Txheej txheem cej luam Baikonur Cosmodrome: hauj lwm, keeb kwm thiab nthuav tseeb

Baikonur Cosmodrome, qhov twg tshaj yav dhau los ib nrab-xyoo pua yog tus pib ntawm ib tug thiab ib tug ib nrab txhiab ntawm spacecraft, tseem ua rau yus nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm launches. Tsaug rau nws, tus Soviet Union yog tau coj ib tug uas txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov chaw kev lag luam thiab kev kawm, tawm hauv qab hauv lub tebchaws United States. Kyzylkum suab puam los ua lub keeb kwm qhov chaw uas ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw ua ntej cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, paving txoj kev mus rau kab nyob saum ntuj lub ntiaj teb ntau tshaj ib puas ntawm astronauts, ntawm uas 62 neeg - neeg txawv teb chaws.

Mus pib Baikonur

50-ies ntawm XX xyoo pua tau cim los ntawm puas tau-ua rivalry ntawm lub USSR thiab lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv cov tub rog kheej, nyob rau hauv particular, nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm intercontinental ballistic cuaj luaj. Cov kev siv ntawm lub Baikonur cosmodrome yog ib tug ntawm cov theem ntawm kev sib tw, thaum lub sij hawm uas tus thawj Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile yog yuav tsum tau mus soj ntsuam.

Txij li thaum lub tsim ntau yam ntawm nws cov davhlau yog ntau tshaj li yim txhiab kilometers, qhov yuav tsum tau sawv rau ib tug tshiab txoj kev los ntawm cov neeg Esxias ib feem ntawm lub USSR thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj cov suab puam chaw, haum rau cov tshem tawm ntawm rav cua tsheb nws foob pob ua ntxaij theem thiab kev tsim kho ntawm xab noj.

Ib tug tshwj xeeb commission nais maum kuaj ob peb qho kev xaiv: Dagestan, Mari ASSR, Astrakhan thiab Kyzylorda cheeb tsam. Cov yav tas kev xaiv no yog ntau tshaj li qhov lwm tus tau ntsib tus uas yuav tsum tau ntawm cov R-7 foob pob ua ntxaij designers vim hais tias nws tso cai rau optimum tso ntawm cov khoom ntawm ballistic cuaj luaj thiab xov tooj cua siv thaum pib ntawm lub ntiaj teb txoj kev tig.

Nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1955, lub Council of Ministers saws ib tug decree № 292-181, instructing pib tsim kho ntawm lub chaw. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub Kazakhstan suab puam nyob "Polygon tooj 5" - lub neej yav tom ntej cosmodrome Baikonur.

muab Baikonur

Tom qab nqa tawm reconnaissance rau lub tswv yim kev siv ntawm Spaceport cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub USSR tsoom fwv commission xaiv ib tug deserted ib feem ntawm Kazakhstan, yog nyob rau sab laug ntawm lub Aral hiav txwv, nyob ze ntawm lub zos ntawm Baikonur. Xaiv cheeb tsam nruab nrab ntawm Kazalinsk thiab Dzhusaly - regional chaw ntawm Kyzylorda Oblast.

Lub cheeb tsam no yog yus muaj los ntawm cov tiaj tus struts thiab me me luaj li cas ntawm cov pejxeem. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm uas nws coj qhov chaw nyob ze lub cev muaj zog txoj kev thiab ib tug railway kab Moscow - Tashkent (saib xyuas Tyr-Tam), thiab proceeded Central Esxias dej Syr. Tej yam zoo tau hais txog nrog cov me nyuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej - lub cuaj luaj thiab cov khoom siv.

Tab sis lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub nyob ntawm tus kwv nyob ze ntawm lub ncaj, ua rau nws yooj yim dua mus tso rau hauv lub missiles, txij thaum nyob rau cov ntaub ntawv no ntxiv siv lub ntiaj teb muab ceev.

Los ntawm cov thawj mus rau lub barracks thawj pib

Thaum pib ntawm 1955 nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej cosmodrome "Baikonur" phais nias los txog - tub rog siv, muaj raws ntawm yim battalions.

Tus thawj hauj lwm ntawm lub tshwj xeeb tuaj txog yog qhov kev siv ntawm vaj tse nyob. Thawj ntoo barracks tau ua.

Ntxiv cov tub rog thiab pej xeem builders muaj lub tsim ntawm lub ntau lawm puag, uas muaj pob zeb ua cov nroj tsuag ntau, rau cov kua Cheebtsam, warehouses rau kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li txua ntoo thiab sawmill.

Los ntawm kawg ntawm 1956 qhov muaj feem thib khoom ntawm lub cosmodrome ua tau. Pib npaj ua hauj lwm rau lub cuaj luaj kev ntsuam xyuas.

Los ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm xyoo 1957 xab system yog tsim los pab thoob plaws lub teb chaws ntawm Baikonur. Tej zaum 5, 1957 tsoom fwv commission thawj start-up complex yog commissioned. Baikonur yog npaj txhij rau lub community launch intercontinental cuaj luaj.

Cov tshuaj rau qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm tau txuam nrog tus yam teeb meem.

Teeb meem nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus rau hauv qhov chaw

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov kev tsim kho ua hauj lwm tau ntsib nrog ib tug hnyav kev nyab xeeb nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan thiab txhawj lub neej. Thawj zaug nws yog ib lub tsev ntaub, ces, nrog rau cov sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm caij nplooj ntoos hlav - lub dugout. Tus thawj ntoo barracks nyob xwb nyob rau hauv Tej zaum.

Qhov kawg ntawm Lub Xya hli ntuj 1955 nws pib qhov kev siv ntawm lub community launch ncoo tooj 1. siv cov kev faib twb nqa tawm ib ncig ntawm lub moos, raws li tus kwv deadlines twb kaw ntom nti ua.

Chiv, muaj ib tug tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom. Los ntawm cov lus ntawm tog tsev Baikonur so colonel Sergei Alekseenko, nyob rau pov tseg ntawm lub builders tsuas yog 5 scrapers, 2 bulldozers, ob excavators thiab 5 tsheb thauj khoom. Los ntawm cov txhais tau tias, nws yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm luv luv yuav ua rau lub qhov 50 meters sib sib zog nqus. Thiab nws yog ntau tshaj 1 lab cubic meters ntawm pob zeb!

Kuv tau ntsib thiab dray av nplaum hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau noj lub excavator. Qhov teeb meem no tau txais kev cawmdim nees nkaum tons ntawm explosives. Qhov uas yuav muaj yog enormous, raws li cov blasting hauj lwm twb txwv. Tab sis txhua yam yog ua li cas rau cov thawj foob pob ua ntxaij community launch.

Tus thawj pib

Tus thawj community launch ntawm lub Baikonur Cosmodrome tau ua tom qab xwb 10 hnub tom qab lub kos npe rau ntawm kev txaus Baikonur xeev commission.

Tej zaum 15, 1957 twb ntse launched ib tug intercontinental ballistic missile 8K71 tooj 5L, uas tom qab ua qhov chiv keeb ntawm cov foob pob ua ntxaij R-7 "Union". Txawm li cas los, tsuas yog nyob rau 4 Lub kaum hli ntuj ntawm lub tib lub xyoo twb launched rau hauv qhov chaw tus thawj dag ntiaj teb satellite.

Ntxiv mus, nws yog tseem muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov thawj ntawm nws hom ntawm pib:

• Cuaj hlis 14, 1959 - pib ntawm automatic "nkauj hnub nraug hli 2" chaw nres tsheb, mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb nto ntawm lub satellite;
• Lub kaum hli ntuj 4, 1959 - lub community launch txog lub "nkauj hnub nraug hli-3" yees duab lub rov qab sab ntawm lub hli;
• Lub yim hli ntuj 19, 1960 - Tua tawm ntawm "Vostok", uas tau xa rov qab ib cov tshuaj ntsiav nrog dev;
• Plaub Hlis Ntuj 12, 1961 - Tua tawm ntawm "Vostok" nrog rau cov thawj cosmonaut Yuriem Gagarinym.

Kab lus "Baikonur", "Lub community launch", "manned sib ntaus" maj los ua paub rau cov pej xeem ntawm peb lub teb chaws.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub cosmodrome

Ib tug pib complex yuav tsis tag rau qhov kev siv ntawm cov Baikonur cosmodrome. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub allotted chaw uas zoo heev nyob rau hauv nws tau ua ntau ceg, tsim los rau cuaj luaj sib txawv ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm load peev xwm, "Cyclone-M" lub teeb, "lub Union", "Zenith", "xob" nruab nrab, "Proton" hnyav thiab "zog" super-hnyav chav kawm ntawv.

4 xyoos tom qab cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov thawj starting complex ntawm lub "Union" nws ua tau lwm tus, zoo li tus ua ntej.

Nyob rau hauv 1965 nws tau muab tso rau hauv tus thawj launcher rau "Proton", thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd - cov thib ob. Nyob rau hauv 1967, nws commissioned ob sib rau cov cab kuj foob pob ua ntxaij "Cyclone". Tom ntej no, thiab kev tsim thiab commissioning tshiab chaw nres kom txog rau thaum 1979. Nyob rau hauv 1979 nyob rau hauv Kyzylorda cheeb tsam, nyob qhov twg lub Baikonur Cosmodrome, pib ua ob ntxiv installation "Proton".

lwm yam kev infrastructure tseem tsim Spaceport.

Txheej txheem cej luam Baikonur

Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm lub Baikonur chaw center nrog cua impressive thiab tso cai rau kwv yees nws cov magnitude. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws cheeb tsam yog impressive - 6717 square kilometers. Nws stretches ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb yog 75 km, los ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob - 90 km.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, yog hais lus ntawm "Baikonur" complex, uas muaj txog cov spaceport thiab lub nroog.

Hauv pem teb infrastructure muaj kaum ob lub community launch ceg. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub lag luam muaj tsuas yog rau: rau rockets "Soyuz", "Zenith", "Proton", "Zog", "Zog-Buran".

Ua kaum ib los ua ke lub tsev, qhov chaw uas kev kawm community launch tsheb (LV), boosters rau community launch. Muaj kuj yog ib tug xab system thiab Exhibition Center, cov pa-nitrogen tsob nroj rau zus tau tej cov cryogenic khoom.

Xab ntsiab lus spaced raws Lavxias teb sab thiab Kazakh chaw uas zoo heev raws li lub davhlau tseem khiav thiab theem ntawm rockets ntog chaw.

nthuav lus

Yuav ua li cas lwm tus muaj peev xwm koj hais txog xws li ib tug chaw raws li lub Baikonur community launch site? Keeb kwm spaceport khaws cia ntau nthuav tseeb thaum lub sij hawm.

Nthuav feem ntau keeb kwm ntawm nws lub npe. Nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub sab qaum teb spurs ntawm lub Tau yog ib tug me me Kazakh zos Boykonyr (nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab nws suab zoo li Baikonur).

Txij li thaum lub missile site yog tus kwv ntawm ib tug pub leejtwg, nws twb txiav txim siab los pib kho ntawm ib tug cuav spaceport nyob ze lub zos no thiab hu nws Baikonur yam American txoj kev ntse. Soviet xov xwm qhov chaw tom ntej launches ntawm satellites qhia lub zos ntawm Baikonur, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag nws twb tau nrog polygon tooj 5, uas rau tej lub sij hawm coj qhws lub code lub npe "Taiga".

Interestingly, lub "Baikonur" yog kev tiv thaiv txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub 60s.

Thaum khawb ib tug aub tsiv rau ib tug community launch ncoo txhiab qhov cub ancient cov neeg twb pom (muaj hnub nyoog tshawb pom muaj mus txoj los ntawm 10 mus rau 30 txhiab xyoo). Thaum zoo li no kawm general designer Korolyov, nws hu ua nws ib tug zoo siab qhov chaw rau yav tom ntej missile launches.

Cov lus txog lub "zajlus los ntawm lub neej." Thaum tawm cov kev pab cuam lub nruab 12 (kaum ob!) Tons ntawm haus dej cawv. Nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag, ntxuav tshuab nws coj xwb 7 tons. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li tsis mus txiav tus qauv npaj rau yav tom ntej mov, txiav txim siab los ntws lub seem sneaking cawv rau hauv lub aub tsiv thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg pw tsaug zog.

Txawm li cas los, ntawm daim card twb sov ua licas qhia tawm siv neeg ua hauj lwm, thiab "qhuav" txoj cai uas prevailed ntawm qhov chaw tam sim ntawd flouted. Txawm li cas los, qhov teeb meem no twb sai sai solved Baikonur Cosmodrome kev taw qhia: cawv twb hlawv nyob rau hauv ib qhov.

Baikonur tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR

Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union lub community launch site yog sab nraum lub thaj tsam ntawm lub successor mus rau lub Soviet Russia thiab los ua cov cuab yeej ntawm Kazakhstan. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv nws cov lag luam. Nyob thiab ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob ntawm cov tub rog builders sharply qub. Qhov no tshwm sim los ib revolt rau lawv ib feem. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv, muaj tau txais so, rov qab rov qab tsis muaj lawm.

Ib tug zoo xws li cov tshaj plaws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1993 nrog rau cov tub rog, npaj txhij mus rau "Proton". Yog vim li cas rau lawv indignation los ua ib feem ntawm understaffed. Rocketeer yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm rau peb.

Nyob rau hauv 2003, dua ntxeev siab ua tub rog engineers. Thaum lub sij hawm no qhov ua rau ntawm lub riot yog cov lus xaiv hais tias tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm lub cosmodrome "East" Cosmodrome - Baikonur, uas nws qhov chaw ua si no tseem siv rau launches ntawm Lavxias teb sab foob pob ua ntxaij, yuav raug kaw, thiab nws yuav xa tub rog mus Siberia.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov uncontrolled outflow ntawm cov neeg ua tau poob rau cov pejxeem ntawm lub nroog ntawm Baikonur. Muaj ntau ntawm lub qhov twb khoob. Neeg uas nyob tsiv down, tsis txawm noj cov rooj tog zaum. Neeg uas nyob ntawm nyob ze lub zos populated tas qhov self-capture los yog neeg nyiag lawm.

Treaty ntawm Russia thiab Kazakhstan rau daim ntawv xauj tsev ntawm lub landfill, xaus lus nyob rau hauv 1994, cawm qhov teeb meem no. lossis loj nyiaj ntawm cov nyiaj tau uas tau faib rau kho.

Baikonur hnub no

Niaj hnub no, lub nroog nyob rau pej xeem ntawm ob lub teb chaws: Russia thiab Kazakhstan. Ploj mus yog cov teeb meem nrog rau cov "communal". Animated Baikonur community launch kev pab zov me nyuam PH.

Los ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 2016 mus tam sim no tua ntse launched los ntawm cov cosmodrome "Baikonur" yim rockets. Nws yog npaj mus nqa tawm rau ntau sau.

Txawm li cas los, tsis yog txhua txhua Lavxias teb sab npaj mus ntsib cov to taub txog cov Kazakh sab.

Qhov tseeb yog tias nrog cov "Baikonur" txuas ntxiv launches ntawm "Proton" foob pob ua ntxaij uas sau rau mas lom roj.

Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, txhua lub community launch ntawm lub cosmodrome "Baikonur" ua discontent ntawm cov Kazakh tub ceev xwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub community launch tsis ua hauj lwm. Thiab vim qhov no mob cov ib puag ncig, nws txo nws hwj Russia Kazakhstan loj nyiaj.

Lom zem Baikonur

Thaum tus nkag mus rau hauv lub zos koj yuav saib tau ib tug monument nrog rau cov duab nyob rau hauv lub qis ib feem ntawm qhov yooj los ntawm cov hauv qab thiab nyob rau sab saum toj - tus thawj satellite. "Los ntawm lub qhov tsua - nyob rau hauv qhov chaw" - ib lub npe muab rau tus monument rau cov neeg nyob ntawm Baikonur.

Muaj nyob rau hauv lub nroog thiab "Japanese Islands" thiab "Me me ntiaj teb", thiab "Sino-Soviet" - yog nws zej zog. Nws tsis yog nyuaj rau twv hais tias yog vim li cas rau lub tsos ntawm cov npe no. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov neeg nyuaj los ntawm kev uas kuv yuav tsum tau mus rau cov neeg nyob ntawm Baikonur - lub builders ntawm lub Baikonur cosmodrome.