Yuav ua li cas yog txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm hluav taws xob xwb

Raws li peb paub los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv physics cov hoob kawm, kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm hluav taws xob xwb nyob rau hauv lub electrification ntawm lub cev. Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag tej zaum nws yuav zoo li hais tias tus paub qhov tseeb yog ib yam nkaus thiab paub daws teeb nrog lawv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Cia peb tam sim no tham txog dab tsi nws yog ua tau thiab qhov uas nws yog tau mus ntsib cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm hluav taws xob xwb.

Tus tam sim no kev tshawb xav ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov microcosm cam hais tias tus nqi muaj - electrons, yog ib qho ntawm feem ruaj khov hais. Zog yuav tsis ploj: nyob rau hauv lub ntug xwb nws transformation tshwm sim. Yog li, kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm hluav taws xob xwb. Piv txwv hais tias ib tug electron nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau lwm Cheebtsam ntawm tus hais (e.g., photon thiab elusive neutrino) nrog ib tug tsim nyog net xwb. Txawm li cas los, kom txog rau thaum tam sim no cov nom science tsis xws li ib tug tau, txij li thaum tswv yim (thiab lawv nqa tawm dua) ua tsis tau tejyam. Tsis muaj zem lawv hais tias lub electron yog indivisible, nws yog inexhaustible ... Lub theoretical lub sij hawm ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm cov particle yog tsawg kawg yog 10 mus rau 22 degrees.

Nws yog tsis muaj daim card uas tag nrho cov nqi ntawm qhov cov atom yog pes tsawg. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov tsis zoo tej zaum ntawm tag nrho cov electrons yog compensated los ntawm lub zoo them nyiaj ntawm protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Co kev sib nrig sib neutralization, txawm li cas los atom raws li ib tug tag nrho yog electrically nruab nrab. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, yog hais tias nws muab ntxiv zog (e.g., sov cov khoom mus rau sov siab los yog muaj kev cuam tshuam lub alternating magnetic teb), electrons nyob rau txheej orbits (valency) tau tawm nws "tsim nyog qhov chaw". Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib yam khoom uas ion thiab dawb lub electron. Tiam sis feem ntau, lub zog mas yuav kis tau los ntawm cov particle yog faib tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov photons thiab atoms recovering ruaj khov qauv. Ib tug tshwj xeeb cov ntaub ntawv - txuas lub ntsiab, qhov twg ib txhia hais yog qhia los ntawm ob (los yog xav paub ntxiv) atoms. Cov kev txuag txoj cai yog tseem nqa tawm mus rau lub hom phiaj zoo.

Tiam sis rov qab mus rau lub microcosm ntawm lub cheeb tsam ib tug ntau tswv yim lub neej. Cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm hluav taws xob xwb yog dav siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering suav. Piv txwv li, nws yog txaus yuav tau nco qab thawj txoj cai Kirchhoff. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws muaj tseeb nrog qhov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm hluav taws xob xwb. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv AC circuits ntawm peb-theem tam sim no uas nquag siv txoj kev xyuas pib kev twb kev txuas nyob rau hauv ib lub hnub qub. Nyob rau hauv no peb theem conductors yog kev cob cog rua rau lub node. Nws yuav zoo li, inevitably luv luv-circuited nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov tam sim no thiab lub tshuab ntawm ib tug conductive khoom. Nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag, cov nram qab no tshwm sim: nyob rau hauv txhua xws ntawm sum ntawm cov currents yog sib npaug zos rau zero. Cov suav (convention) inflowing currents pom tau hais tias zoo thiab ntsaws - tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus: I1 + I2 + I3 = 0, thiab hais tias yog muaj tseeb, I2 = I1-I3, thiab hais txog. Nyob rau hauv tej yam yooj yim cov ntsiab lus, cov khoom xwb tej zaum yuav tsis ntau tshaj tus nqi ntawm cov ntsaws los ntawm lub node. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv xws conductors txuas txoj cai ntawm kev txuag nqi tsis ua hauj lwm, nws yuav tau sau tseg tsub zuj zuj ntawm them hais nyob rau hauv lub site, thiab nws tsis tshwm sim.

Hluav taws xob thiab atoms - qhov no yog tsis yog tib qhov chaw uas tus kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag xwb. Biology thiab botany kuj tsis nco qab lawm. Thaum nto moo photosynthesis (lub creation ntawm cov organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv chlorophyll nplej nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tshav ntuj) nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm haum ntawm lub teeb quantum ntawm cov ntaub qauv tawm hauv ib zaug xwb electron. Txawm li cas los, txij thaum lub chlorophyll molecule li acquires ib tug zoo xwb, "tsis muaj qhov chaw" tsis ntev lawm ua tus sau nrog ib tug ntawm cov dawb hais. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ua tsaug rau txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag xwb yuav muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub ntug, uas peb yog tag nrho cov accustomed.