Pskov fortress keeb kwm thiab kev txheeb xyuas

Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Russia stretches ib tug loj cheeb tsam, los ntawm lub XI xyoo pua, hais nyob rau hauv lub annals li cov Pskov nqi zog. Txij li thaum cov hnub thaum ntxov, thaum nws tau xeeb thiab ntxiv dag zog rau, lub neej yog ntxhib, nws twb txiav txim siab los vij settlements khoom phab ntsa. Li no nws thiaj tau hu lawv lub zos, thiab qhov chaw uas cov phab ntsa lawm tshwj xeeb yog muaj zog - fortresses. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tseem tsuas ib tug nco, tab sis cov neeg ntawm lub fortress ntawm tus Pskov cheeb tsam, uas yog kom ciaj sia kom txog thaum lub hnub tam sim no, thiab hnub no yog zoo kawg li monuments ntawm nws era.

Cov me nyuam yug ntawm lub nroog-fortress

Qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau zoo-paub fortification ntawm no av yog lub Pskov fortress, uas nws cov duab yuav pom nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm. Cov kos yog hnub ntawm nws favorites nyob rau hauv ib tug tswv yim qhov chaw ntawm lub txuas ntawm lub Great thiab Pskov tsis paub hais tias. Tsis tas li ntawd erased los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm keeb kwm thiab xyoo ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub nroog nws tus kheej. Tab sis tus thawj kaw mention ntawm nws koom lub 903 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" Nestor lub Chronicler, piav txog txoj kev sib yuav ntawm tub huabtais Igor, ceeb toom txog hais tias nws tus poj niam coj "Pskov".

Thaum lub sij hawm, lub Pskov fortress loj hlob, thiab Ivan qhov txaus ntshai (XVI century) yog suav tias yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau haib nyob rau hauv Russia, ua rau tib raws li cov kev cai ntawm fortification. Kis tau los ntawm lub sij hawm nws cov kev txwv nws tus kheej Pskov, Russia los ua tus thib peb lub nroog, tom qab xwb Moscow thiab Novgorod. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xyoo paub tias yog hais tias muaj plaub caug convents thiab raws li ntau pawg ntseeg pawg ntseeg nyob rau hauv nws koog tsev kawm ntawv.

impregnable citadel

Chiv Pskov fortress twb ncig los ntawm ib tug ntoo thiab earthen phab ntsa, lug ncaj qha rau ntawm tej shafts. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua, hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov pib ntawm lub Mongol ntxeem tau, lawv tau hloov los ntawm cov pob zeb, thiab thaum twg ob centuries tau nce lub luag hauj lwm ntawm artillery, tam plaub teb yees.

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub fortress yog ntau tshaj li ob square kilometers thiab twb ncig los ntawm tsib koj cov menyuam phab ntsa muaj cuaj kilometers ntev thiab kaum plaub slotted rooj vag. Impregnable fortress phab ntsa ntauwd kuj muab, thiab tus nqi ntawm - lub ntau underground nqe vaj lug kub.

xav tshuaj

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias Pskov fortress twb ua nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm advanced technology thaum lub sij hawm. Nws cov phab ntsa thiab yees tau ua ntawm limestone blocks, fastened tshwj xeeb tshaj yog check txiv qaub mortar, ntawm daim card uas twb khaws cia tsis pub leejtwg paub. Niaj hnub no peb paub tias txiv qaub kom tau nws rau ntau xyoo twb quenched nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb qho to, thiab ces nyob rau hauv nruj me ntsis txhais proportions, tov nrog xuab zeb.

Cov tshwm sim yog ib tug phau ntawv tshuaj, tsis poob lawv cov zoo txawm tias tom qab tsib centuries. Ntxiv zog imparted txheej txheej cov vaj tse, cov txheej txheem ntawm nws kev kawm zoo li niaj hnub plaster, tab sis ua los ntawm ib tug ntau ruaj khoom.

Pob zeb fortress siv

Cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub Pskov fortress - dawb huv Trinity Cathedral thiab cov cheeb tsam surrounding Veche - twb surrounded los ntawm cov thawj defensive phab ntsa, dubbed Detinets los yog Krom (Kremlin). Nws yog tus hiob ib feem ntawm lub fortress. Nws ua tau nyob rau hauv lub XI caug xyoo.

Qhov thib ob fortress phab ntsa, hu ua los ntawm lub npe ntawm ib tug influential Dovmont Pskov tub huabtais Dovmont, cov cheeb tsam surrounding uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv lub XIII xyoo pua nws tsis muaj tsev nyob ntau lug kev, feem ntau ntawm cov uas twb muaj pob zeb, yog li ntawd lawv bases tau uncovered thaum lub sij hawm archaeological excavations.

Phab ntsa cob moos Boris

Raws li feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub zos nyob ib ncig ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev tiv thaiv cov kev sib hais haum loj hlob sai heev, uas tau ib lub koom haum khoom siv tes ua zos thiab cov lag luam qhov chaw. Lawv hu ua cog, thiab raws li lawv loj hlob thiab tau muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kab ntawm chaw tiv thaiv.

Nrog lub hom phiaj no, peb twb ua tau ib lub fortress phab ntsa, uas tau txais lub npe ntawm ib qho ntawm lub initiators ntawm nws siv, - cob moos Boris. Nws yog ib tug heev muaj kev nyab xeeb tsev, sab nraum uas xa tuaj nrog los ntawm ib tug sib sib zog nqus ditch. Lub chaw uas zoo heev kuj tuaj nyob rau hauv nws cov kev tiv thaiv, twb hu ua "zastene", thiab nws thiaj li ntxiv rau lub npe lo lus "laus."

Phab ntsa, ua kom tiav qhov kev siv ntawm lub fortress

Qhov no phab ntsa sawv kom txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub XV xyoo pua, tom qab uas nws tau demolished ib tug loj ib feem, raws li cov townsmen lub sij hawm uas tau zus, thiab nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg yuav tsum tau tsim kom muaj lwm txoj kab ntawm chaw tiv thaiv. Qhov no tshiab lub tsev - Phab ntsa ntawm lub Middle ntawm lub nroog (lub plaub nyob rau hauv ib tug kab), twb ua rau thaum uas tig mus rau nws cov thawj - Phab ntsa cob moos Boris thiab tag nrho cov uas xa tuaj nrog nrog nws cheeb tsam lub npe hu ua "Tshiab Zastenem". Nws twb xyuam xim kev tiv thaiv Pskov fortress thiab los ntawm Pskovy River. Ntawm no, nws them lub phab ntsa, thaum pib ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm uas hnub rov qab mus rau 1404 xyoo.

Thiab thaum kawg, qhov kawg - thib tsib lub nplhaib ntawm bastions - twb ua nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas sab hauv nws yog tsis tsuas ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub nroog, tab sis hais tias yog tseem ceeb heev ib feem ntawm Pskov dej. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm Pskov fortress, lub keeb kwm ntawm cov uas los ntawm lub sij hawm uas muaj yuav luag tsib centuries, nws tau los ua zoo tsis cuag rau tus yeeb ncuab. Nws defenders tsis raug teeb meem los yog kev tshaib kev nqhis, tsis nqhis, txij thaum lub dej muab lawv nrog ntses thiab dej.

End of kev sib ntaus los citadel txoj kev

Qhov kawg theem ntawm active kev tsim kho ntawm lub fortress poob nyob rau ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua qhia thaum nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim ntawm Peter kuv ntawm nws nrawm nroos npaj rau lub Great Northern ua tsov ua rog. Thaum lub sij hawm cov xyoo ib tug ntau ntawm cov redoubts tau ua thiab ntau yam outworks.

Tu siab, lawv siv yog feem ntau nqa tawm nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm lub qub vaj tse, raws li nrog ib shortage ntawm lub tsev ntaub ntawv hais txog lub tuam tsev thiab yees. Tom qab lub kos npe rau ntawm lub 1721 Treaty ntawm Nystad, uas twb ua tsov ua rog nrog Sweden, Pskov citadel poob nws cov tub rog tseem ceeb thiab nws thiaj li poob rau hauv disrepair.

Fortress, muab rau hauv ib tug tsev cia puav pheej complex

Thaum lub sij hawm lub fifties thiab sixties ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua los ntawm cov Leningrad Hermitage nyob rau hauv lub Pskov fortress tau nqa tawm archaeological excavations thiab restoration tej hauj lwm. Niaj hnub no Pskov thiab nws cov tsev fuabtais yog cov feem ntau nrov mus ncig tebchaws destinations.

Lub siab, tiag tiag European, neeg mus ncig tebchaws cov kev pab theem eloquently nkag tshuav nyob rau hauv cov qhua phau ntawv ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej-zeem cia, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub websites uas los ntawm nws. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj ib tug siab professionalism thiab zuag qhia tag nrho erudition guides rau kev tours. Ua tsaug rau lawv, cov qhua twb tau mus twj ywm tim khawv tias tus keeb kwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws, ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab chaw zov me nyuam uas yog ib zaug Pskov.

Xyuas kuj tag nrho ntawm kev ris txiaj rau qhov kev kho mob uas tau tiv thaiv pawg uas nws mus ntsib mus rau keeb kwm qhov chaw ntawm Pskov thiab nws cov uas twb tsis yog tas rau ib hnub. Thaum lawv pov tseg raug muab los ntawm lub tsev so raws li lub siab tshaj plaws qauv, thiab tau raug thauj mus rau lub neej tshiab nimno thiab xis tsheb npav.

Izborsk fortress (Pskov cheeb tsam)

Ntxiv mus tham txog cov laus tej chaw tiv thaiv ntawm lub Pskov cheeb tsam, tsis hais lub tsev fuabtais, kev tsim kho ntawm uas yog kev cob cog rua rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub nroog ntawm Izborsk, raws li cov kev soj ntsuam ntawm teej tug mus rau lub VII-VIII xyoo pua. Thaum peb centuries tom qab, nws tau zus mus rau hauv ib tug loj coj mus muag thiab handicraft chaw, cov ntoo thiab earthen fortress phab ntsa tau hloov los ntawm pob zeb.

Izborsk fortress (Pskov cheeb tsam) tau pom ib tug heev nyob rau hauv kuv lub neej, ib tug ntau tau poob rau nws feem ntawm tragic nplooj ntawv. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua nws twb ob zaug yuav los ntawm German knights, nrog rau qhov kawg tsav lawv tawm xwb pab lub yeej Aleksandra Nevskogo yeej los ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv 1242 nyob rau ntawm lub pas dej Peipus.

Ib puas xyoo tom qab, tus defenders heroically tsis kam ua tus siege ntawm lub Livonian knights, thiab nyob rau hauv 1367 tsav cov Germans los ntawm lawv cov phab ntsa, sim mus rau nkag mus rau hauv lub nroog nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm sib ntaus sib tua rams. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm Tej, lub fortress yog impregnable rau lub troops ntawm lub Lithuanian nobleman Aleksandra Lisovskogo, tab sis tom qab qhov kawg ntawm lub sab qaum teb ua tsov ua rog, nws, xws li nws tus muam, Pskov, poob nws cov tub rog tseem ceeb thiab maj poob mus rau hauv disrepair.

Fortress nroog Kapor

Lwm interesting monument ntawm medieval defensive architecture yog nyob rau hauv lub hood (Pskov cheeb tsam). Cov fortress, nyob rau hauv lub nroog thiab cov uas ua tim nws lub npe, nws twb ua nyob rau hauv 1237 los ntawm cov knights ntawm lub Livonian Order, tab sis tom qab plaub lub xyoos lawv Repulsed Alexander Nevsky pab tub rog. Nws muaj ntau zaus lawm thiab rebuilt. Tus thawj lub sij hawm nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1282 raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov ntxeev siab tawm tsam tus tub huabtais ntawm Novgorod Dmitry Alexandrovich, uas twb sim mus nkaum los ntawm lawv qab phab ntsa.

Tom qab, nws tau hais ntau ntau zaus lawm yuav los ntawm lub Swedes, tiam sis txhua txhua lub sij hawm kuv rov tuaj mus rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm lawv cov qub masters. Qhov kawg tswv ntawm lub tsev fuabtais yog tus illustrious tub huabtais Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, uas tau txais nws raws li ib tug khoom plig los ntawm Peter I. Txawm li cas los, tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws patron crowned nws poob mus rau hauv disgrace, lub fortress twb txeeb, thiab nws tau mus rau lub txhab nyiaj.

Tsis zoo li lwm yam Lavxias teb sab fortresses, Kapor tau yeej tsis tau rov qab los, thiab yeej tsis nqa tawm restoration ua hauj lwm rau nws lub teb chaws. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub fortress yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib tug heev neeg pluag mob, tab sis, nyob rau hauv lwm cov tes, raws li critics, nws yog ua tau yuav tsum tau fwm nyob rau hauv nws thawj daim ntawv rau ntau nta ntawm nws architecture.