Xov xwm thiab Society, Philosophy
Western European scholasticism. Yuav ua li cas yog nws?
Lo lus no ua ntau, thiab muaj tej zaum ib tug neeg uas yuav tsis hnov ntawm nws. Scholastica ... Yuav ua li cas yog nws, tiam sis, yuav qhia rau koj yog tsis raws nraim txhua leej txhua tus. Tam sim no peb muaj lub sij hawm kom to taub tag nrho cov no nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Lo lus nws tus kheej tau yug los nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm feudal kev sib raug zoo thiab lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua "Carolingian Renaissance". Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, yeej los ntawm lub philosophy ntawm patristic thiab kev kawm. Tus thawj kev qhuab qhia yog koom nyob rau hauv ib tug substantiation tsim Christian dogma. Txawm li cas los, nws twb yuav luag khiav thaum kawg nws, raws li cov Roman Catholic lub tsev teev ntuj tsim nws tus kheej li tseem ceeb. Ib tug scholasticism? Yuav ua li cas nws yog piav nyob rau hauv lub era? Ces lawv hu ua lus nyob rau hauv cov tenets, thiab ua hauj lwm rau lawv cais.
Qhov no qauv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Christian thought tau ua hom nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lo lus nws tus kheej los ntawm cov Greek lo lus "muab siab npuab" ( "tsev kawm ntawv"). Chiv, tawm tswv yim thiab npaj kos duab tsim nyob rau hauv lub monastic cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab tom qab nyob rau hauv universities. Nws keeb kwm yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv peb lub sij hawm. Thawj - qhov no yog lub sij hawm thaum scholasticism xwb. Qhov no lub sij hawm feem ntau yog pib nrog Boethius thiab ua kom tiav Fomoy Akvinatom. Qhov thib ob theem - yog lub tswvyim ntawm "cov tubtxib saum ntuj tus kws kho mob" thiab nws cov thwjtim. Thiab thaum kawg, cov tom qab lub sij hawm - lub kaum plaub-thib kaum tsib caug xyoo - thaum scholasticism pib outlive nws tus kheej raws li ib tug loj kev qhuab qhia, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub ntuj sciences. Yog tias thaum nws hu ua qhov hluav taws kub ntawm kev thuam nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau nws tus kheej.
Yog hais tias peb nug peb tus kheej: "Scholastica - yog dab tsi? Yuav ua li cas yog cov teeb meem uas nws tsa? "- cov lus teb yog raws li nram no. Txawj ntaub ntawv hauv cov hnub twb tsis muab kev koom tes suav cov dab phem nyob rau rab koob ntsis raws li feem ntau dag txog nws thiab xav nyob rau hauv cov lus nug ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab txoj kev ntseeg, vim li cas thiab txoj kev ntseeg, raws li zoo raws li lub qhov thiab hav zoov. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug ntawm cov kub ntsiab lus rau kev sib tham thaum lub sij hawm qhov teeb meem yog ua tau li no-hu ua universal pawg. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txawv views on no qhov teeb meem twb hu ua realists thiab nominalists.
Ib qho ntawm thawj zoo scholastics xam tau tias yog John Scotus Erigena, uas twb paub zoo ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Karla Velikogo. Nws txawm dared rau teb tus naas ej kav witty thiab pheej hmoo ua dag. Thaum nws nug cov philosopher, dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm nyuj thiab Scot (ib tug ua si rau lus raws li qhov Latin tsab ntawv keeb kwm ntawm lub txawj xav), nws teb hais tias nws yog qhov ntev ntawm lub rooj. Qhov tseeb hais tias Eriugena thiab Carl zaum opposite. Huab tais pom tau hais nws indignity hint thiab tsis mus ntxiv. John Scott muab rau pem hauv ntej lub tswv yim uas nyob nruab nrab qhov kev ntseeg thiab philosophy, muaj yog tsis muaj contradiction, raws li cov kauj ntawm qhov tseeb yog lub siab.
Tsis txhob hnov qab tias nyob rau hauv cov hnub lub tw ntawm cov hom tiam sis nyob rau hauv Christian theology - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov thiaj li hu ua Cathars - kuj sau tau ntau treatises thiab commentaries. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, siv tib cov lus sib cav, kev kawm, pawg thiab cov zajlus kom txoj kev xav, siv cov Neo-Platonic thiab Aristotelian. Tab sis kev puas tsuaj ntawm no qauv nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tsiv ideological nriaj tau sab laug rau peb lub sijhawm zoo siab rau theem ntawm philosophical tw ntawm Catholicism.
Nyob rau hauv lub XIV xyoo pua scholasticism sab thiaj li hu ua "Ntawm tiam" - ib tug tshiab txoj kev. Peb tshuav no mus rau lub tsev qhiantawv Oxford School (Ockham, Duns Scotus), uas tau xaiv los ua kom qhov kev kawm ntawm kev txawj ntse xwb yeej uas twb muaj lawm yam, dab tsi qhib txoj kev mus rau kev niaj hnub of Natural thiab lej Sciences. Txawm li cas los, tag nrho cov yav tas los philosophy tau tsim tej ntsiab cai ntawm lub scientific mus kom ze, cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm ntawv, nrog rau cov tswv yim xws li kev mus thiab scientific apparatus. Yog li ntawd, lo lus nug: "Scholastica - dab tsi nws yog" - tej zaum peb yuav zoo hais li ntawd. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm philosophy, tsis muaj uas yuav muaj nuj nqis niaj hnub science los yog cov ntsiab le caag los nws vib this.
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