Binders: zog, kev faib tawm, piav qhia, daim ntawv thov

Binders paub txog lawv dav siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam rau hauv cov kev npaj ntawm vaj tse thiab mortar siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm vaj tse thiab lwm yam. Muaj ntau ntau ntau ntau yam ntawm lawv, thiab niaj hnub no peb yuav luv luv kov rau ntawm lub ntsiab uas twb muaj lawm pab pawg.

Classification binders

Raws li lawv cov keeb kwm tej zaum lawv yuav muaj feem rau ib qho organic los yog inorganic pab pawg neeg. Tus thawj belongs rau ntau yam asphalts, tars, pitches thiab tars. Lub ntsiab teb ntawm daim ntawv thov - raug ru tsev ntsa uas yuav coiled los yog daim hom, thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm asphaltic qhob pov thawj cov ntaub ntawv. Lub ntsiab txawv zoo ntawm lawv cov - hydrophobicity, piv txwv li lub peev xwm mus soften thiab coj tus khiav hauj lwm lub xeev thaum lub sij hawm cov cua kub los yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog tej organic kua.

Ob txhais pab pawg neeg - inorganic astringents - muaj txiv qaub, plaster thiab xis mas. Lawv muaj tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ua noj ua haus ntau yam ntawm pob zeb thiab mortars. Tsos inorganic binders hais zeb hauv av khoom muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm nws nrog dej nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem tig mus rau hauv cov kua-yas khob noom cookie-zoo li loj, hardening mus ua ib lub check pob zeb.

Yuav ua li cas characterizes lawv

Lub ntsiab thaj chaw ntawm inorganic binders keeb kwm - hydrophilicity, plasticity nrog dej thiab kev sis raug zoo nrog cov muaj peev xwm yuav tsiv mus nyob rau hauv lub khoom hauv lub xeev ntawm semiliquid doughy. Nws yog ib qhov sib txawv ntawm thawj pab pawg neeg.

Los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov hardening lub inorganic binders xav txog huab cua, hydraulic, acid thiab autoclaved. Nws nyob ntawm tus muaj peev xwm ntawm lub division mus rau ib tug ntev txee nrog tej yam ntuj tso climatic yam.

Cua binders harden, interacting nrog dej thiab tsim tau ib cov khoom pob zeb, yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv no mob nyob rau hauv cov huab cua rau ib ntev lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Tiam sis yog tias cov khoom thiab cov Siv tau nrog lawv cov kev siv, kev kawm rau kev moisturizing, no lub dag lub zog yuav ploj sai sai. Vaj tse thiab chaw ntawm no hom yog yooj yim raug rau kev puas tsuaj.

Yuav ua li cas yog nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no? Cov feeb xws li gypsum magnesian astringents - av nplaum, huab cua txiv qaub. Yog hais tias peb saib nyob rau ntawm lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, tag nrho cov no pab pawg neeg, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav subdivided rau hauv plaub ntxiv. Qhov no txhais tau tias tag nrho cov huab cua binders yog tog twg los txiv qaub (raws li nyob rau hauv lub poov hlau oxide) los yog mus rau lub magnesia (uas muaj xws li cov neeg caustic magnesite) los yog gypsum phau ntawv tsim raws li nyob rau hauv poov hlau sulphate yog tog twg los kua iav - silicate ntawm poov tshuaj los yog sodium, uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug aqueous tov.

Mus rau "aqueous" cov ntaub ntawv

Tam sim no cia saib lwm pab pawg neeg - hydraulic binders. Lawv yuav tawv, thiab mus tas li muaj lub dag lub zog yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv cov ib puag ncig, tsis yog tsuas yog tus huab cua, tab sis kuj cov dej. Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm lawv es nyuab thiab nruab nrab yog ib tug ua ke ntawm ntau yam oxides.

Tag nrho cov no loj pab pawg neeg, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv cement silicate keeb kwm nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm uas hais txog 75% ntawm cov calcium silicates (mas tham txog Portland MAAs nrog nws hom, qhov no pab pawg neeg ntaub ntawv lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntau yam ntawm niaj hnub lub tsev ntaub ntawv) thiab lwm pab pawg - aluminate cements raws li nyob rau hauv poov hlau aluminate (nto moo tshaj plaws cov neeg sawv cev - tag nrho cov hom ntawm alumina MAAs). Qhov thib peb pab pawg neeg no yuav raug xa romantsement thiab hydraulic txiv qaub.

Yuav ua li cas binders xa mus rau raws li ib tug acid-resistant? Qhov no - Acid quartz MAAs tam sim no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm xuab zeb quartz zeb hauv av nrog silicon. Kaw xws sib tov ib tug aqueous tov ntawm sodium silicate los yog poov tshuaj.

Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm acid-losis tswvyim dabtsi agents yog lawv muaj peev xwm, tom qab dhau thawj zaug rau theem ntawm hardening nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntev txaus rau dab lub txhoj puab heev tus ntawm txawv acids.

Organics nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho

Lwm yam feem ntau pab pawg - organic binders (muaj, raws li twb tau hais, mas ntau ntau yam ntawm asphalt thiab bituminous ntaub ntawv) muaj ib tug kiag li cov xwm sib txawv. Cov tib asphalt yuav ua tau dag los yog tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg nws yog tov nrog cov bitumen nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov zaub mov, limestone, los yog sandstone.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv kev lag luam asphalt lug siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tsev thiab kev tsim thiab airfields raws li ib tug sib tov ntawm xuab zeb, gravel los yog crushed pob zeb nrog bitumen. Cov tib muaj pes tsawg leeg yog asphalt siv raws li ib tug waterproofing.

Yuav ua li cas yog bitumen? Qhov no - organic khoom (yog tej yam ntuj tso los dag), nyob rau hauv uas qauv - ntau dua hydrocarbons los yog lawv derivatives muaj nitrogen, oxygen thiab sulfur. Scope ntawm cov bitumen yog dav heev thiab yog hom twg los ntawm txoj kev kawm thiab tsev nyob siv rau lub qhauj ntawm cov tshuaj kev lag luam thiab cov xim muaj hlau kev lag luam.

Los ntawm tars to taub organic binders nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg uas - uas muaj ntxhiab high-molecular carbohydrates thiab derivatives thereof - sulfuric, acid thiab nitrogen.

Lawv pab tau zoo

Cov yooj yim uas yuav tsum tau uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov organic pawg ntawm binders muaj nyob rau hauv muaj ib tug txaus degree ntawm viscosity thaum lub caij ntawm interacting nrog ib tug khoom qhov chaw uas yuav cia manifest siab shielding zog thiab ntxoov tsim dej-resistant films. Lwm cov yuav tsum tau - muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv dua ib tug ntev lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm.

Cov binders nrhiav kev siv nyob rau hauv pw nws txoj kev thiab lub nroog txoj kev, lawv npog tshav dav hlau thiab kev loj, npaj txoj kev mus taw thiab plag tsev nyob rau hauv qab lawj ntawm vaj tse thiab muaj kev siv.

Tam sim no cia peb xav txog qhov theem pib hom ntawm lub tsev ntaub ntawv teej tug mus rau lub ob pawg teev. Nco qab dua - inorganic pab pawg neeg no mas muab faib ua cov neeg uas tawv nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab cov uas muaj peev xwm ua tau nws nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous nruab nrab.

Astringents - lub tsev ntaub ntawv

Nws yog paub tias zoo av nplaum yog feem ntau ntawm binders, hardening nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Nws tau pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov vaj tse. Nws nruab nrab yog cov av nplaum txo, uas twb muaj lawm raws li ib tug sib tov ntawm hmoov av hais ntawm me me luaj li cas nrog xuab zeb thiab av nplaum zoo inclusions. Tus me tshaj ntawm lawv yog hu ua fine. Nws tso cai rau lawv muaj nyob rau hauv kev tiv tauj nyob rau hauv ib tug ntub dej ib ncig tig mus rau hauv ib tug ua khob noom cookie zoo li tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Vysohnuv, qhov no yas loj yooj yim solidifies nyob rau hauv ib tug predetermined zoo rau nws.

Yog hais tias ib tug duab mus hlawv, lub resulting dag pob zeb muaj ib tug txaus siab zog. Raws li lwm cov mineral binders, vim hais tias ntawm qhov sib txawv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov av nplaum yuav ua tau ib tug ntau yam ntawm ntxoov. Los ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv lawv lub hauv paus muab fireplaces thiab qhov txos, raws li zoo raws li molded bricks. Lawv yuav ua tau, yuag, greasy thiab nruab nrab. Av nplaum muaj ib tug refractory fireclay-cim, txawm li cas los indispensable nyob rau hauv lub ntaus ntawv ntawm fireplaces thiab qhov txos.

Yuav ua li cas yog txiv qaub

Lwm zoo heev paub thiab muaj ib tug dav uas duav txhua yam ntawm daim ntawv thov phau ntawv hu ua aeronautical siv txiv qaub thiab yog tau los ntawm pob zeb uas yog chalk, dolomite, limestone thiab limestone. Lub ntsiab oxide nws tej zaum yuav sib txawv, nyob ntawm seb cov huab cua ntawm txiv qaub yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv dolomite, magnesian, calcium. Tag nrho peb hom, hlawv hauv lub cub tawg limestone coj keeb kwm.

Cua tej zaum yuav txiv qaub los yog quicklime los yog slaked (los yog haus dej). Cov yav tas yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm blanking ib tug ntawm peb cov saum toj no.

Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau ntawm qhov uas twb muaj lawm txiv qaub faction, koj muaj peev xwm coj nws mus rau lub Komkova los yog hmoov. Quicklime yog txaus loj ntxeem tau lumps. Thaum lub sij hawm quenching nrog dej nws yog tsim los ntawm txiv qaub putty. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav "tau" los ntawm Komkova txiv qaub hmoov, yuav tsum ua tus co txheej txheem (quenching), los yog zom lumps. Nws yuav siv tau raws li lub additives, thiab yog tsis muaj lawv. Additives kuj pab raws li slag, active minerals thiab quartz xuab zeb keeb kwm.

Tag nrho cov cam khwb cia

Cov nram qab no cov ntaub ntawv uas - plaster, kuj hu ua gypsum. Nws yog ua los ntawm tus kws kho thermally crushed gypsum. Gypsum solidifies, dua peb intermediate theem muaj nws, ua raws li los ntawm txoj kev sib nrauj thiab ces kolloidatsiey crystallization. Thaum dua tus thawj theem, ib tug nyeem tov ntawm dihydrate gypsum. Hardening, nws thiab nthuav ua ib tug tus dawb nto.

Thov pigments tej zaum yuav muab cov khoom ntawm tej xim cam khwb cia gypsum. Qhov chaw ntawm tus phau ntawv feem ntau pib tom qab ib tug lapse ntawm 4 feeb los ntawm qhov pib ntawm nws. End of solidification yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 6 mus rau 30 feeb tom qab.

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tua lub sib tov ntawm gypsum thiab dej mix thiab ram nws yog txwv tsis pub nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob muaj txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm tsis losis tswvyim dabtsi yam ntxwv. gypsum hom muaj ntau ntau yam, lawv yog denoted los ntawm txawv tus xov tooj, characterizing cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm compressive zog.

Nws yog muag nyob rau hauv fej hnab ntawm txawv ntau thiab tsawg. Gypsum yog siv feem ntau lug nyob rau hauv lub sab hauv ntawm lub tsev thiab cov pej xeem tsev. Los ntawm nws rau ib ntev lub sij hawm coj mus pwm ntau yam ntawm curly zoo. Cia nws yuav tsum heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv ib tug qhuav chav tsev, nrog luag txee lub neej vim tau tsis muaj zog raws li cov thawj pab zoo.

Thiab ntau yam ntxiv txog cov cam khwb cia

Tsev plaster zoo li ib tug hmoov xim los ntawm grey mus ci dawb. Yog hais tias sib tov nws nrog dej, ib tug yam ntxwv tshuaj tiv thaiv pib, lub sib tov yog rhuab. Lub gypsum yog coj mus ntxiv tshwj xeeb ntaub ntawv, xa mus rau raws li tuav pab, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov uas - los txhim kho lub taub hau thiab tuav thaum lub sij hawm plastering thiab me ntsis ntev lub sij hawm ntawm hardening.

Yuav kom nce lub nqi ntawm cov khoom tsis poob ntawm lub zog, yog muab fillers (e.g., txhab perlite, los yog mica). Tshwj xeeb high-zog gypsum yog calcined sov siab nyob rau hauv siv lead ua dej yog muab tshem tawm los ntawm nws. Nws lub sij hawm hardening nce mus rau 20 teev, thiab cov hardness yog ntau tshaj li uas ntawm lwm yam ntau ntau yam.

Plaster impregnated muab ib tug marble (kaj dawb, maj mam hardening thiab siv tau rau plastering sab), nrog rau cov siv thiab ua cov ntau yam nkag tau rau hauv nws fillers thiab tuav pab. Lub ntsiab point ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov additives - pab raws li ib tug retarder. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav manufacture nws sab hauv plasters npaj nyob rau hauv plaster tshuab nrog rau cov tau tas li ntawd ntawm tej yam fillers, xws li xuab zeb.

Los ntawm no nws yog tau phab ntsa ntub dej los yog plaster tsev boards, gypsum kuj yog siv rau sau cov pob qij txha nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Feem ntau gypsum putty muaj zoo xws li cov zog.

Tham txog cements

Yuav ua li cas lwm yam khoom yog hydraulic binders? Tus txheej txheem ntawm hardening, uas pib nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, extends nyob rau hauv dej, thiab lawv lub zog yog muab khaws cia tseg thiab txawm ua. Raug thiab feem ntau zoo-paub cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg ntawm hydraulic binders yog, ntawm chav kawm, cements. Lawv sau tias nyob rau lub dag lub zog thiab hom ntawm ib tug qauv yog txiav txim los ntawm kev tsim kom muaj lub load txwv nyob rau hauv cov dabtsi yog khoov thiab compression. Ntxiv mus, txhua yam ntawm qhov kev kuaj yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv tus tau txais kev faib ua feem ntawm MAAs thiab xuab zeb thiab kis tau ib tug tej yam kev kuaj lub sij hawm yog 28 hnub.

Ceev qhov chaw xis mas, dhau lawm, muaj peev xwm yuav txawv - qeeb, ib txwm los yog ceev ceev. Ib yam li ntawd, nyob ntawm seb tus nqi ntawm hardening tej zaum yuav tej zoo tib yam MAAs, high-thaum ntxov los yog ntxiv ceev chaw.

Raws li ib qho piv txwv, qhov no pab pawg neeg yuav tsum tau hu ua Portland MAAs, uas tshwm sim raws li ib tug zoo gray hmoov nrog ib tug me ntsis greenish zas rau cov tau kev taw qhia ntawm additives, uas tej zaum yuav granulated slag (slag).

Hais txog hardening tus nqi

qhov zoo ntawm cov kev xeem (thiab raug) binders ua nyob rau hauv kev ua raws cai nrog heev heev qauv. Rau txhua txhua tus uas twb muaj lawm pawg tsim kev txwv txiav txim los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm qhov chaw kawm qhov pib thiab thaum xaus, suav los ntawm lub caij ntawm nws nrog dej.

Lwm MAAs - Aluminous - yog hais txog mus rau lub ceev-hardening hydraulic phau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv view ntawm no zoo hmoov ntawm xim av, grey, greenish los yog dub (nyob ntawm seb qhov kev txoj kev thiab lub starting Cheebtsam). Raws li cov fineness nws yog me ntsis ntau tshaj li Portland MAAs thiab yuav tsum tau ib tug dog dig loj volume ntawm cov dej.

Mixed hom binders - cov neeg uas muaj peev xwm tawv thiab nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, thiab ib tug aqueous nruab nrab thiab siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm ib tug uas tsis yog-kev reinforced los yog mortar.

Bitumen thiab lawv uas

Raws li rau feem nrov organic binders, lawv tsev neeg muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm bitumen thiab ib, nrog rau xim xws li los ntawm dub mus tsaus xim av. Tsoos cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv uas xws binders siv, - lub waterproofing kev kawm. Qhov no siv cov ntaub ntawv uas yog cov dej resistant, waterproof, resistant rau weathering thiab tsis tshua muaj elastic. Muag thiab hloov mus rau lub kua hauv lub xeev ntawm no pab pawg neeg yuav ua tau binders cua kub. Nrog zuj zus lawm kub, lawv viscosity nce thiab yuav ua poob lawm.

Qhov no pab pawg neeg mas muaj bitumens ntawm tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm, thiab tau ua los ntawm refining roj. Lawv tshuaj nyob tus yeees - lub compound molecules ntawm oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur thiab nitrogen. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm cov roj bitumen thov (kua, khoom thiab semi-khoom).

Raws li lawv lub hom phiaj raws li lawv muaj peev xwm yuav ntaus nqi mus rau ib qho ntawm peb pawg - vov tsev, siv los yog txoj kev. Los ntawm vov tsev npaj Impregnating muaj pes tsawg leeg vov tsev cov ntaub ntawv thiab tsim ib tug ntau ntawm txawv mastics.

Muaj bitumen khoom thiab elastically durum tsim high-nqus refining txoj kev nrog cov kauj ruam ntxiv, uas cov roj boils sov siab. Tshwj xeeb yog resistant kom sov thiab txias pom tau hais tias txawv oxidised. Muaj kuj mixtures ntawm bitumen nrog polymers influencing degree ntawm viscosity. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm tag nrho cov no muaj peev xwm hloov lub taub hau, nyob ntawm seb kub, nrog ntau theem yuav pauv dua. Nws yog raws li nplaum thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev neeg ntawm bituminous binders.

Yuav ua li cas lawv yog tseem ceeb

Qhov kev nthuav piv ntawm bitumen nyob rau hauv kub raug raws li muab piv nrog rau cov mineral khoom yog 20-30 lub sij hawm ntau. Tseem ceeb lawv zoo - dej kuj, ua hauj ntsev, alkalis, acids thiab corrosive effluents. Raws li ib qho piv txwv tej zaum yuav ib lub ntsev, uas yog sprinkled mus rau txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no snow yaj.

Txo kuj bitumens organic solvents, roj thiab Sibhawm, los ntawm lub teeb, Thaum tshav kub kub, huab cua oxygen, uas oxidize lawv tivthaiv qhov chaw. Thaum rhuab, mos mos hais qhuav, thiab tej hardens bitumen.

Qhov zoo ntawm ib tug uas tsis muaj flammability, piv txwv li cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog cov. Roj av asphalts yog tsis muaj teeb meem rau kev noj qab nyob thiab tsis txwv kom muab zais xws li. Cov lwm yam khoom, koj yuav tau tham txog thermoviscous, siab rwb thaiv tsev, zoo tso zis.

Hardness bitumen tsim kom muaj lub qhov tob ntawm allergic ntawm lub koob raus nyob rau hauv lawv (nws yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv hundredths ntawm ib millimeter) nrog ib tug normalized load ntawm ib tug tej lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug kub. Cov kev hloov ntawm cov khoom thiab kua hauv lub xeev rau lawv yog zawv zawg thiab yog txiav txim los ntawm lub softening taw tes thaum uas tsis muaj kub. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug thiaj li hu ua tsis ua hauj lwm point - qhov no lub sij hawm denoting lub ntsuas kub ntawm uas tus bitumen txheej bendable tej kab nrib pleb los yog so.

lwm yam ntaub ntawv

Yuav ua li cas lwm binders ntawm organic keeb kwm yuav tsum hu li cas? Carbonaceous pekami sawv cev ib tug khov los yog khoom dub tshuaj thiab ua hauj lwm cov khoom distillation ntawm ib impregnated vov tsev. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog heev txaus ntshai thiab nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov tawv nqaij yuav ua rau kub yus. Ua hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws nrog nws cov pos huab hnub los yog nyob rau hauv tsawg lub teeb.

Thee ib yog ib yam khoom uas dim raws li ib tug byproduct ntawm coke lawm. Nws tau pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov mastic rau vov tsev thiab kev siv.