Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm sulfur. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov leej faj thiab lub boiling point

Sulfur yog ib qho lub caij, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib rau lub pab pawg neeg ntawm cov periodic rooj thiab lub thib peb lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav sib tham txog nws cov tshuaj thiab lub zog, tus sau, siv thiab thiaj li nyob. Lub cev cov yam ntxwv xws li tej nta li xim, degree ntawm hluav taws xob conductivity, sulfur thiab boiling kub t. Q. Tshuaj tib piav nws kev sis raug zoo nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj.

los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm physics Sulfur

Nws yog ib tug me teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug khoom hauv lub xeev. Sulfur muaj ib tug txiv qaub-daj xim. Thiab rau qhov cov tag nrho nws cov tebchaw muaj daj ntxoov. Cov dej tsis yaj. Nws muaj tsawg thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity. Cov nta tuab nws raws li ib tug raug uas tsis yog-hlau. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov leej faj yog tsis nyuab, lub tshuaj yuav muaj ob peb variations. Tag nrho cov nyob ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv, uas yog kev cob cog rua ntawm lub atoms, molecules, lawv tsis roos.

Yog li ntawd, cov thawj kev xaiv - rhombic sulfur. Nws yog lub feem ntau ruaj khov. Qhov no hom ntawm cov leej faj kub kub ntawm plaub puas plaub caug-tsib degrees Celsius. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau lub substance dhau mus rau hauv lub gaseous lub xeev, nws yog thawj tsim nyog kom dhau lub kua. Yog li, melting ntawm cov leej faj yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau ib tug kub uas yog ib puas thiab tsug kaum peb degrees Celsius.

Ob txhais Embodiment - monoclinic sulfur. Nws yog ib rab koob-zoo li tus muaju nrog ib tug maub daj xim. Melting ntawm cov thawj hom leej faj, thiab ces nws qeeb txias leads mus rau kev tsim ntawm no hom. Qhov no tsiaj nws muaj yuav luag tib lub cev tus yam ntxwv. Piv txwv li, lub ib kub npau npau taw tes ntawm cov leej faj ntawm no hom - tag nrho cov tib plaub puas plaub caug-tsib degrees. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj yog xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm tshuaj xws li cov yas. Nws yog tau los ntawm pouring mus rau hauv dej txias, rhuab mus ze ib kub npau npau rhombic. Lub ib kub npau npau taw tes ntawm cov leej faj ntawm daim ntawv no yog tib yam. Tab sis lub substance muaj cov cuab yeej rau ncab zoo li roj hmab.

Lwm tivthaiv yam ntxwv lub cev uas kuv xav hais tias - leej faj tiv cav tseb kub. Qhov no xam tej zaum yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb hom ntawm cov khoom thiab nws keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, kev cov leej faj tiv cav tseb kub yog ib puas cuaj caum degrees. Qhov no yog ib tug ncaj uas tsis muaj daim duab. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam mob, tus flash point ntawm cov leej faj yuav ua tau ob puas plaub caug yim degrees, thiab txawm ob puas tsib caug rau. Nws tag nrho cov nyob ntawm seb nws puas tau mined, uas muaj ib tug ntom ntawm ib cov khoom. Tab sis nws yog ua tau los xaus hais tias cov leej faj combustion kub yog txaus tsawg, muab piv nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj hais, nws yog ib cov. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov leej faj tej zaum yuav tej zaum kuj yuav ua ke nyob rau hauv molecules muaj yim, rau, plaub los yog ob tug atoms. Tam sim no suav cov leej faj los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm physics, tsiv mus rau lub tom ntej no seem.

Tshuaj characterization ntawm cov leej faj

Lub caij muaj ib tug kuj tsis tshua muaj atomic luj, nws yog sib npaug zos rau peb caug-ob grams tauj ib tias. caij leej faj nta muaj xws li ib tug feature ntawm lub substance li muaj peev xwm muaj cov zaubmov ntawm oxidation. Qhov no txawv los ntawm, piv txwv li, hydrogen los yog oxygen. Xav rau lo lus nug hais txog dab tsi cov tshuaj yam ntxwv ntawm lub caij leej faj, nws tsis yooj yim sua tsis hais tias nws, nyob ntawm seb tej yam kev mob, qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas rov qab thiab oxidizing zog. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim xyuas qhov kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nrog sib txawv tshuaj tebchaw.

Sulfur thiab yooj yim tshuaj

Tej yam yooj yim no yog cov uas muaj li ntawm xwb ib lub caij. Nws atoms tej zaum yuav ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv, xws li, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov pa, los yog tej zaum yuav tsis tau kev cob cog rua, raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog hlau. Yog li, cov leej faj tej zaum yuav hnov mob nrog hlau, lwm yam uas tsis yog-hlau thiab halogens.

Sis nrog co

Yuav kom siv qhov no zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau kub. Nyob rau hauv xws tej yam kev mob, muaj ib tug tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Hais tias yog, tus hlau atoms yog ua ke nrog cov leej faj atoms mus ua ib lub complex tshuaj nrog lub sulfides. Piv txwv li, yog tias ob tug moles ntawm poov tshuaj thaum tshav kub kub, nws lawv nrog ib tus nas ntawm cov leej faj tau ib tus nas ntawm cov hlau sulfide. Cov kab zauv yuav sau raws li nram no: 2K + S = K ₂ S.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov pa

Nws yog hlawv sulfur. Vim nws oxide yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no. Cov yav tas yuav muaj ob hom. Yog li ntawd, cov leej faj burning tau coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv. Keeb kwm - thaum twg ib tug tias ntawm cov leej faj thiab ib lub tias ntawm cov pa ib lub tias ntawm tsim Sulfur dioxide. Cov ntaub ntawv no tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv raws li nram no: S + O ₂ = li _2. Ob txhais theem - zwm rau lwm lub dioxide nrog rau oxygen atoms. Qhov no tshwm sim yog tias ntxiv rau ob moles ntawm cov leej faj dioxide ib lub tias ntawm oxygen nyob rau hauv kub tej yam kev mob. Cov no ob moles Sulfur trioxide. Cov kab zauv ntawm no tshuaj sis yog raws li nram no: 2SO ₂ + O ₂ = 2SO _3. Raws li ib tug ntawm xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua sulfuric acid. Yog li, thaum nej tau nqa tawm ob piav cov txheej txheem yuav raug hla lawm trioxide tau los ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm chav. Thiab peb tau ib tug sulphate acid. Cov kab zauv ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv yog kaw raws li nram no: li ₃ + H ₂ O = H ₂ li _4.

Sis nrog halogens

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov leej faj, raws li zoo li lwm yam uas tsis yog-hlau, cia nws mus rau teb rau no pab pawg neeg ntawm tshuaj. Nws muaj xws li tebchaw xws li Fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo. Sulfur reacts muaj ib yam ntawm lawv, tshwj tsis yog lub xeem. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, peb yuav xaiv cov fluorination txheej txheem ntawm lub periodic rooj caij. Nrog sov ntawm hais tias tsis yog-hlau mus Halogen fluoride yuav tau ob variations. Thawj cov ntaub ntawv: Yog hais tias ib tug yuav siv sij hawm ib tug tias ntawm Sulfur thiab peb moles ntawm fluorine ib lub tias ntawm fluoride tau uas nws mis yog SF _6. Cov kab zauv raws li nram no: S + 3F ₂ = SF _6. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib tug kev xaiv thib ob: yog hais tias ib tug yuav siv sij hawm ib tug tias ntawm cov leej faj thiab ob moles ntawm fluorine ib lub tias tau fluoride nrog cov tshuaj mis SF _4. Cov kab zauv yog sau raws li nram no: S + 2F ₂ = SF _4. Raws li koj tau pom, nws tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv lub proportions nyob rau hauv uas lub Cheebtsam yog tov. Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev uas koj muaj peev xwm tuav cov leej faj chlorination txheej txheem (yuav tau daim ob tug sib txawv tshuaj) los yog bromination.

Sis nrog lwm yooj yim tshuaj

Thaum no cov yam ntxwv leej faj caij xaus. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw kuj sib hnov mob nrog hydrogenous, phosphorus thiab carbon. Vim sis nrog hydrogen sulfide tsim acid. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog lub co muaj peev xwm muab tau lawv sulfides, uas nyob rau hauv lem, kuj npaj ncaj qha los ntawm reacting leej faj nrog tib hlau. Accession atoms rau atoms ntawm Hydrogen Sulfur tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau kub kub. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov leej faj nrog phosphorus yog tsim nws phosphide. Nws muaj cov mis: P ₂ S _3. Yog xav tau ib tug tias ntawm lub substance, nws yog tsim nyog los noj ob thiab peb moles ntawm phosphorus moles Sulfur. Thaum leej faj yog reacted nrog carbon ntaub ntawv carbides xam tau tias yog nonmetal. Nws tshuaj mis yog raws li nram no: CS _2. Yog xav tau ib tug tias ntawm lub substance, nws yog tsim nyog los noj ib lub tias ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab ob moles ntawm sulfur. Tag nrho cov saum toj no-piav tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsuas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub zwj ceeb ntawm cua sov rau cov reactants rau siab kub. Peb tau soj ntsuam txog tus sis ntawm cov leej faj uas yooj yim tshuaj, tam sim no tsiv mus rau lub tom ntej no yam khoom.

Sulfur thiab complex tebchaw

Complex yog cov tshuaj uas nws molecules muaj ob (los yog xav paub ntxiv) txawv hais. Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov leej faj cia nws mus hnov mob nrog tebchaw xws li alkali thiab concentrated sulfate acid. Nws yog ib heev peculiar tshua rau cov tshuaj. Ua ntej, xav txog dab tsi tshwm sim thaum tov nrog alkali nyob rau hauv saib xyuas nonmetal. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias peb coj rau moles ntawm poov tshuaj hydroxide thiab ntxiv thereto peb moles ntawm cov leej faj, sulfide tau ob moles ntawm poov tshuaj ib tus nas ntawm hlau sulphite thiab peb moles ntawm cov dej. Yuav qhia los ntawm no hom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm cov nram qab no kab zauv: 6KON + 3S = 2K ₂ S + K2SO ₃ + 3H ₂ O. Txoj ntsiab cai tib sis tshwm sim los ntawm kev ntxiv sodium hydroxide. Tom ntej no, xav txog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov leej faj los ntawm qhov sib ntxiv thereto ntawm concentrated sulfate acid tshuaj. Yog hais tias peb coj ib lub tias ntawm cov thawj thiab thib ob moles ntawm yeeb tshuaj, peb muab tau cov nram qab no cov khoom: leej faj trioxide nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm peb moles, thiab dej - ob moles. Qhov no tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav yuav pom tau hais nkaus xwb los ntawm cua sov rau cov reactants mus rau ib tug kub.

Muab xam tau tias yog nonmetal

Muaj ob peb txoj kev los ntawm cov uas koj yuav tau txais los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov leej faj tebchaw. Tus thawj txoj kev - qhov qee ntawm nws cov pyrite. Tshuaj kawg mis - FeS _2. Thaum cua sov rau cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw mus rau ib tug kub tsis muaj ib tug kev nkag tau ntawm oxygen thereto yuav tau txais lwm cov hlau sulfide - FeS - thiab leej faj. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv yog sau raws li nram no: FeS ₂ = FeS + S. Qhov thib ob qauv ntawm cov ua leej faj, uas yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, - ib tug combustion sulfide leej faj, muab ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm cov pa. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, saib xyuas tej zaum yuav tau npaj nonmetal thiab dej. Rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, koj yuav tsum coj lub Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv ib tug hniav puas piv ntawm ob mus rau ib tug. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, qhov kawg khoom nyob rau hauv lub proportions ntawm ob mus rau ob tug. Cov kab zauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav yuav sau raws li nram no: 2H ₂ S + O ₂ = 2s + 2H ₂ O. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov leej faj yuav tsum npaj kom txhij los ntawm ntau yam metallurgical dab, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm co xws li npib tsib xee, tooj liab thiab lwm tus neeg.

Siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam

Nws widest daim ntawv thov peb xav tias yuav tsis yog-hlau nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj ua lag luam. Raws li hais saum toj no, ntawm no nws yog siv mus rau extract lub acid sulphate. Ntxiv mus, sulfur yog siv raws li ib tug tivthaiv rau qhov siv thiab ua qhov yuam kev, vim hais tias cov khoom yog cov. Thiab nws yog ib indispensable ntawm qhov siv thiab ua explosives, gunpowder, Bengal teeb, thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov leej faj yog siv raws li ib tug ntawm cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov kab no. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, nws yog siv raws li ib feem nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov tshuaj rau tawv nqaij kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv lo lus nug no yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua ntau yam dyes. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua phosphors.

Hauv cov qauv ntawm cov leej faj

Raws li yog lub npe hu, tag nrho cov atoms muaj ib tug tub ntxhais uas muaj protons - zoo them hais - thiab neutrons, piv txwv li, hais muaj pes tsawg xwb ... Electrons tig ib ncig ntawm lub keeb, uas tsis zoo xwb. Yuav kom ua tau nyob nruab nrab atom nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv yuav tsum yog tib tus naj npawb ntawm protons thiab electrons. Yog hais tias ntev, qhov no yog ib tug tsis zoo ion - anion. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv tsis tooj - tus xov tooj ntawm protons yog ntau dua qhov electron - ib tug zoo ion los yog ntawv. leej faj anion yuav pab raws li lub acid residue. Nws yog ib feem ntawm lub molecular tshuaj xws li sulfide acid (hydrogen sulfide), thiab hlau sulfides. Lub anion tsim thaum lub sij hawm electrolytic dissociation, uas tshwm sim thaum dissolving lub substance nyob rau hauv cov dej. Thaum zoo li no molecule so li mus rau hauv ib tug ntawv uas yuav tsum tau sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hlau ion los yog hydrogen, thiab ib tug ntawv - ion acid residue los yog ib tug hydroxyl pab pawg neeg (OH-). Txij li thaum lub serial tooj ntawm cov leej faj nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj - kaum, nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus tias nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais yog raws nraim qhov no xov tooj ntawm protons. Nyob rau qhov no hauv paus, peb yuav hais tias cov electrons orbiting kaum thiab. Tus nab npawb ntawm neutrons yuav pom los ntawm subtracting qhov hniav puas loj ntawm lub serial tooj ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij 32 - 16 = 16. Txhua electron rotates chaotically, thiab thaum lub orbit. Txij li thaum cov leej faj - tshuaj caij uas belongs rau lub thib peb lub sij hawm ntawm lub periodic rooj, thiab peb orbits ib ncig ntawm lub keeb. Nyob rau hauv thawj ntawm cov ob electrons nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - yim, nyob rau hauv peb - rau. Hauv mis leej faj atom yog sau raws li nram no: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.

Lub loj heev nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Feem ntau pom tau hais tias ib yam tshuaj caij nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov zaub mov, uas yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov hlau sulfides. Qhov no feem ntau pyrite - hlau ntsev; nws kuj ua, nyiaj, tooj liab ci, zinc blende, cinnabar - mercury sulfide. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov leej faj tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov zaub mov, cov qauv ntawm cov uas yog sawv cev los ntawm peb los yog xav paub ntxiv tshuaj ntsiab. Piv txwv li, chalcopyrite, lub ntsev, kieserite, gypsum. Koj muaj peev xwm xav txog txhua yam ntawm no nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Pyrite - Qhov no sulphide Ferrum, los yog FeS _2. Nws muaj ib tug daj ntseg daj xim nrog ib tug Golden sheen. Qhov no mineral yuav feem ntau pom raws li ib tug impurity nyob rau hauv lapis lazuli, uas yog dav siv rau qhov siv thiab ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov ob minerals feem ntau muaj ib qho teb. Chalcocite - chalcocite, chalcocite, los yog - nruab nrab yog ib tug blue-grey tshuaj uas zoo sib xws rau hlau. Galena (galena) thiab nyiaj ci (argentite) muaj xws li cov yam ntxwv: nkawd ob leeg zoo li co yog grey. Cinnabar - ib tug brownish-liab mineral nrog ib tug dull gray thaj ua rau thaj. Chalcopyrite, uas nws tshuaj mis yog CuFeS _2, - Golden daj, nws yog hu ua tus golden blende. Zinc blende (sphalerite) tej zaum yuav muaj ib cov xim los ntawm amber rau-thiab ci ci txiv kab ntxwv. Cov ntsev - Na ₂ li ₄ x10H ₂ O - nyob rau hauv pob tshab dawb muaju. Nws tseem hu ua Glauber lub ntsev, siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Tshuaj mis kieserite - MgSO ₄ xH ₂ O. Nws zoo nkaus li raws li dawb los yog tsis muaj kob hmoov. Tshuaj mis gypsum - CaSO ₄ x2H ₂ O. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj lub caij yog ib feem ntawm lub hlwb uas muaj sia nyob, thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb kab keeb.