Charles Sanders Peirce - tus tsim ntawm pragmatism thiab semiotics: ib tug biography, loj tej hauj lwm

Charles Sanders Peirce - American philosopher, logician, mathematician, thiab paub txog, uas ib txhia tau hu ua "leej txiv ntawm pragmatism". Nws tau txais nws txoj kev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug chemist thiab ua hauj lwm raws li ib tus paub txog rau ntau tshaj 30 xyoo. Nws yog ris txiaj ntsim rau nws pab mus rau logic, kev ua lej, philosophy thiab semiotics. Tsis tas li ntawd nrov American paub txog hais tias tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub ntsiab cai ntawm ib tug philosophical tam sim no - pragmatism.

paub

Charlz Pirs - yog ib tug innovator nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv, statistics, philosophy, raws li zoo raws li tej kev tshawb fawb methodologies ntawm lub ntau yam sciences. Pierce xam tau tias yog nws tus kheej ua ntej thiab foremost logician. Nws ua ib tug zoo pab rau qhov no science. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws qhib lub logic ntawm txoj kev rau cov tshiab discoveries thiab cov lus xaus. Nws pom logic raws li ib tug formal ceg ntawm semiotics, qhov tus tsim ntawm uas yog. Tsis tas li ntawd, Charlz Pirs txhais lub tswvyim ntawm abductive kev xav, raws li zoo raws li lub nruj me ntsis formulated zauv induction thiab deductive reasoning. Twb tau nyob rau 1886 nws pom hais tias cov zajlus kom ua hauj lwm muaj peev xwm yuav nqa tawm los ntawm hluav taws xob switching circuits. Cov tib lub tswv yim twb siv xyoo lawm yav tom ntej rau zus tau tej cov cov computers.

Yuav ua li cas yog pragmatism?

Pragmatism - ib tug philosophical qauv hais tias pib nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv 1870. Pragmatism pom xav raws li ib tug forecasting cuab tam thiab kev daws teeb meem thiab kev txiav txim, thiab kuj rejects lub tswv yim hais tias tus tib neeg lub siab muaj nuj nqi txuam nrog metaphysics thiab xws li paub daws teeb tej yam raws li thaum uas tig mus kev muaj tiag thiab tej yam uas siab dua txawj ntse txoj hmoo. Pragmatists cam hais tias qhov tseeb yog qhov tshaj plaws xwb uas muab cov tswv yim pab tau tau. Pragmatism Charles Peirce piav "ib tug hloov ntug", thaum lub sij hawm idealists, realists thiab Thomists (followers ntawm Catholic thought) lub tswv yim "tsis hloov hlo li ntug." Pragmatism - nws yog ib tug philosophy, uas yog tsis tooj mus rau tag nrho cov me nyuam no yuav piav qhia txog lub metaphysics thiab overrides muaj ib qho tseeb ib yam cov kev taw qhia rau ib ntus kev pom zoo ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam tshawb fawb.

Yuav ua li cas yog semiotics?

Semiotics - txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm taw muaj dab. Qhov no muaj xws li txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej yam tshwm sim ntawm semiotic dab, lawv cov lus qhia cim kev zoo sib thooj, analogy, allegory, ua piv txwv qhia thiab symbolism. Txoj kev tshawb no txog qhov kev kawm ntawm tej yam tshwm sim thiab cim raws li ib feem ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Rau hauv sib piv, lug, semiotics yog tseem kawm uas tsis yog-lus kos npe rau systems.

Semiotika xibfwb Charles S. Peirce

Lub semiotics ntawm Charles Peirce qhia ib tug xov tooj ntawm tseem ceeb cov ntsiab lus (lub tswvyim ntawm tej yam tshwm sim, lawv lub ntsiab thiab leb sib raug zoo). Nws paub hais tias cheeb tsam no ntawm kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau unified science - semiotics. Yog li ntawd, Pierce tau pom cov tswv yim ntawm semiotics, hais tias nws kev faib:

• Tej yam tshwm sim icons: nraaj tej yam tshwm sim, uas txhais tau tias ib qho tseem ceeb thiab muaj ib qho semantic validity. Ib tug piv txwv yog lub ceeb toom "Ceev faj: cov me nyuam", uas qhia tau hais tias cov khiav cov me nyuam. Qhov no ua rau txoj kev kos npe rau kom txo tau cov kev ceev ntawm txoj kev thiab yog teem nyob ze tsev kawm ntawv, kindergartens, junior ua si nawv khej (los yog ntxias), thiab hais txog. D.
• Tej yam tshwm sim indexes: txhais tau tias kuj txhais tau tias ib tug kwv (los yog tej yam ua) txuas tsawg kawg qhov kev ncua deb nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los yog qhov chaw. Ib tug piv txwv yog lub signage rau hauv txoj kev, uas muab lub traveler ntaub ntawv hais txog lub npe, cov kev taw qhia thiab cov nyob deb mus rau lub tom ntej no lub zos. Tsis tas li ntawd, pom tau qhov sib cim, uas qhia tau, piv txwv li, frown - xam tau tias yog ib tug kos npe rau-Performance index, vim hais tias nws yog kis tau mus rau tus tib neeg lub siab lub ntsws lub xeev (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no - txoj kev npau taws).
• Tej yam tshwm sim-cim: lub, ho muaj thiab signifier yog ib cim nyob rau hauv lub plaub ntawm ib tug tej yam convection (nws los pre-cov rooj sib txoos). Koj muaj peev xwm coj nyob rau hauv ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib txoj kev kos npe rau uas qhia tias "flip" daim duab peb sab. Qhia lub ntsiab lus kos npe rau - ib tug "muab txoj kev", tab sis nws heev los muaj dab tsi ua nrog motivating txiav txim, vim hais tias nws yog tsuas inverted daim duab peb sab. Nyob rau hauv tib lub plaub ntog teb chaws cim, qhov twg cov duab kwv yog rhetorical rau tag nrho cov. Cov cim yuav ua tau tag nrho cov lus uas tus uas twb muaj lawm lus, tab sis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov kev zam tau lo lus-imitation (xws li "croak", "Miob", "grunt", "rattle" thiab cov zoo li).

Charlz Pirs: biography

Yug rau Cuaj hlis 10, 1839, cov Cambridge (Massachusetts), tus tub ntawm tus naas ej American mathematician thiab astronomer Benjamin Peirce. Charles coj ib tug privileged thaum ntxov lub neej: cov niam txiv tsis kam mus qhuab qhia thiab muab kev kawm rau lawv cov me nyuam vim hais tias ntawm qhov ntshai mus suppress cov neeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kev kawm thiab kev txawj ntse cua ntawm ib tsev neeg lub tsev, uas yog feem ntau mus xyuas los ntawm heev ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab tseem ceeb dignitaries, Pierce tsis pub mus xaiv ib tug sib txawv ntawm cov scientific txoj kev. Ntawm cov qhua twb feem ntau zoo ua luaj mathematicians thiab zaum, paj huam, cov kws lij choj thiab cov politicians. Nyob rau hauv no ib puag ncig, cov tub ntxhais Charles Pierce muaj peev xwm kom muaj kev nplij siab thiab kev txaus siab.

Pierce yog tus thib ob ntawm tsib tus me nyuam nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg. Nws muaj plaub feemxyuam cov kwv tij uas yog tseem cov txuas lawv lub neej nrog science thiab high-qeb duas ua hauj lwm. Dzheyms Mills Peirce (laus tus kwv tij) ua raws li nws txiv mus rau Harvard University, qhov uas nws kawm lej nyob rau hauv qhov tob.

Lwm tus kwv tij, Herbert Henry Pierce, tau muaj ib tug distinguished hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntse kev pab cuam ntawm lub Txawv Teb Chaws Ministry. Cov kwv yau, Benjamin Mills Peirce, kawm engineering thiab yog ib tug kawm tau zoo, tab sis nws tuag cov tub ntxhais nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no. Txuj ci cov kwv tij, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Charles, lom zem ntau txuam nrog enormous kev txawj ntse thiab tus ntawm lawv cov txiv, raws li zoo raws li nrog lub zuag qhia tag nrho lub neej-kev txawj ntse cua uas nyob puag ncig lawv li.

Charlz Pirs: phau ntawv, scientific ntaub ntawv

Lub chaw thiab lub koob npe nrov ntawm Pierce yog lom zem ntau raws li nws tus naj npawb ntawm scientific ntaub ntawv luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub American scientific txhua hnub. Nws sau thiab fro nyob rau hauv lub "American Academy of Arts thiab Sciences", nyob rau hauv lub "National Academy ntawm Sciences" nyob rau hauv lub Journal ntawm speculative Philosophy Nrov Science Hli. Kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Charles Sanders Peirce nyob rau hauv lej thiab philosophy uas muab faib ua ob theem: luam tawm thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej thiab tom qab nws tuag.

Phau ntawv Pierce thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej

• Cov phau ntawv "Lub photometric kev tshawb fawb" 1878. 181-nplooj monograph nyob rau kev siv ntawm spectrographic txoj kev astronomy.
• Cov phau ntawv "Kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv Logic ntawm Johns Hopkins '1883. Sau los ntawm scientific tej hauj lwm ntawm tiav me nyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov kws kho mob, nrog rau nws tus kheej, Charles Pierce, nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm logic.

Main posthumous ntawv

Harvard University tau txais los ntawm nws tus poj niam Pierce ntau cov ntaub ntawv tom qab nws tuag (1914). Nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev tshawb nrhiav txog 1.650 unpublished thaud nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho ntawm 100 000 nplooj ntawv. Thawj luam tawm anthology ntawm cov khoom Pierce yog ib tug ib tug-volume phau ntawv hu ua "Lub Cib Fim, Hlub thiab Logic: ib philosophical sau ntawv." Ua hauj lwm replicated, edited los ntawm Morris Raphael Cohen nyob rau hauv 1923. Tom qab ntawd pib tshwm sim thiab lwm cov anthologies thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv 1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994 thiab 2009.

Feem ntau ntawm tus thawj Pierce twb tau luam tawm, tab sis muaj ib co piv txwv uas tsis paub lub teeb los ntawm tsis txaus cov ntaub ntawv.

• 1931-58: "Ib phau ntawm cov khoom los ntawm Charles Sanders Peirce" nyob rau hauv 8 tagnrho. Ntawm no yog tag nrho cov ntawm nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1860 mus 1913. Txawm li cas los, feem ntau uas nws kim heev thiab fruitful ua hauj lwm rau pib nyob rau hauv 1893. Chiv, cov khoom tsis muaj cob qhia thiab sib txawv nyob rau hauv loj, ces tus editor yuav tsum tau mus rau tes tshaj qhov tseeb hom. Los ntawm cov thawj mus rau lub thib volume edited los ntawm Charles Hartshorne, thiab lub xya thiab yim - Arturom Burkom.
• 1975-87: "Charles Sanders Peirce: pab mus rau lub teb chaws" - 4 tagnrho. No sau muaj ntau tshaj li 300 kev xyuas thiab cov khoom Pierce, uas tau cov luam tawm thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1869 mus 1908. Sau los ntawm scientific ntaub ntawv muaj tau luam tawm, edited los ntawm Kenneth Lane Keener thiab James Edvarda Kuka.
• 1976 - tam sim no: "New ntsiab ntawm Lej ntawm Charles S. Peirce" - 5 tagnrho. Ntawm no yog luam tawm hauv lub feem ntau tsim ua hauj lwm Pierce nyob rau hauv kev kawm lej. Editorial - Kerolin Eyzele. Raws li txoj cai ntawm lub project tsis deb tseem "nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob."
• 1977 - tam sim no: "Xov xwm ntawm Charles S. Peirce thiab Viktoriey Uelbi los ntawm 1903 mus 1912-th."
• 1982 - tam sim no: "Vajtswv txojlus ntawm Charles S. Peirce - sib lawv liag tsab". Thawj peb tes num yog lub xov nyob rau hauv 2010, tab sis lub chaw ua hauj lwm tseem hnub no. Thawj luam tawm 6 tagnrho npog lub neej ntawm ib tus paub txog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1859 mus 1889.
• 1985 - tam sim no: "Lub keeb kwm ntawm science xaav Pierce: keeb kwm ntawm science" - 2 tagnrho. Edited Kerolin Eyzele.
• 1992 - tam sim no: "Discourse rau lub logic ntawm tej yam uas" - qhuab qhia los ntawm cov xibfwb Pier rau 1898 th xyoo. Kho nqi lus: Kenneth Lane Kinner commented Hilary Putnam.
• 1992-98: Qhov tseem ceeb Peirce - 2 tagnrho. Tseem ceeb piv txwv ntawm philosophical tej hauj lwm Charles Pierce. Edited Nathan Hauser (1 ntim) thiab Christian Clausel (2nd volume).
• 1997 - tam sim no: "Pragmatism li txoj ntsiab cai thiab cov qauv ntawm cov tseeb xav." Pierce Collection ntawm lectures on Pragmatism ntawm Harvard University nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nyuag kawm ntawv. Editorial: Patricia Ann Turis.
• 2010 - tam sim no: "Lub Philosophy ntawm kev kawm txog zauv: Xaiv Works." Kom, yav tas los yeej tsis luam tawm, lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Pierce nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev ua lej. Kho nqi lus: Metyu Mur.

Cov pab ntawm tus poj tus paub txog nyob rau hauv science

Charles S. Peirce ua ib tug series ntawm startling discoveries nyob rau hauv formal logic, yuav tsum muaj kev kawm txog zauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub American kws yog tus founder ntawm pragmatism thiab semiotics. Feem ntau ntawm nws scientific ua hauj lwm twb co menyuam kom txog thaum tom qab nws tuag. Tus paub txog tuag rau 19 Plaub Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1914.