Alkali hlau tebchaw thiab lawv cov kev siv

Los ntawm tag nrho cov periodic system ntawm lub ntsiab yog loj pab pawg neeg ntawm cov hlau. Alkali, alkaline ntiaj teb, amphoteric, nraum, tej - ib tug ntau ntawm lawv. Tag nrho co ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov thiab lom tib neeg lub neej, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries. Tsis rau ib yam dab tsi uas lub XX xyoo pua tau raug hu ua "hlau".

Co: general yam ntxwv

Tag nrho co ua ke los ntawm ntau cov tshuaj thiab lub zog, los ntawm uas lawv yuav ua tau yooj yim distinguished los ntawm cov-metallic cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv tso cai rau lawv mus yuav:

• hluav taws xob tam sim no conductors;
• zoo thaum tshav kub kub conductors;
• malleable thiab zas;
• check thiab ci iab.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, muaj cov sib txawv ntawm lawv. Ib txhia co ci nyiaj xim, lwm leej lwm tus - ntau matte dawb, thiab lwm tus neeg - tag nrho cov liab thiab daj. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity. Tab sis tseem, cov tsis - muaj ntau rau tag nrho cov co, thaum uas tsis yog-co yog ntau txawv tshaj li.

Raws li cov tshuaj xwm ntawm tag nrho cov co - txo cov neeg ua hauj. Nyob ntawm seb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tej yam kev mob thiab cov kev tshuaj kuj ua raws li oxidizing agents, tab sis tsis tshua muaj. Heev heev tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev ua. Cov tshuaj sib txuas ntawm cov hlau tshwm sim lawm nyob rau hauv ib tug loj kom muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov ore los yog cov zaub mov, cov zaub mov thiab lwm yam hom. Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm co yog ib txwm zoo, tej zaum nws yuav tas li (txhuas, sodium, calcium) los yog nce mus nce los (chromium, hlau, tooj liab, manganese).

Muaj ntau ntawm lawv yog lug siv raws li lub tsev ntaub ntawv no yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb ntawm science thiab technology.

Tshuaj hlau tebchaw

Cov no tej zaum yuav tau hais ob peb loj cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj uas yog cov khoom ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov hlau nrog rau lwm yam ntsiab thiab cov tebchaw.

1. Oxides, hydrides, nitrides, silicides, phosphides, ozonides, carbides, sulphides thiab lwm leej lwm tus - binary tebchaw uas tsis-hlau, feem ntau yuav mus rau lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov ntsev (tsuas yog cov oxides).
2. Hydroxides - general mis kuv ^{+ x} (OH) _x.
3. Ntsev. Hlau tebchaw nrog acidic residues. Yuav sib txawv:

• nruab nrab;
• qaub;
• ob;
• yooj yim;
• complex.

4. Cov hlau tebchaw nrog organic tshuaj - organometallic qauv.

5. tebchaw co nrog txhua lwm yam - alloys uas yog tau nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev.

Embodiments hlau tebchaw

Tshuaj nyob rau hauv uas ob tug sib txawv co yuav tau ob leeg ntau, subdivided raws li nram no:

• alloys;
• ob ntsev;
• complex tebchaw;
• intermetallic tebchaw.

Txoj kev hlau tebchaw ua ke kuj sib txawv. Piv txwv li, siv alloys melting txoj kev nws thiab solidifying lub resulting khoom.

Intermetallics tsim vim direct tshuaj tshua ntawm hlau, feem ntau tshwm sim nrog tawg (xws li zinc thiab npib tsib xee). Rau cov dab xav tau kev mob: qhov kub thiab txias siab heev, siab, lub tshuab nqus tsev, tsis muaj oxygen thiab lwm tus neeg.

Ob chav ntsev thiab complex tebchaw peev xwm yuav tsim thaum txhuav kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub pib cov ntaub ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li lawv cov fusion.

Manufacturing ntawm hlau kuj implies ib tug kev twb kev txuas ntawm lawv. Ua li no, siv txoj kev xws li:

• vuam (gas, hluav taws xob, thiab thiaj li nyob);
• brazing ntau hom ntawm solders;
• xov;
• riveting.

Lub ntsiab mob - yog los tsim ib yam khoom uas yuav ua tau resistant rau corrosion thiab nyob rau hauv uas yuav muaj nqaws thiab impurities, tej kab nrib pleb.

Alkali hlau tebchaw thiab lawv cov kev siv

Hu alkali ntsiab nyob rau hauv thawj pab pawg ntawm lub ntsiab pab pawg neeg ntawm cov periodic system. Muaj tsuas yog 6 thiab qhib lawv twb yuav luag tag nrho cov nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nrog ib tug me me sij hawm luv. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm no hais tsis tshwm sim.

Vim lub high school lub reactivity ua hauj lwm nyuaj heev thiab txaus ntshai rau lawv. Yog li ntawd peb yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm nyuaj kom lawv sawv tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb huv daim ntawv. Ntev ua ntej cov neeg pib siv ntau yam alkali hlau sib txuas. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tau lub npe hu txij ancient sij hawm thiab tsis tau poob tseem ceeb thiab qhov tseeb hnub no. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv engineering, siv, tshuaj, khoom noj khoom haus kev lag luam, tshuaj kev lag luam, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, ua liaj ua teb, thiab ntau lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Lub ntsiab sawv daws yuav yog los ze zog saib.

Hom ntawm tebchaw ntawm alkali hlau nrog rau lwm cov co yuav mus rau cov pab pawg:

• intermetallic tebchaw;
• complex tebchaw;
• ob ntsev.

oxides

Tawm ntawm tag nrho cov alkali hlau ntawm tej combustion nyob rau hauv cov pa muab ib tug oxide muaj peev xwm ntawm lithium xwb. Qhov seem tso rau ntev li kev ua si, yog li ntawd tsim peroxides Kuv ₂ O _2. Ntawm peroxides effect ib tug yooj yim hlau oxide yuav tau daim ntawv lub cev Kuv ₂ O. Pa tebchaw ntawm alkali hlau muaj ntau xim.

1. Oxide ntawm lithium, poov tshuaj thiab sodium - dawb crystalline hmoov.
2. Rubidium - daj coloring oxide.
3. Cesium - txiv kab ntxwv.

Lub ntsiab teb ntawm daim ntawv thov - cov tshuaj ua lag luam. Alkali hlau oxides hnov mob nrog dej rau ib qho tseem ceeb compound - alkali. Qhov no cuab yeej thiab vim lub npe ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov ntsiab. Tebchaw ntawm alkali - hlau oxides - tsuas yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov hnyav tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb tshuaj, uas muaj cov ntsiab.

Hydroxide (alkali)

Lub tebchaw ntawm alkali hlau gidroksogrupp hu ua alkali los yog hydroxides. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv - ib tug heev caustic yam khoom uas ua tau yooj yim ua kom puas yuav luag txhua cov ntaub ntawv uas. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb ntawm cov tsiaj ntaub so ntswg. Yog li ntawd ua hauj lwm nrog alkalis yuav tsum tau ceev faj heev, sib sib zog nqus tshuaj kub nyhiab yuav tshwm sim nyob rau tus taw tes ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov tawv nqaij.

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws paub tias cov alkali tshuaj yog caustic dej qab zib, los yog sodium hydroxide. Qhov no compound tau paub txij ancient sij hawm, qhov chaw uas nws yog muab rho tawm los ntawm cov tshauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab siv rau xab npum txiav txim siab thiab ntxhua khaubncaws. Tshuaj mis - NaOH. Niaj hnub no caustic dej qab zib ua ib tug enormous nqi nyob rau hauv txhua lub teb chaws, txij thaum tsis muaj nws kev koom tes tsis ua yuav luag tsis muaj ib tug ceg ntawm ntau lawm. Nws yog siv:

• nyob rau hauv lub roj av lag luam;
• nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab perfumery;
• tshuaj synthesis;
• rau zus tau tej cov detergents thiab tu cov neeg ua hauj, ntxhib no los txhuam;
• nyob rau hauv daim tawv thiab textile kev lag luam thiab lwm yam liaj teb.

Lwm yam co ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm alkaline daim ntawv yog tsis yog li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb thiab cov alkali. Ntau dua los yog tsawg ib qho tseem ceeb tsuas yog poov tshuaj hydroxide - Koh, uas yog hu ua caustic potash.

ntsev

Tej tebchaw yog alkali hlau, raws li cov ntsev, yog tsis yog ib tug thov tshuaj suab, tab sis kuj tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm nyob quavntsej, cov yuav txhawb lawv tej kev loj hlob.

Ntsev yog tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ntawm chav kawm, sodium tshuaj dawb. Qhov no yog ib qho rooj ntsev, uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lub tsev thiab hais tias tsis muab kev tseem ceeb vim lub high heev. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias peb xav txog tej yam uas nws mam li nco dheev disappears, ob peb cov neeg yuav zoo siab txim. Unsalted cov zaub mov muaj nyuaj, dua li nws ua rau muaj teeb meem rau, vim lub cev yuav tsis nkag mus rau hauv lub sodium ions yuav tsum tau rau lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha.

Tsis tas li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb alkali hlau tebchaw - yog carbonate. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog carbonate thiab sodium bicarbonate, uas yog hu ua nyob rau hauv ntau dej qab zib. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov iav, rau manufacturing detergents. Dej qab zib muaj peev xwm xyuam xim ntxuav cov tais diav. Nws muaj zoo tua kab mob, disinfecting, tu thiab tshuaj dawb tso zog. Lug siv nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov kev lag luam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub confectionery ua lag ua luam thiab bakery. Nrog nws hau xab npum tsim detergents.

Dej qab zib, ntsev thiab caustic - tag nrho cov alkali hlau tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb huv daim ntawv no, txoj kev ua deposits los yog ib feem ntawm lub combustion khoom ntawm ntau yam tshuaj. Tej zaum lawv tau kuaj txoj kev. Tab sis yeej ib txwm cov tshuaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb, raws li ib ncig ib tug neeg thiab shape nws lub neej.

Alkali hlau tebchaw thiab lawv cov kev siv tsis tas rau sodium. Nws tseem yog ib qho thiab nrov nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag, ntsev xws li:

• poov tshuaj tshuaj dawb;
• Poov tshuaj nitrate (poov tshuaj nitrate);
• poov tshuaj carbonate;
• Sulfate.

Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov tseem ceeb cov mineral chiv siv nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb.

Alkaline ntiaj teb co - tebchaw thiab lawv cov kev siv

Qhov no muaj xws li qeb lub ntsiab ntawm lub thib ob pab pawg ntawm lub ntsiab pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tshuaj hais. Lawv qhov oxidation lub xeev ntawm +2. Qhov no active txo kab mob, nkag reacts nrog ib feem ntau ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj thiab cov tebchaw. Muaj tag nrho cov zog ntse co: gloss, malleability, thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj thiab ntau los sawv daws yuav magnesium thiab calcium. Beryllium qhia tau hais tias amphoteric, barium thiab radium tsis tshua muaj ntsiab. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj tus nram qab no ntawm kev sib txuas:

• intermetallic;
• oxides;
• hydrides;
• binary ntsev (tebchaw nrog nonmetals);
• hydroxides;
• ntsev (ob, complex, acidic, yooj yim, medium).

Nws considers lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tebchaw los ntawm ib tug tswv yim taw tes ntawm view thiab lawv daim ntawv thov.

magnesium thiab calcium ntsev

Cov alkaline ntiaj teb hlau tebchaw, xws li ntsev, yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau muaj sia nyob. Tom qab tag nrho, lub calcium ntsev yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv lub cev. Thiab tsis muaj nws yuav tsis ua tau li qub tsim ntawm lub cev pob txha, cov hniav, tshuab raj, tsiaj, hooves, cov plaub hau thiab tsho tiv no, thiab li ntawm.

Yog li, feem ntau ntsev, ib tug alkaline ntiaj teb hlau yog calcium carbonate. Nws lwm lub npe:

• chalk;
• marble;
• limestone;
• dolomite.

Yog siv tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug neeg muag khoom ntawm calcium ions nyob rau hauv ib tug nyob kab mob, tab sis raws li ib lub tsev ntaub, raw cov ntaub ntawv rau tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj pleev ib ce kev lag luam, iav thiab thiaj li nyob.

Tej tebchaw ntawm alkaline ntiaj teb co xws li sulfates, kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, barium sulfate (cov kev kho mob lub npe "barite porridge") yog siv nyob rau hauv radiology. calcium sulfate nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm crystalline - yog gypsum, uas yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, kev tsim kho, stamping molds.

Phosphors ntawm alkaline ntiaj teb co

Cov tshuaj no hu txij thaum lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Yav tas los, lawv raug hu ua phosphors. Qhov no lub npe yog pom niaj hnub no. Los ntawm lawv qhov, cov tebchaw - yog magnesium sulfide, strontium, barium, calcium.

Thaum ib tug tej yam kev kho, lawv muaj peev xwm kom qhia phosphorescent zog, thiab ib tug heev zoo nkauj ci ntsa iab los ntawm liab mus ci ntshav. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua txoj kev tshwm sim, khaub ncaws thiab lwm yam.

complex tebchaw

Tshuaj uas muaj xws li ob los yog ntau tshaj txawv nws yog xim hlau ntsiab ntawm qhov, - hlau complex tebchaw. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, lawv yog cov kua, muaj zoo nkauj thiab cov yeeb yuj stains. Siv nyob rau hauv analytical Science News for KIDS rau lub zoo nrhiav kom tau ntawm ions.

Tej yam muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev tsis tau tsuas yog cov alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb co tiam sis tag nrho tus so. Muaj hydroxo, aqua ceg thiab lwm tus neeg.