Yuav ua li cas yog lub hlau? Cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau

Yuav ua li cas yog lub hlau? Qhov xwm ntawm tus tshuaj twb xav nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Leej twg qhib txog 96 hlau hom. Lawv cov yam ntxwv, thiab peb mam li tham nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub hlau?

Qhov loj tshaj tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj hais txog hlau. Nws yog tam sim no hu rau tus txiv neej xwb 96 ntawm lawv hom. Txhua yam ntawm lawv nws muaj nws tus kheej nta, ntau yam uas tseem tsis tau to taub.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub hlau? Qhov no yog ib tug yooj yim tshuaj, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm siab hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity, ib tug zoo kub conductivity coefficient. Feem ntau cov co muaj siab zog, ductility thiab tawm los forging. Ib tug ntawm cov txawv nta yog lub xub ntiag ntawm nws yog xim hlau ci.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "hlau" yog txuam nrog rau cov Greek métallion, qhov twg nws txhais tau tias "khawb tawm ntawm lub teb chaws" thiab "kuv daim ntawv". Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab terminology nws tuaj thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Peter kuv ntawm lub German lus (German. Metall), nyob rau hauv uas lo lus rau tsiv los ntawm lub Latin.

lub zog

hlau ntsiab feem ntau muaj zoo ductility, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm tin, zinc, thiab manganese. Ceev, lawv muab faib ua lub teeb (txhuas, lithium) thiab hnyav (osmium, tungsten). Feem ntau cov muaj ib tug high melting point, tag nrho cov ntau yam mas nws txawv ntawm - 39 nyob rau hauv Hg rau 3410 degrees Celsius rau tungsten.

Nyob rau hauv tej yam tshwm sim, tag nrho cov co tsuas yog mercury thiab Fabkis, yog khoom. Lub degree ntawm hardness yog txiav txim rau ib tug scale rau scale Moss, nyob rau ib tug tshaj plaws ntawm 10 ntsiab lus yog suav hais tias. Yog li, yam nyuaj thiab yog tungsten thiab uranium (6.0), cov softest yog cesium (0.2). Muaj ntau co muaj ib tug silvery, blue thiab grey ntxoov, tab sis ib txhia yog peculiar daj thiab liab xim.

Nyob rau hauv lawv siv lead ua lattices yog mobile electrons, uas ua rau lawv zoo heev coj hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab thaum tshav kub kub. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau nrog nws cov nyiaj thiab tooj liab. Nws muaj qhov qis thermal conductivity ntawm mercury.

tshuaj zog

Los ntawm cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub co yog sib cais mus rau hauv ib tug plurality ntawm pab pawg. Ntawm lawv, alkali hlau, alkaline lub ntiaj teb, lub ntsws, thiab lub actinides actinium, lanthanum thiab lanthanides, semimetals. Nyias muaj magnesium thiab beryllium.

Feem ntau, co ua raws li txo cov neeg ua hauj rau uas tsis yog-hlau. Lawv muaj sib txawv kev ua ub no, yog li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau ib yam khoom zoo tib yam. Qhov tseem active yog alkali hlau, lawv hnov mob nkag nrog hydrogen, dej.

Nyob rau hauv tej yam tshwm sim, yuav luag ib txwm nrog cov hlau nrog rau oxygen. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau nws tsis yog tsuas yog kub thiab kub dawb. Lawv kuj tsis hnov mob rau tshuaj thiab leej faj, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lwm yam hlau. Alkaline pab pawg neeg yog oxidized nyob rau hauv ib tug dog dig ib puag ncig, lub lwm yam nyob rau sov siab.

Ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lub co yog pom tsuas yog nyob rau ores los yog tebchaw, e.g., oxides, ntsev, carbonates. Ua ntej siv, lawv yauv mus lengthy purification kauj ruam. Muaj ntau co nrog mineral deposits. Yog li, ib feem ntawm cov cadmium zinc ores, scandium thiab tantalum ua ke nrog tin.

Ib zaug nyob rau ib tug dawb huv daim ntawv pom xwb inert, piv txwv li, uas tsis yog-active hlau. Vim cov uas qaug zog nyhav rau oxidation thiab corrosion, lawv yeej muaj cov npe ntawm noble. Cov no muaj xws kub, platinum, silver, ruthenium, osmium, palladium, thiab hais txog. D. Precious co yog heev saj zawg zog thiab muaj ib tug yam ntxwv kaj ci nyob rau hauv lub tiav lawm cov khoom.

Co yog tag nrho cov nyob ib ncig ntawm peb. Nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau, lawv yog nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Cov feem ntau yog txhuas, hlau, sodium, magnesium, poov hlau, titanium thiab poov tshuaj. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv seawater (sodium, magnesium), yog ib feem uas muaj sia nyob. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, co yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov pob txha (calcium) nyob rau hauv cov ntshav (iron), lub paj hlwb (magnesium), nqaij (magnesium) thiab lwm yam kabmob.

Tej hau kev kawm thiab siv

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug hlau paub ntau ancient civilizations. Cov Iyiv archaeological finds yos rov qab mus rau 3-4 txhiab BC, cov khoom ua los ntawm zoo zoo nkauj tshooj tau pom. Thawj tug txiv neej sab kub, tej tooj, nyiaj, ua, hlau, tin, mercury. Lawv tau txais kev pab rau qhov siv thiab ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cuab yeej, ritual khoom thiab riam phom.

Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog nws twb pom antimony, arsenic, Bismuth thiab zinc. Lawv feem ntau txuas tej yam yees siv zog, txuam nrog qhov chaw, lub zog ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Alchemists ua heev heev thwmsim nyob rau hauv kev cia siab hloov mercury nyob rau hauv cov dej los yog kub. Maj mam, lub xov tooj ntawm discoveries nce, thiab XXI xyoo pua tag nrho tam sim no lub npe hu co nyob sab.

Tam sim no lawv siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub neej. Co siv tau los ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub, machinery, ships, tsheb. Ntawm no, ua ntas rau vaj tse, ua rooj tog, ntau yam me me qhov chaw.

Zoo heev hluav taws xob conductivity ua hlau indispensable rau qhov siv thiab ua nyob ntawm tej, ua tsaug rau nws, peb siv ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no.