Sis nrog co acids. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm sulfuric acid nrog co

Tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub acid nrog cov hlau no yog hais rau cov ntaub ntawv chav kawm ntawm lub tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm nws cov hydrogen proton thiab zoo tu qab tso nyob rau hauv nrog cov acidic anion yog hloov los ntawm ib tug hlau ntawv. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim lub ntsev, thiab txawm hais tias muaj ob peb hom kev sib tshuam tsis ua raws li txoj ntsiab cai no. Lawv mus raws li redox tsis nrog evolution ntawm hydrogen.

Principles tshua nrog co acids

Tag nrho cov inorganic acid reacted nrog cov hlau ua rau cov tsim ntawm ntsev. Tsuas yog ib tug yog, tej zaum, tsuas muaj ib tug noble hlau tshuaj tiv thaiv uas aqua regia, ib tug sib tov ntawm hydrochloric thiab nitric acids. Muaj lwm yam kev sis raug zoo ntawm acids nrog co ua mus rau tsim ntawm ntsev. Yog hais tias lub acid yog tej nuj nqis concentrated sulfuric los yog nitric acid, cov khoom cleaved raws li ib tug molecular hydrogen.

Tab sis thaum reacting feeb meej sulfuric acid, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hais nrog co raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov redox txheej txheem. Vim hais tias nws twb experimentally pom tias ob hom ntawm kev sib tshuam raug co thiab muaj zog inorganic acids:

• sis ntawm co nrog tsis muaj zog acids;
• sis raug zoo nrog concentrated acid.

thawj hom tshuaj tshwm sim nrog rau tej acid. Lub tsuas kos yog feeb meej sulfuric acid thiab nitric acid thaum twg concentration. Lawv teb rau ib tug thib ob hom thiab coj mus rau tsim ntawm ntsev thiab yuav txo tau cov khoom ntawm cov leej faj thiab nitrogen.

Raug co reacting nrog acids

Co pov tseg tshuav ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej txheem electrochemical series, yog reacted nrog nta sulfuric acid thiab lwm yam acids ntawm txawv ntau tsuas yog nitrogen tsim tau ib cov ntsev thiab cais molecular hydrogen. Co, nyob rau txoj cai nyob rau hauv kab electronegativity hydrogen, yuav tsis hnov mob nrog cov saum toj no hais acids thiab INTERACTIONS tsuas nrog nitric acid hais txog ntawm concentration, nrog concentrated sulfuric acid thiab aqua regia. Qhov no yog ib tug raug kev sis raug zoo nrog cov hlau acids.

co tshuaj tiv thaiv uas concentrated sulfuric acid

Thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv cov kua ntau tshaj 68%, nws yog suav tias yog yuav tsum tau feeb meej thiab reacted nrog co sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm hydrogen. cov tshuaj tiv thaiv khiav hauv paus ntsiab lus nrog co sib txawv ntawm cov kev ua si muaj nyob rau hauv daim duab hauv qab no. Ntawm no, cov oxidizing neeg uas sawv cev ib tug leej faj atom nyob rau hauv lub sulfate anion. Nws yog txo mus rau hydrogen sulfide, 4-valence oxide los yog mus rau molecular sulfur.

Tshua nrog nta nitric acid

Kua nitric acid reacts nrog hlau, teem sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm hydrogen. Thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj tus nquag co los tsim ammonia, uas tam sim ntawd yaj thiab reacts nrog cov nitrate anion tsim lwm ntsev. Nrog co nruab nrab kev ua ntawm acid reacts nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm molecular nitrogen. Muaj tsawg active tshuaj tiv thaiv tau nyaij nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm 2-valence oxide ntawm nitrogen. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv leej faj rov qab ntau yam khoom nyob rau hauv ib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Piv txwv ntawm lub tshua npaj nyob rau hauv lub graphics daim ntawv thov hauv qab no.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog concentrated nitric acid

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tus nitrogen ua raws li cov oxidant. Tag nrho tshua tau khiav tawm ntsev tsim thiab tso tawm ntawm nitric oxide. Scheme redox tshua npaj rau graphics daim ntawv thov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tshwj xeeb xim deserves cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm aqua regia muaj tsawg active ntsiab. Tej kev sis raug zoo nrog cov hlau acids nonspecifically.

Reactivity ntawm co

Co hnov mob nrog acids nkag txaus, tab sis yog muaj ntau ntau inerts. Qhov no zoo zoo nkauj tshooj thiab hais, nrog ib cov txuj siab electrochemical peev xwm. Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov hlau uas yog lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm no Performance index. Nws yog hu ua tus electronegativity. Yog hais tias yam khoom siv no tshuav nyob rau ntawd hydrogen, nws yuav hnov mob nrog nta acid.

Nws muaj tsuas yog ib tug kos: hlau thiab txhuas vim tus tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ib tug 3-valence oxides yuav tsis hnov mob nrog cov acid tsis muaj cua sov. Yog hais tias lub sib tov yog sov so, ces chiv reacting ib tug hlau oxide zaj duab xis, thiab ces nws yog yaj nyob rau hauv acid. Co, nyob rau sab xis ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv lub electrochemical series ua si yuav tsis hnov mob nrog ib tug inorganic acid, xws li nrog nta sulfuric acid. Ob tug tsis suav rau hauv txoj cai: cov co yog yaj nyob rau hauv feeb meej thiab dilute nitric acid thiab aqua regia. Cov yav tas yuav tsuas yuav yaj rhodium, ruthenium, iridium thiab osmium.