Uprising decembrists (luv luv). Keeb kwm ntawm Russia. Tau ntawm lub Decembrists uprising

Yuav koj qhia rau peb txog cov revolt ntawm lub Decembrists luv luv? Coup yog surrounded los ntawm ntau yam thiaj li txheej xwm thiab yog yus muaj los ntawm ntau yam thiaj li nuances uas nws mob siab tag nrho cov phau ntawv. Nws yog thawj lub koom haum, tawm tsam tiv thaiv serfdom nyob rau hauv Russia, tshwm sim los ib tug loj dos nyob rau hauv lub zej lub zos thiab muaj ib tug tseem ceeb cawv rau cov nom tswv thiab cov kev lub neej ntawm lub era uas ua raws li cov reign uas huab tais Nicholas I. Thiab tsis tau, qhov no tsab xov xwm yuav sim mus sanctify lub uprising Decembrists luv luv.

lus qhia dav dav

Hlis ntuj nqeg 14, 1825 nyob rau hauv lub capital ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws - St. Petersburg - muaj ib tug coup los. Lub uprising koom haum los ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm zoo li-minded nobles, feem ntau ntawm uas twb khiav dej num ntawm lub tiv thaiv. Tus aim ntawm qhov conspirators yog tus abolition ntawm serfdom thiab lub abolition ntawm autocracy. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv nws cov aims uprising yog ho txawv los ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam conspiracies era ntawm palace coups.

txoj kev cawm seej Union

Tsov rog ntawm 1812 muaj rau txhua yam ntawm tib neeg lub neej ib tug tseem ceeb feem. Muaj kev cia siab rau tau hloov, mas - lub abolition ntawm serfdom. Tab sis mus tshem tawm serfdom, nws yog tsim nyog los txwv cov kev cai monarchical lub hwj chim. Keeb kwm ntawm Russia ntawm no lub sij hawm twb cim los ntawm cov creation ntawm ib tug loj nyob rau hauv ib tug ideological hauv paus zej zog Guard tub ceev xwm, lub thiaj-hu ua cooperatives. Los ntawm ob tug ntawm cov cooperatives twb tsim nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub 1816 Union ntawm Salvation. Nws creator yog Muravev Aleksandr, cov haiv neeg cuab Muravev Nikita, Trubetskoy Sergey, Iakushkin Ivan, tom qab ntawd koom los ntawm Pestel Pavel. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub Union yog cov liberation ntawm lub peasants thiab cov kho kom zoo ntawm lub xeev thawj coj. Pestel nyob rau hauv 1817 tau sau cov charter ntawm lub koom haum, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv Masonic lodges, vim hais tias tus ntawm cov Freemasons cuam tshuam tej kab ke nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub ntawm lub Union. Tsis pom zoo ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub zej zog nyob rau hauv lub tau ntawm lub tua neeg ntawm tus huab tais thaum lub sij hawm lub coup twb yog vim li cas hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Autumn ntawm 1817, lub Union twb yaj.

welfare Union

Thaum pib ntawm 1818 Union ntawm Welfare tau raug tsa nyob rau hauv Moscow - ib tug tshiab pub leejtwg haiv neeg. Nws muaj ob tug puas leej, muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog lub tswv yim tsim ib tug hnyav pej xeem lub tswv yim, los tsim ib tug tsis nrug zog. Ua li no, nws npaj mus npaj raws li txoj cai kev siab hlub, kev sau ntawv, thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv. Nws twb nrhiav tau ntau tshaj ib tug teb allied pawg sab laj nyob hauv lub teb chaws, xws li nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, Kishinev, Tulchin, Smolensk thiab lwm lub zos. Tsim raws li "sab" council, piv txwv li, lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib Nikity Vsevolzhskogo, "Ntsuab teeb". Union mej zeej tau los koom tes nyob rau hauv pej xeem lub neej, sim mus nyob siab txaus nyob rau hauv cov tub rog thiab tsoom fwv cov koom haum. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov haiv neeg tsis tu ncua hloov: thawj koom pib ib lub tsev neeg thiab cov tsiv tawm ntawm kev nom kev tswv, lawv tau hloov los ntawm tshiab. Nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1821 rau peb hnub nyob rau hauv Moscow tuav lub Congress ntawm lub Union ntawm txoj kev vam meej vim tsis pom zoo los ntawm UFW ntawm ntsis thiab radical currents. Congress kev ua ub no coj los Mikhail Fonvizin Nikolai Turgenev. Nws pom hais tias scammers nug txog lub hav zoov ntawm cov Union Government, thiab nws tau txiav txim siab los thawm xyoo yaj nws. Qhov no ua rau nws tau mus tua ntawm cov neeg uas tuaj mus rau hauv lub zej zog los ntawm kev huam yuaj.

reorganization

Lub xaus ntawm lub Union ntawm Welfare yog ib kauj ruam nyob rau hauv es rov. Muaj tshiab haiv neeg: lub North (nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg) thiab sab qab teb (nyob rau hauv Ukraine). Ib tug luag hauj lwm loj nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Society ua si Trubetskoy Sergey, Muravev Nikita, tom qab ntawd - Ryleev Kondraty, ib tug naas ej paj huam, sib ntaus sib tua Republicans rallied nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Lub taub hau ntawm lub koom haum yog Pestel, Pavel, coj ib tug active ib feem tub ceev xwm zov Naryshkin Mihail, Gorstkin Ivan, naval tub ceev xwm thiab Chizhov Nikolay Bodisko cov kwv tij, Mikhail thiab Boris. Cov yav qab teb Society koom Krjukovoj cov kwv tij (Nicholas thiab Alexandra) thiab cov kwv tij Bobrischevy-Pushkin Pavel thiab Nikolay Cherkasov Alexey, Avramov Ivan, Liharev Vladimir Kireev Ivan.

KEEB KWM txheej xwm ntawm lub hlis ntuj nqeg 1825

Xyoo no yog lub uprising ntawm lub Decembrists. Lub conspirators txiav txim siab coj ib tug yooj yim kev cai lij choj qhov teeb meem uas tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm txoj cai mus rau lub rooj huas tias tom qab kev tuag ntawm Alexander I. Muaj ib classified daim ntawv, raws li uas Constantine Pavlovich, tus kwv tij ntawm lub childless Alexander kuv, tom ntej no nyob rau hauv cov hlob qab nws, tsis kam lub zwm txwv. Yog li, tom ntej no tus tij laug, Nikolai Pavlovich, txawm tias nws yog cov tub rog-bureaucratic cov neeg tseem ceeb, mas unpopular, muaj lub zoo dua. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, txawm ua ntej ntawm daim card daim ntawv twb qhib, Nicholas txawm ceev nrooj moog uas nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm Constantine los ntawm txoj cai ntawm lub zwm txwv nyob rau hauv lub onslaught ntawm M. Miloradovich Governor-dav ntawm St. Petersburg.

Cov kev hloov ntawm lub hwj chim

Kaum ib hlis 27, 1825 Keeb kwm ntawm Russia pib ib tug tshiab puag ncig ntawm - thawm xyoo ib tug tshiab huab tais, Constantine. Nrog nws cov duab txawm tias ib tug ob peb lub npib minted. Txawm li cas los, Constantine officially zwm txwv sim, tab sis ho tsis kam nws. Nws tsim ib tug heev tense thiab tsis meej xwm txoj hauj lwm interregnum. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws txiav txim siab los tshaj tawm nws tus kheej ua huab tais Nicholas. Nws tau raug tsa cog rau Hlis ntuj nqeg 14. Thaum kawg tuaj cov kev hloov ntawm tsoom fwv - ib lub caij uas tau raug tos rau cov tswv cuab ntawm daim card societies. Nws tau txiav txim siab mus pib lub revolt ntawm lub Decembrists.

Hlis ntuj nqeg 14 uprising yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug ntev hmo ntuj ntawm lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hmo ntuj ntawm 13 mus rau 14, lub Senate cuaj kaum muaj leej twg paub kev cai lij choj txoj cai mus rau lub zwm txwv ntawm Nicholas. Decembrists txiav txim siab los mus tiv thaiv lub Senate thiab pab tub rog mus coj tus tshiab huab tais ntawm cov lus cog tseg. Qeeb yog tsis yooj yim sua, qhov ntau li vim hais tias cov minister tau dag rau hauv lub rooj rau ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm denunciations thiab arrests yuav pib sai sai.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Decembrists uprising

Lub conspirators tau los nyob rau hauv lub Peter thiab Paul Fortress thiab lub caij ntuj no Palace, lub ntes ntawm muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg thiab, yog tias muaj tej yam tshwm sim, mus tua. Yuav kom ua lub uprising, tau raug xaiv los Sergei Troubetzkoy. Ntxiv mus, lub Decembrists puas yuav tsum tau cov Senate luam tawm ib lub teb chaws manifesto tshaj tawm txoj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov laus txoj cai thiab lub tsev lag luam ntawm ib tug nruab nrab tsoom fwv. Cov tswv cuab ntawm lub tshiab revolutionary tsoom fwv yuav tsum ua Mordvinova Admiral thiab suav Speransky. Nyob rau Deputies muab neeg ua hauj lwm los pom zoo rau cov kevcai tswj - ib tug tshiab yooj yim kev cai lij choj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yog hais tias tus Senate tsis kam mus tshaj tawm ib lub teb chaws manifesto muaj cov khoom nyob rau hauv abolition ntawm serfdom, lub koob pheej ntawm lawv ntawm tag nrho cov ua ntej txoj cai, kev ywj pheej ywj siab, cov kev taw qhia ntawm yuav tsum tau rau tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov tub rog kev pab cuam, cov kev taw qhia ntawm mus sib hais los ntawm pawg neeg pab txiav, qhov kev xaiv tsa ntawm tub ceev xwm, abolition ntawm lub poll tax , etc., Nws tau txiav txim siab ua kom nws ua los ntawm kev quab yuam.

Ces nws los pib lub nrov Cathedral, uas yuav daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev xaiv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv: koom pheej los yog ib tug kev cai monarchy. Yog hais tias ib tug Republican daim ntawv no, muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg yuav tsum tau muab xa tawm ntawm lub teb chaws xaiv. Ryleev thawj muaj rau xa Nicholas rau Fort Ross, tab sis, ces lawv Pestel xeeb cov tua neeg ntawm Nicholas thiab, tej zaum, Tsesarevicha Aleksandra.

Hlis ntuj nqeg 14 - lub revolt ntawm lub Decembrists

Piav mentsis txog dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm lub coup los. Thaum ntxov nyob rau yav sawv ntxov Ryleev Kakhovsky nyob qhov kev thov mus rau hauv lub caij ntuj no Palace thiab tua Nicholas. Nws chiv pom zoo tab sis, ces tsis kam. Los ntawm kaum ib nyob rau hauv thaum sawv ntxov nyob rau hauv lub Senate Square tau rho Moscow tiv thaiv, Grenadiers, sailors tiv thaiv marine neeg coob. Tag nrho cov - txog peb txhiab tug neeg. Cuaj kaum, ib tug ob peb hnub ua ntej lub uprising ntawm lub Decembrists nyob rau hauv 1825, Nicholas ntawm intentions neeg ntawm daim card societies ceeb toom decembrist Rostovtsev, xav tias uprising unworthy ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg ntawm yawm, thiab tus Chief of General neeg ua hauj lwm Dibich. Twb thaum xya senators coj Nicholas cog thiab hais tias nws tus huab tais. Troubetzkoy, taw lub taub hau ntawm lub uprising, tsis tshwm nyob rau hauv lub square. Rhawv rau lub Senate txuas ntxiv mus sawv ntsug thiab tos, thaum lub conspirators tuaj mus rau ib tug pom zoo nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug thawj coj tshiab.

tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm

Nyob rau hnub no, keeb kwm tau ua nyob rau hauv Russia. Suav Miloradovich, tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau hauv nees, nws pib mus rau hais tias yog Constantine tsis kam mus yuav ib tug huab tais, nws muaj tsis muaj dab tsi yuav tsum tau ua li cas. Twb tso tawm los ntawm lub zoo ibyam ntawm lub insurgents hais tias Obolensky Miloradovich tsav tawm, thiab ces, pom tias nws tsis hnov mob maj mam raug mob nyob rau hauv lub sab ntawm nws bayonet. Kakhovsky lub sij hawm no tua nyob rau hauv lub count nrog rau ib rab phom. Duke Mikhail Pavlovich thiab Colonel Styurler sim coj mus rau lub kev mloog lus ntawm cov tub rog, tab sis tag nrho cov me nyuam no twb hai. Cuaj kaum, tus rebels ob zaug Repulsed tus nres ntawm lub Nees, uas coj Alexei Orlov.

Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam sib sau kaum ntawm txhiab tus neeg nyob rau St. Petersburg, lawv sympathized nrog lub rebels thiab cuam nyob rau hauv Nicholas thiab nws cov retinue pob zeb thiab cav. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, peb tsim ob "rings" ntawm cov neeg. Ib tug twb ncig los ntawm tus rebels, thiab twb muaj li ntawm cov neeg uas tuaj ua ntej, thiab lwm yam tsim ntawm cov neeg uas tuaj tom qab, gendarmes nyob rau cheeb tsam lawv tsis tso cai, yog li cov neeg raug sawv qab lub Decembrists ncig lub tsoom fwv tub rog. Qhov no puag ncig yug qhov kev nyab xeeb thiab Nicholas, leej twg xav nyob rau hauv nws kawm tau zoo, txiav txim siab los npaj cov mej zeej ntawm lub muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg crews nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv koj yuav tsum khiav cov Tsarskoye selo.

zoo tib hwj chim

Tus tshiab-ua huab tais pom tau hais tias cov kev tshwm sim ntawm lub Decembrists revolt tej zaum yuav tsis muaj nyob rau hauv nws haum, ces kuv nug Eugene metropolitans thiab Seraphim txaus siab mus rau cov tub rog nrog ib tug kev thov thim. Nws tsis tau coj tau, thiab kev txhawj xeeb intensified Nicholas. Cuaj kaum, nws muaj kev tswj kom tau cov teg num, thaum lub rebels tau xaiv ib tug thawj coj tshiab (nws tau raug tsa tub huabtais Obolensky). Tsoom fwv tub rog nyob rau hauv xov tooj ntau tshaj plaub lub sij hawm superior rau cov tub rog ntawm lub Decembrists: cuaj txhiab bayonets ntawm infantry tau sau, peb txhiab cavalry sabers, tom qab ntawd hu ua tus Gunners (peb caug-rau phom), tag nrho - hais txog kaum ob txhiab tus neeg. Lub insurgents, raws li sau tseg saum toj no, muaj peb txhiab.

Lub yeej ntawm lub Decembrists

Thaum los ntawm cov Admiralty Boulevard ciali tiv thaiv artillery, Nicholas kom mus ua ib tug pov ntawm buckshot rau lub "mob", yog nyob rau lub ru tsev ntawm lub Senate thiab cov neighboring tsev. Decembrists teb nrog phom loj tua hluav taws thiab ces ib tug lawg ntawm shrapnel coj mus sib ntaus. Lawv txuas ntxiv tom qab cov kev txhaj tshuaj, cov tub rog khiav mus rau cov dej khov ntawm cov Neva nrog tus aim tsiv mus nyob rau Vasilevsky Island. Nyob rau Neva ice Bestuzhev sim mus nrhiav kom tau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm sib ntaus sib tua thiab ces mus nyob rau hauv offensive. Cov tub rog lined, tab sis twb raug rho tawm haujlwm los ntawm cov phom tsuab. Cov dej khov tawg, cov neeg tau poob deg. Lub hom phiaj yog ib tug tsis ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv txoj kev thiab plaub fab ntawm lub hmo ntuj yog pua pua ntawm cov corpses.

Cov raug ntes thiab mus sib hais

Yog muaj lus nug txog dab tsi xyoo lub Decembrists uprising coj qhov chaw thiab yuav ua li cas nws lawm, yeej teb niaj hnub no, tsis muaj ntau. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tshwm sim muaj ib tug zoo feem nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej keeb kwm ntawm Russia. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov Decembrists 'uprising yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav underestimated - lawv yog cov thawj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tsim ib tug revolutionary lub koom haum, peb tsim ib tug nom tswv kev pab cuam, los npaj thiab siv ib armed uprising. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub rebels twb tsis npaj rau tej kev txom nyem uas ua raws li cov uprising. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tom qab mus sib hais twb tua los ntawm dai (Ryleeva Pestel, Kakhovka thiab lwm yam), cov lwm leej lwm tus exiled Siberia thiab lwm qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv ib haiv neeg cais: ib co txaus siab rau huab tais, tus lwm yam - lub ua tsis tau tejyam revolutionaries. Thiab cov survivors lawv tus kheej revolutionaries yeej, shackled, raug, nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus kev puas hlwb kev nyuaj siab.

Nyob rau hauv xaus

Hais txog hais tias, yuav ua li cas yog lub Decembrists revolt twb luv luv tham nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm. Lawv mob siab los ntawm ib tug muaj siab - ib tug revolutionary tsab cai tiv thaiv autocracy thiab serfdom nyob rau hauv Russia. Rau siab cov tub hluas, koj cov tub rog, philosophers thiab economists, mas xav sim coup yog cov tub ntxhais: ib tug neeg tsom zog tes, ib tug neeg tsis muaj zog, ib tug neeg tsom kev txiav txim, ua siab loj, nws tus kheej-kev txi, thiab ib tug neeg pib waver, yuav tsis txuag lub workflow, retreated.

Lub keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub Decembrists revolt yog tias lawv tso lub hauv paus ntawm lub revolutionary kev lig kev cai. Lawv ua tau zoo cim pib ntawm kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm cov liberation ntawm xav nyob rau hauv feudal Russia.