xav ntawm lub teeb, ib tug tshwm sim hu ua "phosphenes". Los yog tau txais ib qho hluav taws xob poob siab nyob rau hauv lub pob ntseg peb yuav hnov lub suab nrov, tab sis ib tug txhua yam tsis ua hauj lwm muaj peev xwm ua rau saj.

Ib suam ntawm receptors: physiology

Nrog rau qhov teeb meem ntawm stimuli peb to taub, peb tam sim no muaj nyob sib npaug ib qho tseem ceeb qhov teeb meem. Yuav kom nkag siab txog cov mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm receptor kev faib yog qhov tseem ceeb. Yuav pib lauj ib tug teeb meem ntawm hauv paus ntsiab lus cov qauv ntawm cov tib neeg piav thoob hlo systems, xaiv qhov yooj yim zog, wb tham txog adaptation. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, los ntawm hom ntawm receptor kev faib muaj li nram no:

• Mob receptors.
• Spotting.
• Receptors uas txiav txim rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub cev thiab nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov chaw.
• Hnov.
• Tactile.
• Olfactory.
• Saj.

Qhov no tsis yog tsuas faib ntawm receptors, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau cov hom ntawm kev sib cais thiab kev tso tawm ntawm lwm cov qualities. Piv txwv li, localization (sab hauv thiab sab nraud), qhov xwm ntawm cov kev sib cuag (kev sib cuag thiab nyob deb), thawj thiab.

Sab nraud receptors yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub rooj sib hais, pom, tsis hnov tsw, kov thiab saj. Lub sab hauv them nyiaj ntawm cov licas thiab rau lub xeev ntawm hauv nruab nrog cev.

Ob txhais pawg lus, peb tau pom cov nram qab no ntawm receptors: nyob deb, uas yog, cov neeg uas ntes lub teeb liab ntawm ib tug deb (pom kev los yog lub rooj sib hais), thiab cov neeg uas yuav tsum tau kov, xws li saj.

Nrog hais txog kev sib cais ntawm thawj thiab, thawj pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li sawv daws yuav uas hloov lub stimulation mem tes nyob rau hauv thawj neuron (piv txwv li: lub siab ntawm tsis hnov tsw), thiab lub thib ob - ib tug cell muaj ib tug receptor (Piv txwv li: saj los yog pom).

qauv

Yog hais tias peb xav txog cov qauv ntawm cov tib neeg receptors, nws tseem tau mus faib tej ntsiab cai xws li:

1. Ib tug plurality ntawm cell khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, piv txwv li: lub paj hlwb receptor txuas mus rau tus thawj cell txheej thiab lub xeem txheej yog ib tug neeg xyuas pib mus rau lub cerebral cortex thiab ntau precisely rau nws lub cev muaj zog neuron chaw. Qhov no feature tso cai ib tug heev kev kub ceev ua cov khoom Pib ntsais koj teeb ua nyob rau thawj txheej system.
2. Rau cov neeg thiab kev cia siab ntawm cov kis ntawm cov hlab Pib ntsais koj teeb muab multipathing. Raws li tau piav nyob rau hauv cov pawg lus kawg, lub sensor system muaj ib tug plurality ntawm khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, thiab lawv nyob rau hauv lem muaj los ntawm ib tug ob peb kaum ntawm txhiab mus rau ob peb lab ntawm hlwb uas kis ntaub ntawv mus rau lub tom ntej no txheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no feature muab kev ntseeg tau thiab ncauj lus kom ntxaws tsom xam ntawm lub teeb liab.
3. Cov tsim ntawm Craters. Piv txwv li, xav txog lub receptors ntawm lub retina. Nyob rau hauv lub retina nws tus kheej, muaj ib puas peb caug lab ntawm receptors, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej ntawm ib lab peb puas txhiab ganglion hlwb, uas yog ib puas lub sij hawm me me thiab. Peb hais tau tias muaj yog narrowing funnel. Yuav ua li cas yog nws cov ntsiab lus? Tag nrho cov ruaj ntaub ntawv yog tshem tawm, tab sis nyob rau nram qab no theem yog tsim widening funnel, uas muab kho kom zoo lub teeb liab tsom xam.
4. Ntau yam zoo mas thiab horizontally. Tus thawj txhawb lub tsim ntawm departments, muaj raws ntawm khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab ua tej yam ib tug muaj nuj nqi. Qhov thib ob uas yuav tsum tau rau lub hlwb los faib mus rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tib txheej. Piv txwv li, coj lub zeem muag, nws ua hauj lwm cia li ob raws, uas nqa tawm lawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev.

receptor muaj nuj nqi

Analyzer hu ua ib feem ntawm lub paj hlwb uas muaj ob peb ntsiab: lub sensing, paj paths thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb.

tag nrho peb lub Cheebtsam yog:

1. Receptors.
2. Taw.
3. ntawm lub paj hlwb.

Lawv muaj nuj nqi li ib tug neeg, uas yog, tus thawj li kev to taub Pib ntsais koj teeb, lub thib ob coj lawv mus rau lub paj hlwb, thiab tus thib peb sojntsuam cov lus. Nws yog khiav rau tag nrho cov system nyob rau hauv sync los xyuas kom meej feem ntau cov kev ruaj ntseg ntawm tib neeg thiab lwm yam nyob beings.

rooj

Peb muaj mus rau ntsiab lub ntsiab nta ntawm tag nrho sensor system, qhov no peb yuav muab ib lub rooj.

zog receptors

Yog soj ntsuam ntxiv. Tam sim no koj yuav tsum qhia hais tias lub ntsiab thaj chaw ntawm lub receptor. Tus thawj peb mam li hu rau selectivity. Qhov no yog hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov tib neeg receptor yog raws kev coj kom txais tsuas yog ib hom ntawm teeb liab, xws li lub teeb los yog lub suab, lawv yog heev raug rau cov Pib ntsais koj teeb, rhiab heev yog tsis tshua muaj siab. Lub receptor yog tus pog xwb nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim hais tias no qhov tsawg kawg nkaus teeb liab rau cov uas ua tswvcuab rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm "excitation chaw pib."

Qhov thib ob cuab yeej yog ncaj qha mus txuas mus rau tus thawj, thiab nws lub suab raws li ib tug uas tsis muaj chaw pib tus nqi rau cov uas tsim nyog stimuli. Piv txwv li, coj lub zeem muag uas captures ib yam tsawg kawg nkaus teeb liab, uas yog tsim nyog los ua cua sov rau ib tug milliliter ntawm cov dej los ntawm ib tug degree Celsius kom ntau li ntau caum txhiab xyoo. Yog li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tau thiab tsis txaus stimuli xws li hluav taws xob thiab mechanical, tsuas yog rau cov xws hom, ntsig txog, thiab tus Harbor yog ntau dua. Sib nrug los ntawm lub foregoing, muaj ob hom ntawm kev ceeb toom:

• tsis,
• txawv.

Thawj txiav txim seb tus nqi qis tshaj tus nqi, ntaus nqi los ntawm lub cev, thaum lub caij nyoog kawg no tso cai rau peb kom peb paub qhov txawv cov degree ntawm illumination, ntxoov txawv xim, thiab hais txog, uas yog, qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm ob stimuli.

Lwm tseem ceeb heev feature ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob rau lub ntiaj teb - ib tug adaptation. Thiab peb piav thoob hlo tshuab los hloov mus rau lwm tej yam kev mob.

adaptation

Qhov no txoj kev yuav tsis tau tsuas yog lub receptors piav thoob hlo systems, tab sis tag nrho cov ntawm nws cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Yuav ua li cas no tshwm sim? Heev tsuas, lub excitation chaw pib, uas peb hais ua ntej lawm, qhov no yog tsis ib qho chaw. Nrog adaptation lawv hloov, ua tsawg rhiab rau ib qhov irritant. Koj puas muaj ib lub tsev saib? Koj tsis them sai sai rau lawv nyob mus ib txhis ticking, vim hais tias koj receptors (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lub rooj sib hais) ua tsawg rhiab mus rau ib tug muab stimulus. Thiab lwm yam lub sij hawm-siv thiab monotonous stimuli peb tau tsim kev tiv thaiv.

Adaptation dab encompass tsis tau tsuas yog buds tab sis kuj tag nrho qhov chaw ntawm piav thoob hlo systems. Adaptation ntawm lub peripheral ntsiab yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub fact tias receptors excitation kev ceeb toom yog tsis tas li. Los ua lub ceeb toom txog ntawm excitation, t. E. Txo receptor rhiab heev, muaj ib tug adaptation mus rau ib tug ntev monotonous stimuli. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg tsis xav rau qhov siab nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij ntawm nws cov khaub ncaws, tsis pom tus nruam ticking ntawm lub moos.

Receptors thiab tonic theem

Nco ntsoov tias tag nrho cov receptors raug muab faib mus rau hauv:

• sai adapting,
• maj mam adapting.

Thiab tus thawj, kuj hu ua theem muab lo lus teb rau stimuli tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thaum pib thiab nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm nws tiag, tab sis lub thib ob (tonic) xa mus pib ntsais koj teeb rau peb cov central lub paj hlwb nyob rau ntawm lub ib tug ncaj lub sij hawm ntev ntawm lub sij hawm.

Tseem yuav tsum tau paub hais tias adaptation yuav tsum tau nrog los ntawm ob qho tib si ib qho kev nce thiab ib tug txo nyob rau hauv excitability ntawm lub receptor. Piv txwv li, xav txog tej yam uas koj mus los ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev tsaus, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv excitability, ua ntej koj saib lub illuminated khoom, thiab xwb ces ib tsos tsaus tsawv. Cov rov qab cov ntaub ntawv, yog hais tias tus hloov mus rau ib tug zog, peb yeej paub tias cov kev qhia "rau hauv lub teeb mob koj ob lub qhov muag" chav tsev tsaus, peb schurimsya vim lub fact tias peb cov receptors yog rebuilt, thiab nws txo lub excitability ntawm peb photoreceptors yog tshwm sim thiaj li hu ua tsaus adaptation.

kev cai

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub hais tias tib neeg lub paj hlwb yog muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm kev cai, nws tag nrho cov nyob rau koj cov kev tu ncua ntawm ib lub sij hawm. Yog hais tias lub standstill txiv neej dheev pib rau lub cev ua hauj lwm, cov rhiab heev ntawm receptors (licas system) tsub kom dramatically. Yog vim li cas yog nws tsim nyog? Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav pab txhawb lub xaav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam rau lub xeev ntawm cov licas. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub adaptation txheej txheem yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam receptors thiab lwm qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, muab lub pob ntseg hais tias ib tug adaptation yog ces hloov thiab lub muaj xws li qhov chaw raws li:

• rauj,
• thaiv,
• stapes.

Hais tias yog, tus hnov ossicles ntawm nruab nrab pob ntseg.

tshawb pom

Ntsiab lus cov foregoing, peb yuav rov qab xaiv cov tub ntxhais khiav dej num ntawm peb sensor tshuab: teeb liab nrhiav kom tau, kev ntxub ntxaug, hloov ib daim ntawv ntawm lub zog mus rau lwm lub (paj impulse), cov kis lub teeb liab hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv lwm yam khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm sensor tshuab, paub cov dluab. Ntsiab nta raws li nram qab no: selectivity, tsis tshua muaj chaw pib ntawm lo lus teb rau tsim nyog stimuli, muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau cov ib puag ncig. Peb kuj pom tau hais tias xws ib qho tseem ceeb cov khoom raws li cov qauv thiab cov kev faib piav thoob hlo, cov kev faib sib txawv ntawm cov cwj pwm ntawm stimuli, adaptation.