Boyar cov me nyuam (cov tub knights). Lavxias teb sab xeev tub rog

Muaj txij thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV mus rau lub kho ntawm Peter lub boyars 'cov me nyuam yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb cov chav kawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Ua ke nrog cov ua nom ua tswv, lawv yog cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub teb chaws cov tub rog thiab cov kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Tus thawj mention

Cov kab lus "cov me nyuam Knights" tseem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub annals hais txog qhov XIII xyoo pua, thaum Russia yog fragmented thiab nyob rau hauv lub Golden Horde. Txawm li cas los, hais tias hais muaj me ntsis nyob rau hauv ntau nrog lub classical tswvyim ntawm no kev tshwm sim. Interestingly, lub tub ntawm knights xa mus rau raws li koom nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikov Dmitry Donskoy nyob rau sab.

Lub sij hawm no kuj muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov ntawv cog lus ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Moscow Vasily II, sau hnub tim 1433 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, cov tub ceev xwm paub tseeb hais tias txoj cai ntawm lub boyars 'cov me nyuam pab lawv feudal lords, txawm yog hais tias lawv Estates raug muab tso tseg los ntawm kev tsov rog. Hais tias yog, peb yuav hais nrog cog qoob loo hais tias cov kev pab cuam cov neeg txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XV xyoo pua yog free qub txeeg qub tes. Lawv yuav tawm hauv lub tswv tsis muaj kev ntshai ntawm kev cai lij choj raug txim.

Qhov yuav tsum tau rau cov tshiab tub rog

Tab sis lub sij hawm hloov lawm, thiab tom qab lawv, thiab cov me nyuam lawv tus kheej knights. Nyob rau hauv XV xyoo pua pawg neeg thaj av ntawm Russia thaum kawg koom nyob ib ncig ntawm Moscow. Cov thawj ntawm lub nroog xav los ua ib tug tiag tiag autocrat. Lawv ntxub cov uas qaug zog feudal system ntawm cov laus uas muaj hnub nyoog, uas tau coj mus rau fragmentation thiab tsis muaj zog ntawm lub teb chaws. Yuav kom thaum kawg tso tseg lub qub kev txiav txim, lawv yuav tsum tau txais tshem ntawm me me feudal lords thiab nrhiav kev pab txhawb nqa rau lawv tus kheej lub hwj chim.

Yog hais tias tus thawj twb tiav los ntawm kev siv cunning diplomacy thiab loj hlob economic lub hwj chim, lub thib ob yuav tsum tau ib tug tshiab kev kawm ntawv. Nws cov neeg sawv cev thiab ua knights cov me nyuam. Mention ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv pib mus tshwm sim ntau ntau zaus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1445 lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog, uas muaj tej yaam kws ntawm lub Moscow tub vaj ntxwv, tau mus sib ntaus sib tua nrog rau cov Lithuanian warriors. Txhua pawg knights twb 100 tus neeg. Ib tug xws li tsim taws los Voivod, uas yog tsa ncaj qha los ntawm tus tub huabtais.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm knights

Muaj ntau ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm view rau lub keeb kwm ntawm no tseem ceeb ua tub rog thiab kev sib raug zoo hauv chav kawm ntawv. Tus thawj kev tshawb xav mus xav txog lo lus nug no sim txawj sau ntawv thiab philosopher ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua, None Michael Shcherbatov. Nws tho lub tswv yim tias lub boyars 'cov me nyuam - tuaj ntawm eminent boyars. Lwm cov kev tshawb xav tau tau muab rau yog lub npe nrov historian Sergeem Solovevym. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov tub knights yog cov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug nras ua ntej tus hluas None lub retinue yog muab faib mus rau hauv lub tiag tiag cov tub boyars, thiab dawb thiab domestics cov tub qhe.

Thaum kawg, peb pom hais tias txog lub tsim ntawm lub interlayer knights vim decomposition ntawm lub nroog zej zog ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub XIV caug xyoo. Av teej tug mus rau lawv, dhau mus rau hauv private ob txhais tes. Lwm txoj kev uas pab cov emergence ntawm cov tub ntxhais Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog tau rau boost rau ibyam ntawm lub xeev cov tub rog txiv neej at the expense of tus neeg ntawm tus tub huabtais lub tsev hais plaub. Chiv, tus tswv tsuas yog me me cov tswv av. Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv lub XV xyoo pua, lawv pib mus yuav av los ntawm nyiaj txiag tsis muaj zog txaus lub nroog zej zog. Txoj kev tshawb no pedigrees ntawm tus tswv tsev pom tias nyob rau hauv lawv ob leeg xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm noble tsev neeg, thiab cov neeg los ntawm lwm feem ntawm cov pejxeem, xws li ua hauj lwm.

troops tsaws

Thaum lub nobles thiab knights los ua tus nucleus ntawm tus tshiab Lavxias teb sab xeev tub rog, nyob rau hauv cov tub rog muaj ib tug contradiction ntawm lub provincials thiab los ntawm Moscow. Tsim lub teb chaws thiab lub zos pab pawg pab cov neeg. Lawv Novgorod, Ukrainian thiab Siberian knights cov me nyuam. Cov neeg no loj hlob nyob rau outskirts ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev. Lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv lawv cov keeb kwm yuav tsis tau los ntawm kev mus Moscow. Nyob rau hauv Siberia, cov chav kawm ntawv twb tsim nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm lub zos Cossacks. Tsis tas li ntawd ntawm cov boyars 'cov me nyuam ntaus nqi servicemen troops Tatars, Chuvash, Mordovians, Mari, thiab hais txog. D. Nws tshwm sim tom qab Russia tuaj koom rau nws Volga.

Ib tug ntaus cim kev nce rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov tshiab qub txeeg qub tes yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XV xyoo pua, thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Ivan III. Tub huabtais koom faib av thiab thaj av pab cov neeg uas tuaj mus rau nws los ntawm lwm yam masters (ntawm cov thawj ntawm Lithuania, thiab hais txog. D.). Ua nom ua tswv, knights thiab nobles nyob rau txawv cov kauj ruam ntawm lub tsoom fwv ntaiv.

Kho Ivana Groznogo

Nyob rau hauv lub XVI xyoo pua, tsim lub classical chav kawm ntawv boyars 'cov me nyuam, uas tau muab faib mus rau hauv ob lub ntsiab pawg - lub vaj (los ntawm lub zoo tshaj plaws aristocracy) thiab policemen (xeev). Tsar Ivan Grozny thaum pib ntawm nws reign twb koom nyob rau hauv ntau kho ntawm lub xeev. Tom qab ntawd peb muaj cov kev hloov thiab knights cov me nyuam. 16 xyoo pua yog lub xyoo pua, thaum lub thiaj li hu ua zhiletskie ntau pua leej.

Cov units sawv cev rau ib tug tshiab qeb ntawm kev pab cov neeg nyob rau hauv tus huab tais tus tub rog. Pua pua tau ua los ntawm cov brightest thiab feem ntau muaj peev xwm me nyuam boyars. Tus tub ceev xwm xaiv lub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub xeev thiab muab lawv Estates nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam tsev nyob ze Moscow. Tus tshiab tub rog raws li zoo tib yam knights cov me nyuam yuav tsum ua tub rog muab kev pab rau lawv cov pog koob yawm txwv lub tebchaws.

thaum lub Romanovs

Lub sij hawm ntawm Tej thiab lub cev tsis nyob hauv lub xeev los tiv thaiv lub tsaws troops yuam Mikhail Romanov muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov tub rog. Tus thawj huab tais ntawm cov tshiab dynasty smoldering teeb meem nrog Poland. Nyob rau hauv lub 1630s knights los ua lub hauv paus rau ib tug tshiab system ntawm regiments. Lawv kuj hu ua lub teb chaws, vim hais tias yog qhov twg, cov lwm yam, caw neeg txawv teb chaws.

Thaum lub sij hawm Smolensk ua tsov ua rog tiv thaiv teb chaws Poland knights kuj nrog sau ntawv - cavalry regiments, tsim los ntawm Western qauv. Cov muaj lub tsim ntawm landless servitors. Reitarska cais thiaj tau raug tsim los tswj txawm. Nyob rau hauv 1682, troops Knights kawg underwent kho. Pua pua hloov los ntawm tuam txhab uas muag ntawm 60 cov txiv neej txhua tus, thiab 6 tuam txhab uas muag nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov hlau Rhawv. Lub transformation tau nyob rau hauv lub abolition ntawm localism - ib tug system ntawm muab faib rau lub xeev tub rog posts nyob rau hauv raws li cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm nom tswv cajceg ntawm keeb kwm.

Lub qub txeeg qub tes ntawm lub boyars 'cov me nyuam zoo thaum pib ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua thaum lub sij hawm kho ntawm Peter lub Great. Tus huab tais yog tsis xav nyob rau hauv yuav txhawb tau cov laus-style pab tub rog. Nws tsim ib tug tshiab cov tub rog, miv nws nyob rau hauv cov European yam. Nws kuj nce qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg. Nws yog qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm aristocratic boyars nqos cov me nyuam.