Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gaugamela. Alexander ntawm Macedon thiab Darius: Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gaugamela

Txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gaugamela tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 331 BC. E. Cov no yog cov tub rog ua yeeb yam ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Pawxia tus vajntxwv, Darius III thiab Alexander lub Great. Lub sib ntaus sib tua tau coj mus nrog ib qho tseem ceeb superiority ntawm Persians. Nkawd muaj ntau pua txhiab tus neeg, thiab lawv tawmtsam ob peb txhiab tus tub rog ntawm Greek-Macedonian pab tub rog. Thaum pib ntawm kev tawm tsam Parmenion - tus tub rog ntawm sab laug flank ntawm cov tub rog Macedonian - raug kev puas tsuaj loj heev. Alexander kuj tau txib txoj cai flank thiab ua ib tug dag siab thiab unforeseen maneuver kiag li. Qhov no ua rau vajntxwv Persian ua kev kub ntxhov, thiab nws tawm hauv tshav rog. Yog li ntawd, pab tub rog Macedonian yeej. Dab tsi tiag tiag tshwm sim? Thiab ua li cas yog kev sib ntaus sib tua uas tsis nco qab hnub no?

Alexander lub Great

Tus thawj coj ua tub rog nyob hauv 356-323 BC. Lub conquest Aleksandra Makedonskogo los ua ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho cov noob neej. Lawv yog cov uas muaj npe ntawm cov epics thiab legends, films thiab scientific dissertations. Alexander yog tus kav Makedonia thiab tus tsim ntawm lub ntiaj teb Hellenistic lub xeev. Macedonian yog tus Vajntxwv Filis II thiab tus ntxhais ntawm Molossian monarch ntawm Olympics. Tus me nyuam tau coj los ua ib tus ntsuj plig aristocratic: nws tau qhia kev ua zauv, sau ntawv, ua si lyre. Nws tus xibfwb yog Aristotle nws tus kheej. Vim li cas thiab ntaus ntaus cim Alexander twb muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas. Kuj, yav tom ntej tus kav tau khav ntawm lub zog ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog, thiab nws yog tus uas tau tswj hwm Bucefal, ib tug nees uas tsis tau ua rau leej twg txoj kev kawm.

Nov yog qee cov keeb kwm nto moo txog keeb kwm uas tau qhuas Vajntxwv Makedonian:

• Pib ntawm lub yim hli ntuj 338 BC. E. - cov tub rog ntawm 16-xyoo-laus tus kav tua yeej cov tub rog Greek;
• Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 335 BC. E. - Ib qho phiaj xwm uas tau coj Aleppo los ntawm roob Thracians, Illyrians thiab cov pab pawg neeg;
• Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no ntawm 334-333 BC. E. Macedonian tau tswj hwm los ntawm Pamphylia thiab Lycia.

Tab sis nws yog tseem tsis tag nrho cov daim ntawv teev cov yeej ntawm tus poj commander.

Yeej

Tag nrho cov conquests ntawm Alexander lub Great yog tsis zoo li yuav tsum tau piav los ntawm ob peb tswv yim, tab sis qee tus ntawm lawv tseem tsim nyog mentioning. Tom qab nyob rau hauv 335 BC. E. Alexander tau tshaj tawm nws tus kheej huab tais, nws ua raws li nws cov neeg uas tau txhawb nqa nws tawm tsam nws: lawv yog tub rog nyob sab qaum teb ntawm Makedonia. Nws kuj tau ua ib lub suab rau cov neeg Ixayees thiab tsav lawv rov qab mus rau Danube.

Tom qab ntawd cov Macedonian sawv kev tawm tsam ntawm cov Greek Greeks tau suppressed. Nws kov yeej Thebes thiab tsis tseg Athenans cov neeg. Tsis ntev tom qab no, ua ke nrog nws cov tub rog loj, tus huab tais tua yeej cov tub rog Persian thiab tau tsim nws lub siab thoob plaws Asia. Thiab cov hnub ntawm keeb kwm qhia tau hais tias Alexander tau tawm tsam thiab tiv thaiv Darius III ntau tshaj ib zaug. Yog li ntawd, thawj zaug nws tshwm sim hauv 333 BC. E. Tom qab ntawd, hla lub Taurus, ntawm Issus, ib tug sib ntaus sib tua tau coj nruab nrab ntawm cov tub rog ntawm ob tug kuj zoo kawg thiab generals. Tiamsis qhov kev kov yeej los ntawm Makedon, yuam Vajntxwv Persian kom khiav tawm mus rau Npanpiloo.

Tus deposed ruler muab Alexander ib co kev sib haum xeeb tej yam kev mob. Tiam sis nws tsis kam txais lawv. Nws txiav txim siab yuav kov yeej lub teb chaws nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Mediterranean. Nyob rau hauv lem Macedonian subordinated rau nws lub hwj chim Illyria, ces Palestine, thiab ces tim lyiv teb chaws. Nyob hauv lub teb chaws ntawm cov pyramids nws txhim tsa Alexandria. Thiab tom qab ntawd ces muaj qhov hais saum toj no-hais sib tua ntawm Gaugamela.

Ua rau kev sib ntaus sib tua

Raws li twb paub txog tus nyeem ntawv, cov xwm txheej tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 331 BC. E. Ob peb xyoos ua ntej, Darius III raug ntaus thawj los ntawm nws tus nrog sib ntaus. Tom qab ntawd lub Persian xav tau kev thaj yeeb thiab muab Macedon 10 txhiab talents ua tus nqe txhiv rau nws ntes tsev neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus Vaj Ntxwv Dali-ees tau npaj siab muab nws tus ntxhais Satire rau Alexander. Nws yuav tsum muaj lub taub hau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub Hellespont thiab mus txog rau lub Euphrates. Kuj Darius III tau npaj siab rau lub union thiab kev thaj yeeb nrog nws tus yeeb ncuab.

Dab tsi hauv Persian tau hais yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau Alexander, yog li ntawd nws tham txog tag nrho cov no nrog nws tus phoojywg. Ib tug ntawm cov phoojywg Macedon, Parmenion, tau hais tias nws yuav lees txais txhua yam kev mob, nrog Alexander lub chaw. Tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm tus commander yog mus txog txog tus neeg. Yog li ntawd nws teb hais tias nws yuav tau txais qhov kev thov yog tias nws tau muaj lub cib fim mus rau hauv Parmenion qhov chaw. Tab sis txij thaum nws yog Alexander lub Great, thiab tsis lwm tus neeg, nws yuav tsis mus rau ib qho kev tshaj tawm.

Dali-a tau xa ib tsab ntawv, hais tias tsis muaj leej twg muaj cai hais kom ib tug thawj coj loj. Thiab Persian tus ntxhais yuav ua tus poj niam ntawm Macedon tsuas yog tias tom kawg nws tus kheej xav tau nws, vim hais tias tag nrho tsev neeg ntawm tus yeeb ncuab yog nyob rau hauv nws lub hwj chim. Alexander sau tias yog Dalias xav tau kev thajyeeb, ces cia nws tuaj rau nws tus tswv raws li nws qhov kev kawm. Tom qab hais li no, Darius III pib npaj rau kev ua tsov rog tiag tiag.

Cov tub rog ntawm kev sib tw

Lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Alexander lub Great twb yeej ib txwm ntshav thiab coj ntau ntawm cov poob rau cov tw. Tom qab tag nrho, cov tub rog Macedonian muaj ntau. Nyob rau hauv kev npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gaugamela, nws suav txog 40,000 infantrymen thiab xya txhiab horsemen. Tab sis cov Pawxia muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis cuam tshuam rau Macedon, vim feem ntau ntawm cov vaj ntxwv cov tub rog tau muaj cov tub rog uas tau kawm zoo los ntawm kev paub. Cov tub rog ntawm Darius III suav txog 250 txhiab tus neeg, cov neeg ntawd yog 30 txhiab mercenaries los ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thiab 12,000 hnyav rog Bactrians ntawm horseback.

Yuav ua li cas ua lub nkoj Euphrates hla

Txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gaugamela pib nrog qhov tseeb hais tias, tom qab dhau Syria, cov Macedonian pab tub rog mus txog lub Euphrates. Cov tub rog Persian yog tiv thaiv kev hla. Tab sis cov Pawxia ploj thaum lawv pom lub zog loj ntawm lawv cov kev sib tw. Yog li ntawd, Alexander tau ua yooj yim kov Euphrates thiab mus ntxiv mus rau sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Darius tsis cuam tshuam nrog lub Great. Nws, nrog nws cov tub rog, kev cia siab rau cov yeeb ncuab ntawm lub tiaj, uas zoo tag nrho rau kev ua tub rog thiab tua cov Makedonian. Lub zos me me ntawm Gaugamela tau nyob ib sab ntawm lub tiaj no.

Tsov thiab cov tub rog Dalius

Nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj, nws mus rau tus dej Tigris Aleksandr Makedonsky (sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gaugamela, ib tug ntawm nws muaj ntau yam exploits, yog cia li nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ces kaum). Cov neeg raug kaw, uas tau raug ntes lawm, hais tias Darius yuav tiv thaiv kom cov hla ntawm Macedonians hla dhau lub pas dej no. Tiam sis tom qab lub Tuam Tsev pib hla tus dej, tsis muaj leej twg nyob rau ntawm ntug hiav txwv. Cov Pawxia tabtom npaj mus ua lwm yam.

Tam sim no, cov tub rog ntawm Darius III zoo tag nrho thiab ua tiav lawv cov riam phom. Yog li, mus rau lub hub thiab tows ntawm chariots, lawv txuas ib tug ntse sharpened taw tes. Nws tau lam xav tias cov koog tsev kawm ntawv no yuav ua kom cov nyiaj poob mus rau cov tub rog. Infantry riam phom kuj ua ntau zog.

Kev sib ntaus sib tua pib

Txoj cai flank ntawm Macedon mus rau sab xis, obliquely in relation to lub ntsiab pem hauv ntej. Darius tau txiav txim siab nws sab flank mus rau txoj kev ncaj flank ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Lub cavalry khiav ua nws. Alexander, txawm li ntawd los, kom cov Greek tub rog caij tawm tsam, tab sis nws cov tub rog raug kev tsim txom. Thiab tsis tau Dali-mees txoj kev npaj tsis tau.

Yeej Alexander

Lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gaugamela yog kub. Thaum kawg, Darius III khiav nrog cov tub rog ntawm lub tshav rog, zoo li nws tau pom ib tug miv. Txawm tias nws pawg tub rog, cov Macedonian tau ua tsaug rau nws cov kev txawj ntse thiab kev ua siab phem. Qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua muab xaus rau lub tebchaws Persian, thiab nws tus tswv raug tua los ntawm nws tus phoojywg sib raug zoo. Alexander lub Great tom qab xws li ib tug tseem ceeb sib ntaus sib tua yeej ntau ntxiv victories thiab nthuav nws holdings tsis los ntawm ib lub zog.