Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa: biography, duab, quotes

Tiv thaiv uas tsis muaj kub, nyob ze rau tsis pes tsawg, rau siab ntau ntau, uas yog tsim nyog rau lub synthesis ntawm atomic nuclei - uas yog cov ntau yam ntawm long-term kev ua ntawm Academician Kapitsa. Nws yog ob zaug ib tug hero ntawm Socialist Labor thiab twb muab tsub lub Stalin nqi zog thiab cov Nobel.

thaum yau

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, uas nws biography yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, tau yug los nyob rau hauv Kronstadt nyob rau hauv xyoo 1894. Nws txiv, Leonid Petrovich yog ib tug tub rog engineer thiab twb koom nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub Kronstadt tiv thaiv. Niam - Olga Ieronimovna - yog ib cov kws nyob rau hauv dab neeg thiab cov me nyuam tej ntaub ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv 1905 Petya kawm nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis vim hais tias ntawm cov neeg pluag kev kawm (phem muab Latin) me nyuam tub yoojyim nws nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo. Kawm yav tom ntej academician tseem nyob rau hauv Kronstadt tsev kawm ntawv. Nws ua tiav nws nrog honors nyob rau hauv 1912.

Studies nyob rau hauv University of

Chiv, Pyotr Kapitsa (saib duab. Hauv qab no) npaj mus kawm rau hauv lub physics thiab kev kawm txog zauv department ntawm St. Petersburg University, tab sis muaj tsis tau. Cov tub hluas ntxhais txiv neej txiav txim siab mus sim nws koob hmoov nyob rau hauv "Polytechnic lub koom haum", thiab koob hmoov luag nyav ntawm nws. Peter cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv electromechanical department. Twb tau nyob rau hauv thawj lub xyoo rau ib tug txawj ntse tub hluas nws kos cov xim ntawm cov xibfwb A. F. Ioffe thiab tau attracted cov hluas li kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej lub chaw soj nstuam.

Cov tub rog thiab kab tshoob kev

Nyob rau hauv xyoo 1914, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa mus rau Scotland rau ib tug lub caij ntuj sov so. Muaj nws los xyaum lawv English. Tab sis lub ntiaj teb ua ntej, thiab tus tub hluas yog tsis tau rov qab mus tsev nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj. Nyob rau hauv Petrograd, nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1915, Peter volunteered rau lub Western Pem hauv ntej. Nws tau raug tsa ua tus ncej ntawm tsheb thauj neeg mob tsav tsheb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws nqa nyob rau hauv nws lub tsheb raug mob.

Nyob rau hauv 1916 nws tau demobilized, thiab Peter rov qab mus rau tsev kawm qib siab. Joffe tam sim ntawd uploaded ib tug tub hluas nyob rau hauv kev sim ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub physics kuaj thiab attracted mus koom nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej lub cev seminar (thawj nyob rau hauv Russia). Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo Kapitsa luam tawm nws thawj tsab xov xwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws thiaj yuav Nadezhda Chernosvitova, tuaj tus ntxhais mus ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub Cadet tog.

Ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tshiab lub koom haum ntawm Physics

Nyob rau hauv 1918 A. F. Ioffe koom kev tshawb fawb lub koom haum ntawm Physics thiab cov thawj nyob rau hauv Russia. Pyotr Kapitsa, quotes uas koj yuav nyeem tau hauv qab no, nws kawm tiav los ntawm lub Polytechnic lub xyoo no thiab tam sim ntawd tau txais los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv.

Sophisticated post-revolutionary teeb meem no tsis cog lus dab tsi zoo science. Joffe yuav pab tau kom kev cob qhia cov thwj tim, cov uas yog Peter. Nws hais tias Kapitsa tawm Russia, tab sis tsoom fwv tsis tau muab kev tso cai. Pab Maxim Gorky, ces suav hais tias yog feem ntau influential txawj sau ntawv. Peter twb tso cai rau tawm rau hais. Tsis ntev ua ntej ncaim ntawm Kapitsa nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg phaum mob khaub thuas. Rau ib lub hlis rau cov hluas kawm tau poob nws tus poj niam, me nyuam mos ntxhais, ib tug tub thiab ib tug txiv.

Cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ces

Nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1921, Peter tuaj mus ces raws li ib feem ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences Committee on. Lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj ntawm zaum tau es ua scientific ties, nraus los ntawm tsov rog thiab kiv puag ncig. Ob lub hlis tom qab, lub physicist Pyotr Kapitsa tswm nyob rau hauv Cavendish Kuaj taws los ntawm Rutherford. Nws coj tus tub hluas mus rau lub luv luv-term kev kawm. Thaum lub sij hawm, lub engineering acumen thiab kev tshawb fawb kev txawj ntse Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij ua ib tug muaj zog lub tswv yim rau Rutherford.

Nyob rau xyoo 1922, Kapitsa doctorate ntawm Cambridge University. Nws scientific cai loj hlob nyob rau hauv geometric kev vam meej. Nyob rau hauv 1923 nws tau muab ib daim scholarship Maxwell. Ib xyoo tom qab, ib tus paub txog los ua Deputy Director ntawm lub Kuaj.

yuav dua lwm

Nyob rau hauv 1925, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa twb nyob rau hauv Paris Krylov, uas qhia nws mus rau nws tus ntxhais Anna. Ob xyoos tom qab, nws tau los ua tus poj niam ntawm tus paub txog. Tom qab lub tshoob, Peter yuav Huntington Txoj kev cheeb tsam ntawm thaj av thiab ua ib lub tsev. Tsis ntev no yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm nws cov tub - Andrew thiab Sergey.

Sib Nqus yeej

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, uas nws biography yog lub npe hu mus rau tag nrho physicists, nquag tseem kawm cov txheej txheem ntawm transformation ntawm lub nuclei thiab tej lwj. Nws los nrog ib tug tshiab installation rau cov cim ntawm ib tug muaj zog sib nqus teb thiab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam, 6-7 phav phav ntawm lub sij hawm ntau tshaj yav dhau los sawv daws yuav. Landau ces dubbed nws "sib nqus ntiaj teb no tus yeej."

Rov qab mus rau lub USSR

Los ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuam lub thaj chaw ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv magnetic teb, Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa pom tau hais qhov yuav tsum tau hloov lub sim tej yam kev mob. Yuav tsum tau tsawg dua (gel) kub. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm tsis kub physics paub txog no tau loj tshaj kev kawm tau zoo. Tab sis kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm, Peter Leonidovich twb siv nyob rau hauv tsev.

Cov ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Soviet tsoom fwv tu ncua muaj nws ib tug mus tas qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Zaum tau xav nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug lub tswv yim, tab sis nws yeej ib txwm tshaaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam kev mob, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm uas - ib qho chaw twg rau sab hnub poob raws li xav. Tus tsoom fwv tsis mus rau pem hauv ntej.

Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1934 Kapitsa thiab nws tus poj niam tau mus xyuas lub Soviet Union, tab sis thaum lawv tuaj mus rau teb chaws Askiv, nws twb pom hais tias lawv visas tso tseg. Tom qab ntawd, Anna tau tso cai rov qab mus rau cov me nyuam thiab coj lawv mus rau Moscow. Rutherford thiab cov phooj ywg ntawm Peter Kuv nug cov Soviet tsoom fwv tso cai rau Kapitsa rov qab mus ces mus txuas ntxiv. Nws yog tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv vain.

Nyob rau hauv 1935, Pyotr Kapitsa, ib tug luv luv biography uas yog lub npe hu mus rau tag nrho zaum, coj los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub cev teeb meem ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences. Tab sis ua ntej koj pom zoo no txoj hauj lwm, nws demanded mus yuav cov khoom, uas ua hauj lwm txawv teb chaws. Los ntawm lub sij hawm uas, Rutherford twb swm nyob hauv kev tsis muaj nuj nqis neeg ua hauj lwm thiab muag cov khoom los ntawm cov kev kuaj.

Tsab ntawv rau lub tsoom fwv

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (yees duab uas txuas mus rau qhov tsab xov xwm) rov qab los tsev nrog rau cov pib ntawm Stalin lub purges. Txawm nyob rau hauv no lub sij hawm nyuaj, nws vehemently defended nws views. Paub txog hais tias txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws txiav txim siab rau senior kev tswj, nws tsis tu ncua sau ntawv nyob rau hauv ib qho los mus koom nyob rau hauv ib tug qhia ncaj thiab ncaj kev sib tham. Los ntawm 1934 mus 1983, tus paub txog mus rau lub Kremlin rau ntau tshaj 300 tsiaj ntawv. Los ntawm cov kev pab ntawm Petr Leonidovich los ntawm cov tsev loj cuj thiab camps tau cawm nej dim muaj ntau zaum.

Ntxiv ua hauj lwm thiab foundations

Txawm li cas nyob ib ncig ntawm physicist yeej ib txwm pom lub sij hawm rau kev ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau tauj ntawm ces teeb, nws ntxiv nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm muaj zog sib nqus teb. Lub thwmsim muab kev koom tes ua hauj lwm los ntawm Cambridge. Cov thwmsim tau txuas ntxiv mus rau ob peb lub xyoo thiab tau tseem ceeb heev.

Zaum tau tswj los mus txhim kho lub turbine unit, thiab nws tau ua ntau npaum liquefy cua. Lub installation tsis yuav tsum tau pre-txias ntawm lub Helium. Nws yeej txias thaum lub sij hawm expansion nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb datendere. Tej gel installation yog tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv 1937, tom qab ntau npaum li cas cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (Nobel nqi zog paub txog tom qab 30 xyoo yuav tsum muab) ua ib tug yuav tsum muaj discovery. Nws sab phenomenon ntawm superfluidity ntawm Helium. Lub ntsiab xaus ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov kub hauv qab no 2,19 ° K offline viscosity. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej Petr Leonidovich sab lwm anomalous phenomena nyob rau hauv Helium. Piv txwv li, lub tsev ntawm tshav kub nyob rau hauv nws. Tsaug rau qhov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv science ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia - physics ntawm quantum kua.

Tsis txhob cov creation ntawm lub atomic foob pob

Nyob rau hauv 1945, lub Soviet Union launched ib tug kev pab cuam los tsim nuclear riam phom. Pyotr Kapitsa, uas nws phau ntawv tau nrov nyob rau hauv lub scientific lub zej lub zos, tsis kam noj ib feem nyob rau hauv nws. No nws twb muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub scientific ua hauj lwm thiab muab tso rau hauv lub tsev raug ntes rau yim xyoo. Raws li ib tus paub txog deprived ntawm lub sij hawm mus rau kev sib txuas lus nrog lug txhawb cov miv. Tab sis Pyotr Leonidovich twb tsis poob siab thiab txuas ntxiv tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab los npaj ib tug kuaj nyob rau ntawm nws dacha.

Nws yog muaj, nyob rau hauv lub primitive tej yam kev mob, originated high-power electronics, uas tau los ua tus thawj kauj ruam ntawm fusion zog subordination. Tab sis ib tug tag nrho-fledged thwmsim tus paub txog yog tau rov qab mus tsuas yog tom qab nws tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1955. Nws tau pib kawm high-kub ntshav. Ua nyob rau hauv lub qhib lub sij hawm tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug thermonuclear reactor ntawm tas mus li qhov kev txiav txim.

Ib txhia ntawm nws thwmsim muab tshiab impetus rau creativity ntawm science ntawv tseeb writers. Lawv tej kev xav txog ua kom txhua txhua txawj sau ntawv. Peter Kapitza kuj kawm nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm ib tug fireball thiab hydrodynamics ntawm nyias khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov kua. Tab sis lub mob siab nws quaj thaj chaw ntawm cov ntshav, thiab microwave generators.

Mus ncig teb chaws txawv teb chaws thiab cov Nobel nqi zog

Nyob rau hauv 1965, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa tau txais tsoom fwv tso cai rau mus rau Denmark. Muaj, nws twb muab tsub lub kub puav pheej ntawm Niels Bohr. Lub physicist ntsia nyob rau hauv zos lub chaw soj nstuam thiab muab ib tug qhuab qhia rau siab energies. Nyob rau hauv 1969, tus paub txog thiab nws tus poj niam thawj mus xyuas lub tebchaws United States.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-Lub kaum hli ntuj 1978 tus paub txog tau txais ib tug xov los ntawm cov Swedish Academy ntawm Sciences. Lub npe yog lub inscription: "Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. Nobel nqi zog ". Physicists muaj nws rau cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm tsis muaj peevxwm. Qhov no yog ib qhov zoo xov xwm, "ntes tau" tus paub txog thaum relaxing nyob rau hauv "Barvikha" nyob ze Moscow.

Sau xov xwm uas coj nws mus ua kev sib tham, nws twb hais tias: "Uas ntawm tus kheej kev scientific tau koj xav txog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws?" Pyotr Leonidovich hais tias lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau ib tus paub txog yog nws tam sim no ua hauj lwm. "Ntaub ntawv, Kuv tabtom ua tam sim no thermonuclear fusion", - nws ntxiv.

Kapitsa lub qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv Stockholm yog txawv txawv nyob rau hauv tus nqi tau txais daim ntawv. Contrary to kev cai, nws tau muab ib tug qhuab qhia tsis tau rau cov uas tsis muaj-kub physics, tab sis hais txog ntshav thiab tswj thermonuclear tshua. Pyotr Leonidovich piav yog vim li cas rau qhov no txoj kev ywj pheej. Tus kws tshawb fawb hais tias: "Nws yog tsis yooj yim rau xaiv ib lub ntsiab rau lub Nobel qhuab qhia. Kuv yeej ib qho puav pheej rau cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm tsawg kub, tiam sis tsis koom nyob rau hauv lawv rau ntau tshaj 30 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv kuv lub koom haum, ntawm chav kawm, ntxiv rau kawm txog no lub npe, tab sis kuv tau hloov mus rau txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim nyog rau cov thermonuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Kuv ntseeg hais tias tam sim no cov cheeb tsam no nthuav ntau thiab tseem ceeb, raws li yuav pab tau nyob rau hauv qhov looming zog ntsoog. "

Tus paub txog tuag nyob rau hauv 1984, ib tug me ntsis ua ntej lub hnub nyoog ntawm 90-xyoo hnub tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv xaus, peb muaj nws nto moo tshaj plaws sayings.

quotations

"Tib neeg txoj kev ywj pheej yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev: ua nruj ua tsiv los yog upbringing tau conditioned reflexes."

"Tus txiv neej yog cov tub ntxhais raws li ntev raws li ua ua dag tej yam."

"Koj yuav tsis txhaum thiaj xam tau tias yog pseudoscience. Tab sis lawv tsis muaj Vocabulary - nws yeej yog ib tug pseudoscience. "

"Talented ib tug neeg uas paub dab tsi nws xav."

"Geniuses tsis muab sawv mus rau ib qho era, tab sis lub era yug."

"Yuav kom muaj kev zoo siab, ib tug neeg yuav tsum xav txog tej yam koj tus kheej dawb."

"Tus uas muaj cov ceev. Tsuas yog raug no tsis yog ib ob peb teev, thiab rau ntau xyoo. "

"Tsis txhob gloss tshaj, tab sis qhia txog cov contradictions. Lawv pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm. "

"Science yuav tsum yooj yim, fascinating thiab kev lom zem. Tib yam siv rau lub zaum ".

"Deception yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm ib tug kev ywj pheej system, txij li thaum pib ntawm lub hnyav rests on ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov neeg. Lub siab xav feem ntau tsuas nres kev kawm. "

"Lub neej - zoo li ib daim ntawv ua si, nyob rau hauv uas koj koom nrog, tsis paub cov kev cai."