TsimScience

Yuav ua li cas ib qho tseem ceeb yog cov invention ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab? Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub invention ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab

Tshuab kuaj kab mob hu ua ib tug tshwj xeeb ntaus ntawv tsim los kom cov microimages thiab ntsuas qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov khoom los yog cov yam ntxwv formations raws li pom los ntawm lub lens. Qhov no txoj kev loj hlob yog amazing, thiab cov invention ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab yog tsis tshua muaj tseem ceeb heev, vim hais tias tsis muaj nws yuav tsis muaj ib co chaw uas niaj hnub science. Thiab ntawm no nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Tshuab kuaj kab mob - txog lub tsom iav raj ntaus ntawv uas yog siv rau txawv nkaus lub hom phiaj. Nrog nws yog tau xav txog cov qauv ntawm cov khoom uas yog tsis pom mus rau lub qhov muag. Nws tso cai rau koj txhais tau cov morphological tsis microformations, raws li zoo raws li rau kev ntsuam xyuas lawv ntim qhov chaw. Vim hais tias nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam yuav ua li cas ib qho tseem ceeb yog cov invention ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab, thiab yuav ua li cas nws cuam tshuam cov tsos ntawm cov kev loj hlob ntawm science.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab mob thiab optics

Niaj hnub no tsis yooj yim rau hais tias leej twg yees ua lub thawj tshuab kuaj kab mob. Tej zaum, qhov no qhov teeb meem yuav tau lug sib tham, raws li zoo raws li lub creation ntawm ib tug hneev tua tav toj. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov riam phom, cov invention ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab tiag tiag tshwm sim nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Thiab leej twg xyov yog tseem tsis paub hais tias. Qhov ntau hais tias tus ntaus ntawv tau los ua ib tug tho kev Hans Jansen, ib tug Dutch tswv rau zus tau tej cov tsom iav, yog heev siab heev. Nws tus tub, Zahariem Yansenom, ib tug nqe lus twb tau nyob rau hauv 1590, hais tias nws thiab nws leej txiv lub tsev ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob.

Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv 1609 kuj muaj lwm mechanism uas tsim lub Galileo Galilei. Nws hu ua nws occhiolino thiab qhia rau cov pej xeem Accademia dei Lincei. Ntawv pov thawj hais tias thaum lub sij hawm yuav tau siv tshuab kuaj kab mob yog ib tug kos npe rau ntawm lub sau ntawm Pope Huv III. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws yog ib tug kev hloov kho ntawm ib cov duab muab los ntawm tsom. Teeb tshuab kuaj kab mob (puas) Galileo Galilei muaj ib convex thiab ib concave lens.

Improvement thiab siv nyob rau hauv kev xyaum

Twb tom qab 10 xyoo Galileo Cornelis Drebbel invention tsim ib puas tshuab kuaj kab mob muaj ob tug convex lo ntsiab muag. Thiab tom qab ntawd, uas yog, los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub 1600s, Christian Huygens tsim ib tug ob-lens eyepiece system. Lawv ua thiab tam sim no, txawm tias lawv tsis muaj lub breadth ntawm txoj kev ntsuam xyuas. Tab sis, tseem ceeb tshaj mas, nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab nyob rau hauv 1665 los ntawm Robert Hooke txoj kev tshawb no hlais ntawm cork ntoo qhib twb muaj, qhov twg tus paub txog pom qhov thiaj li hu ua cell. Cov tshwm sim ntawm qhov xyaum ua tej yog cov kev taw qhia ntawm "cell" tswvyim.

Lwm tshuab kuaj kab mob txiv - Antoni Van Levenguk - cia li rov invented nws, tab sis nws muaj kev tswj los mus nyiam cov xim ntawm biologists mus rau lub ntaus ntawv. Thiab ces nws tau los ua tseeb qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov invention ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab rau science, vim hais tias nws yog ua tau los tsim microbiology. Tej zaum, hais tias ntaus ntawv ho ceev txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev kawm, raws li ntev raws li cov neeg tsis pom microbes, nws ntseeg hais tias cov kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm lub ntsis tsis tsim nyog. Thiab nyob rau hauv science reigned lub tswvyim ntawm alchemy thiab vitalistic kev tshawb xav ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm cov ciaj thiab cov txawj tiam ntawm lub neej.

Leeuwenhoek tshuab kuaj kab mob

Tus invention ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab yog ib tug tshwj xeeb kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog science, vim hais tias ua tsaug rau ib tug ntaus ntawv tau nrhiav tau ntau ntawm khoom tshiab mus rau lub scientific kev sib tham. Ntxiv mus, ntau theories tsaus muag vim hais tias ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab. Thiab nyob rau hauv no kuj zoo kawg kawm tau ntawv zoo los ntawm Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Nws muaj peev xwm los txhim kho lub tshuab kuaj kab mob li hais tias nws tso cai rau koj mus saib lub hlwb nyob rau hauv kom meej. Thiab yog hais tias yuav tau xav txog, nyob rau hauv qhov ntsiab lus teb, uas yeej yog leej txiv ntawm Leeuwenhoek tshuab kuaj kab mob ntawm hom.

ntaus qauv

Lub teeb heev tshuab kuaj kab mob Leeuwenhoek yog ib lub phaj nrog ib tug lens uas tau kom tej yam khoom saib dua. Qhov no lub phaj nrog lub lens muaj ib lub kos. Los ntawm nws, nws tau mounted rau ib tug kab rov tav lub rooj. Coj lub lens mus rau lub teeb thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm nws thiab tus tswm ciab nplaim taws xeem cov ntaub ntawv uas, nws twb tau mus pom tus kab mob hlwb. Wherein thawj khoom uas Antoni Van Levenguk soj ntsuam yog cov quav hniav. Nyob rau hauv nws tus paub txog pom muaj ntau yam creatures uas hu kom txog thaum nws ua tsis tau.

Lub uniqueness ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab Leeuwenhoek ntaus. Qhov thaum lub tivthaiv qauv tsis muab siab zoo dluab. Ntxiv mus, lub xub ntiag ntawm ob lo ntsiab muag tsuas ntau zog tsis xws luag. Vim hais tias nws coj ntau tshaj li 150 xyoo, kom txog thaum lub compound rub kom pom loj, muas thaum chiv thawj tsim los ntawm Galileo thiab Drebbel, pib muab tus duab tib yam zoo raws li lub ntaus ntawv Leeuwenhoek. Nws tus kheej Antoni Van Levenguk yog tseem tsis suav hais tias yog leej txiv ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab, tab sis nyob rau hauv txoj cai yog ib qho muaj leej twg paub tus tswv ntawm microscopy ntawm haiv neeg cov ntaub ntawv thiab lub hlwb.

Tus invention thiab cov kev txhim kho ntawm lens

Tus heev tswvyim ntawm lens twb muaj nyob rau hauv ancient Rome thiab tim Nkij teb chaws. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws los ntawm txoj kev convex tsom iav tswj mus rau lub teeb ib tug hluav taws. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos, peb tau ntev pom lub thaj chaw ntawm lub khob hlab ntsha uas muaj dej. Lawv tso cai rau koj los mus nce cov duab, txawm hais tias tsis muaj ntau lub sij hawm. Ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lens yog tsis paub, txawm hais tias nws yog tseeb hais tias cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub hauv av sawv tsis taus.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, Venice tau los ua ib tug xyaum siv ntawm tsom iav. Ntawv pov thawj ntawm no yog cov lus tseeb hais txog ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm cov tshuab kev sib tsoo khob, uas tso cai rau kom tau lo ntsiab muag. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj drawings kho qhov muag pab kiag li lawm constituting tsom iav thiab lo ntsiab muag. Lub authorship ntawm cov hauj lwm belongs rau Leonardo da Vinci. Tab sis ua ntej hais tias cov neeg ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug magnifying khob: nyob rau hauv 1268 Rodzher Bekon muab rau pem hauv ntej lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim ib lub tsom iav raj. Tom qab ntawd nws tau los siv.

Nws yog pom tseeb tias tus neeg sau ntawm lub lens tsis yog rau leej twg. Tab sis nws yog cai kom txog rau thaum tej lub sij hawm raws li lub optics yog tsis koom Karl Fridrih Tseys. Nyob rau hauv 1847 nws embarked rau zus tau tej cov rub kom pom loj. Ces, nws lub tuam txhab tau ua ib tug thawj coj nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kho qhov muag tsom iav. Nws tshwm sim rau hnub no, tseem lub ntsiab lag luam. Kev koom tes nrog nws tag nrho cov tuam txhab uas muag uas manufacture cov koob yees duab thiab camcorders, phom loj scopes, range finders, telescopes thiab lwm yam pab kiag li lawm.

kev txhim kho microscopy

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub invention ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab nyiam nrog nws ncauj lus kom ntxaws txoj kev tshawb no. Tab sis tsis muaj tsawg interesting yog lub keeb kwm ntawm ntxiv txhim kho microscopy. Peb pib tshwm tshiab hom rub kom pom loj thiab scientific kev xav, uas generates lawv, mus ntxaum. Tam sim no lub hom phiaj ntawm lub ce yog tsis tau tsuas yog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm microbes, tab sis kuj saib xyuas ntawm me me Cheebtsam. Onymi yog molecules thiab atoms. Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 lawv tau mus tshawb cov txhais tau tias ntawm X-ray tsom xam. Tab sis science demanded ntau.

Yog li ntawd, twb nyob rau hauv 1863, explorer Henry Clifton Sorby polarizing tshuab kuaj kab mob tau tsim rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm meteorites. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1863, Ernst Abbe tsim cov kev tshawb xav ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab. Nws twb tau ntse noj zus tau tej cov Karla Tseysa. Nws lub tuam txhab los ntawm no tau tsim los ib tug paub tias kev lag luam thawj coj nyob rau hauv kho qhov muag kiag li lawm.

Tab sis tsis ntev tuaj nyob rau hauv 1931 - cov creation ntawm ib tug electron tshuab kuaj kab mob. Nws los ua ib tug yam tshiab ntawm kev ntaus ntawv, uas koj mus pom ntau ntau tshaj lub teeb. Nws tsis thov photons rau X-ray thiab polarized lub teeb, thiab cov electrons - qhov twg hais me me tshaj feem ntau yooj yim ions. Nws yog tus tsim ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob tshuab kuaj kab mob tau tso cai los tsim histology. Tam sim no zaum muaj tau tag nrho cov cog qoob loo uas lawv cov kev xav txog cov cell thiab nws cov organelles yeej muaj tseeb. Txawm li cas los, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1986, tus creator ntawm lub electron tshuab kuaj kab mob Ernst Ruska twb muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog. Ntxiv mus, raws li thaum ntxov raws li 1938, Dzheyms Hiller ua ib tug kis tau tus mob electron tshuab kuaj kab mob.

Tshiab hom rub kom pom

Science, tom qab tag nrho cov kev kawm tau zoo ntawm ntau zaum yog tsim sai heev. Thiab vim hais tias cov aim dictated los ntawm tus tshiab tseeb, yog qhov yuav tsum tau los tsim ib tug heev rhiab tshuab kuaj kab mob. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1936, Erwin Müller manufactured teb emission ntaus ntawv. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1951, nws ua lwm ntaus ntawv - ib tug teb ion tshuab kuaj kab mob. Nws tseem ceeb heev, vim hais tias nws yog thawj lub sij hawm tso cai zaum saib atoms. Thiab nyob rau hauv Ntxiv rau cov uas nyob rau hauv 1955, Jerzy Nomarski muaj lub theoretical lub hauv paus ntawm differential cuam zoo ib microscopy.

Kev txhim kho cov newest rub kom pom

Tus invention ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab yog tsis tau ib tug zoo, vim hais tias cov kev quab yuam ions los yog photons kis tau los ntawm ib tug lom ib puag ncig, thiab ces kho lub resulting duab, nyob rau hauv tus, nws tsis yog yooj yim. Ntawm no yog ib tug teeb meem ntawm kev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm microscopy yog tiag tiag ib qho tseem ceeb. Thiab tom qab no cov lus xaus zaum tau tsim ntawm-flight loj analyzer, hu ua PP ion tshuab kuaj kab mob.

Qhov no ntaus ntawv tso cai rau koj mus luam theej duab ib atom noj nyias thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub peb-dimensional qauv ntawm cov qauv. Ua ke nrog cov X-ray tsom xam , qhov no txoj kev yuav ho expedite tus txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia kom paub uas muaj ntau yam pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1981, nws tau qhia los ntawm cov PP tunneling tshuab kuaj kab mob, thiab nyob rau hauv 1986 - lub atomic quab yuam. 1988 - lub xyoo ntawm tus invention ntawm lub PP electrochemical tshuab kuaj kab mob qhov. Thiab feem ntau tsis ntev los no thiab feem ntau pab tau yog cov Kelvin sojntsuam quab yuam. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv 1991.

Kwv yees ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tseem ceeb tshuab kuaj kab mob invention

Pib los ntawm 1665, thaum Leeuwenhoek koom nyob rau hauv lub khob ua thiab raug rub kom pom loj, lub lag luam muaj hloov zuj zuj thiab ua nyuab dua. Thiab wondering txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov invention ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab, nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog lub ntsiab ua tau microscopy. Yog li, qhov no txoj kev tso cai yuav tau xav txog ib lub tawb, uas yog lub tom ntej no impetus kev loj hlob biology. Tus ntaus ntawv yog ces tso cai rau pom cell organelles, ua rau nws tau mus ua ib lub cell qauv qauv.

Ces lub tshuab kuaj kab pub mus ntsib tus molecule thiab cov atom, thiab tom qab ntawd tus neeg tshawb fawb twb tau luam theej duab lawv chaw. Ntxiv mus, los ntawm ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob, koj muaj peev xwm txawm pom lub electron huab atoms. Raws li cov electrons txav rau tus ceev ntawm lub teeb nyob ib ncig ntawm cov tub ntxhais, ces xav txog qhov no particle yog kiag li tsis yooj yim sua. Dua li no, nws yog tsim nyog los nkag siab txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov invention ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab. Nws muab ib lub sij hawm mus ntsib ib yam dab tsi tshiab uas peb tsis tau pom lub qhov muag. Nws yog ib qho amazing ntiaj teb no, txoj kev tshawb no ntawm uas tau coj tus txiv neej mus rau lub neej tshiab nimno tau nyob rau hauv physics, Science News for KIDS thiab cov tshuaj. Thiab nws yog tsim nyog rau tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm.

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