Lub philosophy ntawm ancient Tuam Tshoj: ib cos thiab tuav. Lub philosophy ntawm ancient Is Nrias teb thiab Tuam Tshoj

Peb muaj ib tug philosophy ntawm ancient Tuam Tshoj, ib txoj kev. Suav philosophy muaj ib tug keeb kwm uas stretches rov qab ob peb txhiab xyoo. Nws cov keeb kwm yog feem ntau txuam nrog Phau Ntawv hloov, ib tug ancient Compendium ntawm divination, yos rov qab mus rau 2800 BC, qhov uas lawv tau muab ib co hauv paus kev cai ntawm Suav philosophy. Hnub nyoog ntawm Suav philosophy yuav kwv yees xwb roughly (nws tus thawj flowering, feem ntau yog raug xa mus rau raws li lub 6 xyoo pua BC), raws li nws hnub rov qab mus rau lub qhov ncauj sawv rau ntawm tus Neolithic. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm koj yuav nrhiav tau tawm yog dab tsi lub philosophy ntawm ancient Tuam Tshoj, luv luv ntsib nrog qhov yooj yim lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev xav.

Lub homphiaj ntawm lub philosophy ntawm lub ancient East (Tuam Tshoj) rau centuries muab ib cov tswv yim kev txhawj xeeb rau tus txiv neej thiab haiv neeg, cov lus nug txog yuav ua li cas npaj lub neej nyob hauv zej zog, yuav ua li cas nyob ib tug zoo meej lub neej. Ethics thiab kev nom kev tswv philosophy feem ntau coj ceeb tshaj metaphysics thiab epistemology. Lwm feature ntawm Suav philosophy tau xav txog qhov xwm thiab yog leejtwg tiag, uas coj mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib sau ntawm tus txiv neej thiab Saum ntuj ceeb tsheej, lub ntsiab ntawm tus txiv neej lub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub cosmos.

Plaub lub tsev kawm ntawv uas yog kev xav

Plaub tshwj xeeb influential cov tsev kawm ntawv uas yog kev xav sawv nyob rau hauv lub classic lub sij hawm ntawm Suav keeb kwm, uas pib txog 500 BC Lawv Confucianism, Daoism (feem ntau sau raws li "Taoism"), monism thiab Legalism. Thaum Tuam Tshoj twb koom Qin Dynasty nyob rau hauv 222 BC, Legalism tau txais raws li cov hauj lwm philosophy. Emperors ntawm lub caij Han Dynasty (206 BC - 222 AD) coj Taoism, thiab tom qab ntawd, nyob ib ncig ntawm 100 BC - Confucianism. Cov tsev kawm ntawv twb central rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm suav xav kom txog thaum lub 20th caug xyoo. Tug hauj philosophy uas sawv nyob rau hauv lub 1 xyoo pua BC, yog dav kis nyob rau hauv lub 6 xyoo pua (mas thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm lub Tang Dynasty).

Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Industrialization nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm philosophy ntawm lub ancient East (Tuam Tshoj) tau zus mus xws li ib tug lub tswv yim los ntawm cov western philosophy, uas yog ib kauj ruam ntawm Modernization. Nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm Mao lub Marxism, Stalinism, thiab lwm yam communist ideology los ua ntau nyob rau hauv mainland Tuam Tshoj. Hong Kong thiab Taiwan tau revived paj nyob rau hauv lub Confucian tswv yim. Tus tam sim no tsoom fwv ntawm cov neeg 's koom pheej ntawm Tuam Tshoj txhawb lub ideology ntawm kev ua lag luam kev. Philosophy Ancient Tuam Tshoj sau ua ke hauv qab no.

thaum ntxov ntseeg

Thaum pib ntawm lub Shang Dynasty xav tau raws li nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm kev rov muaj dua, uas ua los ntawm cov soj ntsuam ncaj qha ntawm qhov: cov kev hloov ntawm ib hnub thiab hmo ntuj, qhov kev hloov ntawm lub caij, lub waxing thiab waning ntawm lub hli. Qhov no lub tswv yim tseem tseem ceeb thoob plaws Suav keeb kwm. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Shang hmoo yuav tswj zoo deity Shang Di, txhais ua Lavxias teb sab - "hwjchim loj kawg nkaus Vajtswv." Poj koob yawm txwv pe hawm yog tseem tam sim no, raws li yog cov sacrifices ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg.

Thaum lub Shang dynasty twb overthrown los ntawm cov Zhou dynasty, muaj ib tug tshiab kev nom kev tswv, kev cai dab qhuas thiab philosophical tswvyim ntawm "Mandate of Saum ntuj ceeb tsheej". Raws li nws, yog hais tias tus pas ntsuas tsis sib haum mus rau nws qhov chaw nyob, nws muaj peev xwm yuav puastsuaj lauj thiab hloov los ntawm lwm tus, ntau haum. Archaeological excavations tias lub sij hawm qhia ib qho kev nce kev kawm ntawv thiab ib nrab ntsoos ntsoos los ntawm cov kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv Shang Di. Lub cult ntawm pog koob yawg koob los ua commonplace, raws li cov haiv neeg los ua ntau secular.

puas cov tsev kawm ntawv

Nyob ib ncig ntawm 500 U.Nt.Y., tom qab lub Zhou lub xeev tsis muaj zog txaus, tuaj lub classic lub sij hawm ntawm Suav lub tswv yim (yuav luag nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm muaj kuj tus thawj Greek philosophers). Qhov no lub sij hawm yog lub npe hu ua lub Pua Tsev Kawm Ntawv. Ntawm ntau cov tsev kawm ntawv nrhiav tau rau ntawm lub sij hawm no, thiab thaum lub sij hawm tom ntej no lub sij hawm ntawm lub warring States, cov plaub feem ntau influential twb Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism thiab moizm. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws yog ntseeg tau Kofutsy sau "Kaum tis" thiab ib tug series ntawm commentaries on qhov kuv Ching.

imperial era

Qhov tus tsim ntawm lub luv luv-nyob Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) koom Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm huab tais thiab tsim Legalism li cov hauj lwm philosophy. Li soj, founder ntawm Legalism thiab lub Chancellor ntawm cov thawj huab tais ntawm lub Qin Dynasty Qin Shi Huang, caw nws mus suppress txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm qhia txog intellectuals coj ua ke cov tswv yim thiab kev nom kev tswv kev ntseeg thiab hlawv tag nrho cov classic tej hauj lwm ntawm philosophy, keeb kwm thiab cov paj huam. Tsuas Li soj tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv yuav tsum tso cai. Tom qab nws tau dag los ntawm ob alchemists tau cog lus tseg rau nws ib tug ntev lub neej, Qin Shi Huang faus ciaj sia 460 scholars. Legalism muaj nws cov cawv raws li ntev raws li lub emperors ntawm lub caij Han Dynasty (206 BC - 222 AD) tsis kam txais Taoism, thiab tom qab ntawd, nyob ib ncig ntawm 100 BC, - Confucianism raws li cov hauj lwm qhuab qhia. Txawm li cas los, Taoism thiab Confucianism twb tsis decisive rog ntawm Suav xav kom txog thaum lub 20th caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 6 (mas thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm lub Tang Dynasty) Tug hauj philosophy tau universally paub, tsuas yog vim tus zoo sib thooj nrog Taoism. Uas yog thaum lub sij hawm yog tus philosophy ntawm ancient Tuam Tshoj, sau ua ke saum toj no.

Confucianism

Confucianism - lub collective tej lus qhia ntawm lub sage Confucius, uas nyob rau hauv 551-479 xyoo. BC

Philosophy Ancient Tuam Tshoj, konfutsianstvo luv luv yuav tsum muaj tuaj raws li nram qab no. Nws yog ib tug complex system ntawm kev ncaj ncees, kev sib raug zoo, nom tswv thiab kev cai dab qhuas kev xav, uas tau pab lub keeb kwm ntawm Suav civilization. Ib txhia zaum ntseeg tias Confucianism yog lub xeev cai dab qhuas ntawm Imperial Tuam Tshoj. Confucian cov tswv yim yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Mencius (4 xyoo pua BC) ntseeg tias tus txiv neej muaj ib tug meej mom uas yuav tsum tau cultivated los ua ib tug "zoo". Tshav Tszy pom tib neeg qhov raws li phem, tab sis hais tias los ntawm nws tus kheej-kev qhuab qhia thiab nws tus kheej-kev txhim kho yuav tsum hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug virtue.

Confucius tsis npaj siab yuav mus nrhiav tau ib tug tshiab kev ntseeg, nws tsuas yog xav kom txhais thiab revive ib tug unnamed kev ntseeg Zhou Dynasty. Cov ancient system ntawm kev cai dab qhuas txoj cai tau sab sab nws tus kheej: Vim li cas cov gods cia kev teeb meem thiab kev tsis ncaj ncees? Tab sis yog hais tias tsis dab tsi thiab qhov, yog dab tsi yog lub hauv paus rau ib tug ruaj khov, uniform thiab lasting kev txiav txim? Confucius ntseeg tias qhov no yog lub hauv paus rau lub suab txoj cai, siv, txawm li cas los, Zhou kev ntseeg, nws rituals. Nws tsis tau txhais cov rituals ua kev cai txi rau cov gods, tab sis raws li ib tug ceremony uas embody lub civilized thiab kev cai qauv ntawm tus cwj pwm. Lawv embodied rau nws qhov kev zoo thiab cov tub ntxhais ntawm Suav lub neej. Lub sij hawm "ritual" muaj kev rituals - courtesy thiab txais cai ntawm tus cwj pwm - dab tsi peb tam sim no hu tus ciam. Confucius ntseeg tias tsuas yog civilized haiv neeg yuav ua tau ruaj khov thiab ruaj txoj kev. Lub philosophy ntawm ancient Tuam Tshoj, cov tsev kawm ntawv uas yog kev xav thiab ua raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm ntau coj los ntawm Confucianism.

Taoism

Taoism - yog:

1) lub tsev kawm ntawv uas yog kev xav, raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntawv lub Tao Te Ching (Lao-Tzu) thiab Zhuangzi;

2) Suav pej xeem kev ntseeg.

"Tao" lus txhais tau tias "txoj kev", tab sis nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg thiab philosophy ntawm Tuam Tshoj yog ib lo lus muab rau ib tug ntau paub daws teeb lub ntsiab lus. Lub philosophy ntawm ancient Tuam Tshoj, ib nyuag lus piav qhia txog uas yog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, kuv tau kawm tau ntau cov tswv yim ntawm no abstract thiab seemingly yooj yim lub tswvyim ntawm "txoj kev".

Yin thiab yaj thiab lub tsib ntsiab kev tshawb xav

Nws tsis yog lub npe hu qhov twg lub tswv yim ntawm ob ntsiab cai ntawm Yin thiab Yang, tej zaum nws originated nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm ancient Suav philosophy. Yin thiab Yang - yog ob complementary hauv paus ntsiab lus uas sis ntaub ntawv tag nrho kawg li txheej xwm thiab kev pauv hloov nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Yang - lub active hauv paus ntsiab lus, thiab Yin - passive. Ntxiv cov ntsiab, xws li hnub thiab hmo ntuj, lub teeb thiab tsaus ntuj, kev ua si thiab passivity, txiv neej thiab poj niam, thiab lwm leej lwm tus yog ib tug rog xav txog ntawm Yin thiab Yang. Ua ke, ob tug hais ua li cov kev sib raug zoo thiab lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib raug zoo siv rau cov tshuaj, kos duab, martial arts, thiab kev lub neej ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Lub philosophy ntawm ancient Tuam Tshoj, lub tsev kawm ntawv uas yog kev xav kuj tau absorbed lub tswv yim.

Yin-Yang tswvyim yog feem ntau txuam nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm tsib ntsiab, uas piav txog lub ntuj thiab kev tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug ua ke ntawm tsib yooj yim hais los yog qhov chaw cov neeg ua hauj: ntoo, hluav taws kub, lub ntiaj teb, hlau thiab dej. Lub philosophy ntawm ancient Tuam Tshoj (luv luv teev tawm lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm) tas muaj xws li lub tswvyim.

legalism

Legalism yuav siv sij hawm keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm Suav philosopher Xun Zi (310-237 BC.), Leej twg ntseeg hais tias koom kawm uas yuav tsum tau tswj lub phem xav ntawm tus txiv neej. Han Fei (280-233 BC.) Tsim cov tswvyim no rau hauv ib lub pragmatic totalitarian nom tswv philosophy raws li nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab cai uas ib tug neeg xav kom tsis txhob muaj lub txim thiab rau tau koj tus kheej nce, txij li thaum cov neeg yog los ntawm qhov qia dub thiab siab phem. Yog li, Yog hais tias cov neeg pib mus ce dawb do lawv tej yam ntuj tso xav, nws yuav coj mus tsis sib haum thiab kev sib raug zoo cov teeb meem. Tus kav yuav tsum muaj lawv lub hwj chim nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm peb lub Cheebtsam:

1) raws li txoj cai los yog hauv paus ntsiab lus;

2) txoj kev, tactic, art;

3) Lub legitimacy, lub hwj chim, charisma.

Txoj cai yuav tsum loj rau txim rau offenders thiab muab nqi zog rau cov neeg uas lawv yuav tsum. Legalism tau raug xaiv los mus rau lub philosophy ntawm lub Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC.), Tus thawj koom Tuam Tshoj. Tsis zoo li intuitive anarchy Taoism thiab Confucianism, Legalism virtue considers yuav tsum qhov kev txiav txim yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntau tshaj li lwm leej lwm tus. Nom tswv tej lus qhuab qhia tsim nyob rau hauv lub siab phem lub sij hawm ntawm plaub xyoo pua BC.

Legalists ntseeg hais tias tsoom fwv yuav tsum tsis txhob dag los ntawm pious unattainable hom phiaj ntawm "kev lig kev cai" thiab "tib neeg." Nyob rau hauv lawv pom, npaj siab los txhim kho lub neej nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws los ntawm kev kawm thiab koom tej kev qhuab qhia yuav raug pov rau tsis ua hauj lwm. Es tsis txhob, neeg yuav tsum tau ib tug muaj zog tsoom fwv thiab ib tug elaborate code ntawm cov kev cai, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov tub ceev xwm dag zog yuam, uas yuav yuav tsum tau ib txoj kev thiab ncaj ncees raws li cov kev cai thiab heev rau txim rau offenders. Qhov tus tsim ntawm lub Qin dynasty, pw rau cov totalitarian hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm siab kev cia siab, xav hais tias cov kev cai ntawm nws dynasty yuav kav mus ib txhis.

Buddhism

Lub philosophy ntawm ancient Is Nrias teb thiab Tuam Tshoj muaj ib tug ntau nyob rau hauv ntau. Txawm tias Buddhism originated nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, nws yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias Buddhism nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thaum lub sij hawm Han Dynasty. Hais txog peb puas xyoo tom qab, thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm lub Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420 gg.), Nws tej tawg nyob rau hauv tej chaw. Thaum lub sij hawm no peb puas xyoo, cov los ntawm UFW ntawm Buddhism twb feem ntau cov tuaj tshiab, cov nomadic neeg los ntawm cov western cheeb tsam thiab Central Asia.

Nyob rau hauv ib lub siab, Buddhism lawm yeej tsis tau txais nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Thaum kawg, tsis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug txhob txwm Indian. Lub philosophy ntawm ancient Is Nrias teb thiab Tuam Tshoj tseem muaj ib tug ntau ntawm txawv. Legends abound nrog dab neeg ntawm Khab, xws li Bodhidharma, uas cog ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov Buddhism nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, tab sis muaj me ntsis mention nyob rau hauv lawv ntawm lub inevitability ntawm kev hloov, uas yog kev kawm mus rau cov lus qhuab qhia thaum nws tsiv mus nyob rau txawv teb chaws av, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug nplua nuj, yuav ua li cas Tuam Tshoj yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv hwm ntawm philosophical thought.

Tej yam nta ntawm Indian Buddhism twb to taub tsis tau cov tswv yim Suav lub siab. Nrog nws cov kev lig kev cai ntawm asceticism, pub los ntawm Hindu thought, Indian Buddhism yuav yooj yim siv rau hauv daim ntawm profit remuneration muab nyob rau hauv meditation (meditation tam sim no, lub Nirvana tom qab).

Suav, nyob rau hauv lub muaj zog cawv ntawm kev lig kev cai, tsis ntshai luaj twg kev mob siab thiab kev zoo siab uas tseem ceeb heev xav tau kev pab, yuav tsis tau txais qhov no thiab lwm yam kev coj uas seemed weird thiab sob rau lub neej txhua hnub. Tab sis yog ib cov tswv yim neeg, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv pom thiab ib co tswv yim zoo ntawm Buddhism nyob rau hauv kev sib hwm ntawm ob tug txiv neej thiab haiv neeg.

Ua tsov ua rog ntawm lub Yim Princes - ib tug tsov rog ntawm lub princes thiab kav cov vaj ntxwv ntawm lub Jin dynasty nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 291 306 xyoo, thaum lub sij hawm uas tus nomadic haiv neeg ntawm sab qaum teb Tuam Tshoj, los ntawm Manchuria rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Mongolia, ib tug loj pes tsawg tus tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub zoo ibyam ntawm mercenary troops ..

Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sij hawm, lub theem ntawm Tuam Tshoj tus nom tswv kab lis kev cai tau poob markedly revived cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Lao Tzu thiab Chuang Tzu, maj mam yoog mus Tug hauj thought. Buddhism, uas nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj coj ib tug heev txawv saib. Noj, piv txwv li, lub tswvyim ntawm Nagarjuna. Nagarjuna (150-250 AD.), Indian philosopher, feem ntau influential tug hauj txawj xav tom qab lub Gautama Buddha nws tus kheej. Nws lub ntsiab tshab rau tug hauj philosophy yog los tsim lub tswv yim sunyata (los yog "voids") raws li ib tug keeb tug hauj metaphysical gnoseology thiab phenomenology. Tom qab importing mus rau Tuam Tshoj Sunyata tswvyim twb hloov los ntawm "tsis muaj dabtsis" mus rau "ib yam dab tsi tshwm sim" nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tsoos Suav xav li cas txog Lao Tzu thiab Chuang Tzu.

moizm

Lub philosophy ntawm ancient Tuam Tshoj (luv luv) moizm raws li Mauzy philosopher (470-390 BC.), Leej twg tau pab rau kis tau tus lub tswv yim ntawm universal hlub, koob pheej ntawm lawv ntawm tag nrho quavntsej. Mauzy ntseeg hais tias cov tshuaj tswvyim yog muaj teeb meem, hais tias tib neeg beings yuav taw qhia los mus txiav txim uas sawv tau ib yam. Nyob rau hauv moizm morality yog tsis yog txiav txim los ntawm kev lig kev cai, nws yog yuav correlated nrog utilitarianism, mob siab rau qhov zoo ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus. Nyob rau hauv moizm ntseeg hais tias tsoom fwv - ib lub cuab tam rau muab tej kev taw qhia thiab txhawb thiab txhawb kev coj tus yam ntxwv benefiting tus loj tshaj xov tooj ntawm cov neeg. Kev ua si xws li hu nkauj thiab seev cev, raug xam tias yog ib tug pov tseg ntawm cov kev pab uas yuav raug siv los qhia cov neeg rau zaub mov thiab vaj tse. Mohists tsim lawv tus kheej yeej npaj kev nom kev tswv qauv thiab nyob modestly, ua ib ascetic lub neej, xyaum nws hom phiaj. Lawv tawm tsam tej yam hauv daim ntawv ntawm aggression thiab ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm ntuj ceeb tsheej (Tien), uas punishes tsis dawb huv coj tus cwj pwm.

Koj tau kawm tau hais tias sawv cev rau lub philosophy ntawm ancient Tuam Tshoj (Txoj kev). Rau ib tug ntau ua tiav kev nkag siab hais zoo dua paub txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv nyias. Nta ntawm ancient Suav philosophy tau luv luv teev tseg saum toj no. Peb cia siab tias qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas tau pab koj to taub cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab muaj pov thawj yuav pab tau rau koj.