Submarine - dab tsi yog qhov no? Lavxias teb sab submarine

Lub submarine - nws yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib chav kawm ntawv ntawm ships uas yog tau mus dhia dej los kuj zoo kawg depths thiab rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv dej. Niaj hnub no submarines yog lub ntsiab tactical riam phom ntawm cov rog ntawm tej lub teb chaws. Lawv lub ntsiab kom zoo dua - stealth. Qhov no ua rau submarines indispensable nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm kev tsov kev rog.

Keeb kwm ntawm creation: pib

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi ib tug submarine, muab ib cov tswv yim teb rau Leonardo da Vinci. Nws tau piav nws cov tub rog thiab tactical zoo thiab ib tug ntev lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm rau lub layout ntawm lub ntaus ntawv, tab sis nws thiaj li hlawv tag nrho nws cov qauv, kev ntshai ntawm irreversible txim.

Nyob rau hauv 1578 lub English paub txog William Bourne nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv qhia txog teev tseg ib tug submarine, uas twb pom los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm lub hiav txwv dub. Piav lub submarine - nws yog tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li cov thawj U-nkoj ua los ntawm Greenland ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab sealskin. Lub nkoj qab thus muaj ballast tso tsheb hlau luam, thiab ua raws li ib tug navigator chimney. Xws li ib tug submarine yuav tsis tau rau ib lub sij hawm ntev nyob rau hauv dej, tab sis txawm ces pom amazing tau.

Official project los tsim kom tau submarines twb ua rau pej xeem xwb nyob rau hauv 1620. Pom zoo los ntawm qhov kev siv muab cov lus Askiv Korol Yakov I. Designing underwater txog ntsha coj ib tug Dutch engineer K. Drebbel. Tsis ntev lub nkoj twb ntse soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv London. Xyaw thawj underwater nkoj lub UK ua hauj lwm rau lub duav nquam nkoj-powered. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim ib tug thaum fleet pib los ntawm Peter I. Txawm li cas los, nrog nws txoj kev tuag rau peb tes num raug tua nyob rau hauv lub paj. Nyob rau hauv 1834 muaj ib lub thawj tag nrho-hlau underwater submarine. Nws inventor yog ib tug Lavxias teb sab engineer K. Schilder. Kiv cua twb rowing ntaus ntawv. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas tau zoo, thiab lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj underwater lub community launch txog lub missile twb nqa tawm nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo.

Lub US Navy yuav tsis sawv ib cag. Nyob rau hauv 1850 nws pib lub project nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm L. Hunley. Lub nkoj twb tswj los ntawm ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib compartment. Lub cev muaj zog siv loj ntsia hlau uas spun tsev neeg tsav nkoj. Soj dhau los ntawm me me protrusions nyob rau hauv lub vaj tse. Nyob rau hauv 1864, thawj tus me nyuam Hunley sank lub nkoj tus nrog sib ntaus. Tom qab, zoo xws li cov successes yuav khav txog Russia thiab Fabkis.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub ntiaj teb ua ntej submarines tau nruab nrog diesel thiab electric motors. Nyob rau hauv tsim ib tug tshiab tiam ntawm submarines starring Lavxias teb sab engineers. Thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua muab kev koom tes 600 sib sib zog nqus hiav txwv cov hlab ntsha, uas nws thiaj li poob txog 200 ships thiab ncuab.

Keeb kwm ntawm creation: ib tug tshiab era

By pib ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II feem ntau submarines nyob rau qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm lub USSR (211 units). Nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw sawv qhov flotilla Ltalis - 115 submarines. Tom ntej no yog lub tebchaws United States, Fabkis, Teb chaws Aas Kiv, Nyiv, thiab xwb ces lub teb chaws Yelemees nrog 57 sib sib zog nqus hiav txwv txog ntsha. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias qhov no submarine twb xam tau tias lub ntsiab kev sib ntaus los tsev ntawm cov rog thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog. Qhov no qhia tau qhov tseeb hais tias lub Soviet Union predominated rau lub hiav txwv nto thiab hauv qab no txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II. Liam yog tus submarine uas poob ib tug tag nrho ntawm ntau tshaj 400 tus yeeb ncuab ships. Thaum lub submarine yuav ntsaub mus txog 150 meters, thaum nyob rau hauv dej rau ob peb teev. Qhov nruab nrab ceev yog hais txog 6 cov pob caus ntawd. Ib tug kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv underwater engineering tau tsim ib tug zoo-paub paub txog Walter. Nws tsim streamlined lub cev thiab cav khiav hauj lwm rau hydrogen peroxide. Qhov no enabled lub submarines kom kov yeej lub ceev barrier ntawm 25 cov pob caus ntawd.

submarines hnub no

Niaj hnub nimno submarine - nws yog Deepwater khoom siv tes ua siv nws nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag los ua tus tsim nyog ua lub zog. Tsis tas li ntawd hwj chim khoom siv submarines yog lub roj teeb, diesel xyaw, Stirling xyaw thiab lwm yam roj hlwb. Thaum lub caij, cov kev sib ntaus los units yog nplua nuj fleet ntawm 33 lub teb chaws.

Rov qab nyob rau hauv lub Kwvyees li xyoo 1990, NATO lub riam phom muaj 217 hlab ntsha, xws li SSBNs thiab SSNs. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, zog ntawm Guj kuj yog nyob rau hauv qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm ib tug me ntsis tsawg tshaj 100 chav nyob. Nyob rau hauv 2004, lub Lavxias teb sab Federation kom nyob rau hauv ltalis hauv lub creation ntawm me me uas tsis yog-nuclear submarine hom. Peb tes num hu ua S1000. Cuaj kaum, nyob rau hauv 2014 nws tau raug khov los ntawm kev sib nrig sib pom zoo. Niaj hnub no, ib tug ntawm cov ceev tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau ntau yam submarines pom tau hais tias yuav hydrogen. Qhov no sib sib zog nqus U-212 chav kawm ntawv txog ntsha, uas nyuam qhuav xwb pib yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Tej nkoj nquam hauj lwm rau lub hauv paus ntawm hydrogen, li no tsis tau raws li siab tshaj plaws noiseless zog.

kev faib ntawm submarines

Submarines yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv pab pawg nrog rau kev hwm rau cov pawg:

1. Raws li cov hom ntawm lub zog qhov chaw: nuclear fais fab, diesel, chav thiab gas, roj, hydrogen.
2. Siv: Multipurpose, xaiv yaam, tshwj xeeb.
3. loj: cruising, nruab nrab, me me.
4. Raws li cov hom riam phom: torpedoes, ballistic, missile, mixed.

Cov feem ntau chav tsev yog tus sib sib zog nqus nuclear submarine. Qhov no hom ntawm submarines nws muaj nws tus kheej kev faib:

1. SSBN - nuclear submarines nrog ballistic riam phom.
2. PLARK - nuclear submarines nrog cruise cuaj luaj.
3. MPLATRK - multipurpose missile submarine torpedo, lub ntsiab lub zog qhov chaw uas yog ib tug nuclear reactor.
4. DPLRK - diesel submarines nrog cuaj luaj thiab torpedoes.

Los ntawm cov kev sim hom yuav ua tau distinguished: ib ya, winged thiab uninhabited dej submarine.

Fundamentals ntawm tsim

Submarines yog ua los ntawm 2 tsev: lub teeb thiab check. Tus thawj yog muab lub nkoj zoo hydrodynamic zog thiab ib tug thib ob - kev tiv thaiv ntawm ib tug loj dej siab. Rugged tau koom ua ke los ntawm stainless steel, txawm li cas los, feem ntau lawv tshwm sim thiab titanium alloys. Nyob rau hauv submarine muaj tshwj xeeb tso tsheb hlau luam rau ballast thiab trim tswj. Ntsw yog nqa tawm siv lub hydroplanes. Surfacing txiav txim los ntawm xaav dej nrog compressed cua los ntawm ballast tso tsheb hlau luam. Lub zog ntawm lub nkoj ua diesel los yog nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Me submarines khiav rau roj teeb thiab hluav taws xob. Tshwj xeeb diesel generators siv rau them. Nyob rau hauv kev siv raws li ib tug lub cev muaj zog propellers.

hom riam phom

Lub hom phiaj submarines yog mus nqa tawm kev pab raws qib:

- kev puas tsuaj ntawm warships,
- lub tshem tawm ntawm multi-purpose hlab ntsha,
- kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tus xaiv yaam khoom.

Nyob ntawm seb lub hom phiaj ntawm lub submarines teem tsim nyog hom riam phom: mines, torpedoes, rockets, artillery, electronics. Rau cov tiv thaiv, muaj ntau yam sib sib zog nqus hiav txwv ships siv portable huab cua tiv thaiv systems.

Lavxias teb sab submarine

Ib tug ntawm qhov tseeb saws thaum lub sij hawm Fleet tuaj txog submarines "Halibut". Siv cov kev faib ntawm 24 units ntawd kub ntev li rau txog 20 xyoo, txij li thaum 1982. Niaj hnub no, nyob rau lub pov tseg ntawm Lavxias teb sab submarines yog 18 "Halibut". Tej nkoj nquam tau ua nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub project 877. Cov sib sib zog nqus dej ships los ua prototypes ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua "Varshavyanka". Nyob rau hauv 2004 nws tau yug los ib tug tshiab tiam ntawm submarine, "Lada", ua hauj lwm rau elektrodizelnoy installation. Lub nkoj qab thus no yog tsim los ua kom puas tej yeeb ncuab lub hom phaj. Cov Lavxias teb sab submarines tau proliferated ua tsaug rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus txog qib uas suab nrov. Vim tus nqi ntawm qhov kev tsim tau sai sai tsaus muag.

Lub ntsiab tawm quab yuam ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab fleet yog nuclear submarine "Pike-B". Peb tes num ntawd kub ntev li rau ntau tshaj 20 xyoo kom txog rau thaum 2004. Niaj hnub no submarines ntawm no hom ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab armed yog 11 units. "Pike-B" yog tau mus cuag ib tug ceev ntawm 33 cov pob caus ntawd, immersed rau 600 m thiab ua nyob rau hauv autonomous navigation rau 100 hnub. Peev Xwm - 73 neeg. Cov kev siv ntawm ib tug tsev raug nqi lub txhab nyiaj txog 785 mln. Las.

Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub arsenal ntawm lub fleet xws nuclear submarines nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li ib tug "Shark", "Ntses taub ntswg ntev", "barracuda", "Kalmar", "Antey" thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lub newest submarine

Nyob rau hauv lub "Warszawianka" series sai tau Iwj nrog tshiab Lavxias teb sab naval units. Qhov no yuav tsum yog tus newest submarine "Krasnodar" thiab "Stary Oskol". Tej nkoj nquam yuav tuaj mus rau kev pab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm 2015. Lub docks yog sib sib zog nqus hiav txwv cov hlab ntsha "Kolpino" thiab "The Great Novgorod", tab sis lawv siv yog ua kom tiav xwb los ntawm tus kawg ntawm 2016. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, yuav muaj 6 "Warszawianka" tsim units rau Dub hiav txwv Fleet lub nyiaj tshuav daim ntawv. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no series yog tsim los counter yeeb ncuab tawm tsam, uas yog, los tiv thaiv naval bases, kev sib txuas lus, ntug dej hiav txwv. Submarines "Varshavyanka" yog hais txog mus rau lub ntsiag to hom. Elektrodizelnom ua hauj lwm rau lub engine.

Qhov ntev ntawm ib tug submarine yog 74 m, thiab cov dav - 10 m. Underwater tsheb yuav ncav cuag ib ceev ntawm 20 cov pob caus ntawd. Immersion Harbor - 300 m ua luam dej lub neej -. Mus txog 45 hnub.

Uas ploj lawm thiab sunken submarine

Kom txog thaum lub 1940s, submarines thiab ces poob nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm lub seas thiab oceans. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog tsim flaws thiab missteps recaps, thiab tsis pub leejtwg paub cov tub rog ua hauj lwm tw.

Tom qab lub ntiaj teb ob kwv yees uas ploj lawm submarine units. Tshaj yav dhau los 50 xyoo, engineers tau mus txog rau nws ncov. Txij thaum pib ntawm 1950 ib tug submarine yog tsis suav tias yog txaus ntshai rau lub neej ntawm cov neeg coob, thiab tej kev sib cuag nrog cov yeeb ncuab sai li sai tau tsau ib tug tub rog puag. Uas yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo lawm, yog li me ntsis poob submarines. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws uas ploj lawm txog ntsha yog suav hais tias "Roob ris teb" (TEB CHAWS USA), tus "Dakar" (Ixayees) thiab "Minerva" (Fabkis). Nws yog noteworthy tias peb sunken submarine poob lawm nyob rau hauv mysterious yam nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm 2 lub lis piam nyob rau hauv 1968. Reports rau tag nrho cov peb qeeg xa mus rau ib tug lam kwv, tom qab kev sib cuag nrog leej twg txuas lus nrog cov neeg coob ntawd tau ploj mus ib txhis.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tshaj yav dhau los 60 xyoo nws tau raug officially kaw 8 sunken nuclear submarines, xws li rau Lavxias teb sab thiab ob American. Tus thawj yog lub nkoj "Thresher" (TEB CHAWS USA), nyob rau lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib ntawm uas muaj 129 tus neeg. Cov kev huam yuaj tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov yeeb ncuab nres nyob rau hauv 1963. Tag nrho cov neeg coob raug tua.

Qhov tseem sensational thiab tragic yog txoj hmoo ntawm lub submarine "Kursk". Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 2000 vim cov tawg ntawm lub torpedo nyob rau hauv thawj compartment ntawm lub nkoj poob mus rau hauv qab ntawm lub Barents hiav txwv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, 118 cov neeg raug tua.