Protein: qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi. thaj chaw ntawm cov nqaijrog

Raws li yog lub npe hu, cov nqaijrog - lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb no. Raws li cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Oparin-Haldane yog coacervate nco, muaj raws ntawm molecules ntawm peptides, nws tau ua lub hauv paus ntawm keeb kwm ntawm nyob yam. Qhov no yog tsis muaj tsis ntseeg vim hais tias cov kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub internal qauv ntawm txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm lub biomass qhia tau hais tias cov tshuaj muaj txhua yam: cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, kab mob, fungi, cov kab mob. Thiab lawv yog cov heev ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv qhov thiab macromolecular.

Lub npe ntawm cov plaub lug, lawv yog synonymous:

• proteins;
• proteins;
• polypeptides;
• peptides.

protein molecules

Lawv tus xov tooj yog tiag tiag incalculable. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tag nrho cov protein molecules yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob yam loj xws li:

• Tej yam yooj yim - txhaj tsuas muaj amino acid sequences koom los ntawm peptide bonds;
• complex - Qauv thiab tus qauv ntawm ib tug protein yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm ntxiv protolytic (prosthetic) pab pawg, kuj hu ua cofactors.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub complex molecules kuj muaj lawv tus kheej cais.

Gradation complex peptides

1. Glycoproteins - yog zoo mob protein thiab carbohydrate tebchaw. Tus qauv ntawm lub molecule woven prosthetic pab pawg mucopolysaccharides.
2. Lipoproteins - ib tug complex compound ntawm cov protein ntau thiab lipid.
3. Metalloproteins - raws li ib tug prosthetic pab pawg neeg yog cov hlau ions (hlau, manganese, tooj liab, thiab lwm tus).
4. Nucleoproteins - Tswv yim protein thiab nucleic acids (DNA, RNA).
5. Fosfoproteidy - conformation ntawm cov protein thiab ib tug residue ntawm phosphoric acid.
6. Chromoproteids - zoo heev rau metalloproteins, tab sis lub caij uas yog ib feem ntawm lub prosthetic pab pawg neeg yog ib tug dawb lias complex (liab - hemoglobin, ntsuab - chlorophyll, thiab thiaj li nyob).

Txhua pab pawg tham txog cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov nqaijrog yog cov sib txawv. Lub zog uas lawv ua, thiab yuav sib txawv nyob ntawm seb lub hom qauv.

Cov tshuaj qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog

Los ntawm no seem yus pom cov nqaijrog - ib tug ntev, loj heev saw ntawm cov amino acid residues sib thooj, tej bonds hu ua peptide. Los ntawm cov sab lug acids ncaim ceg - radicals. Qhov no qauv ntawm cov molecule twb nrhiav tau los ntawm E. Fischer thaum pib ntawm lub XXI caug xyoo.

Tom qab ntawd, cov nqaijrog, qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog tau kawm nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Nws los ua tseeb hais tias cov amino acids constituting lub peptide qauv, ib tug tag nrho ntawm 20, tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm li no yuav ua ke nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Li no muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm polypeptide lug. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub neej thiab txoj kev kawm ntawm nws functions cov nqaijrog yog tau yauv mus ua ib tug series ntawm cov tshuaj transformations. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lawv yuav hloov cov qauv, thiab muaj yog heev ib yam tshiab ntawm kev twb kev txuas.

Yuav kom ua txhaum lub peptide daim ntawv cog lus, piv txwv li, cuam tshuam cov protein ntawm chains yuav tsum tau xaiv nruj heev tej yam kev mob (kub, acid los yog alkaline catalyst). Qhov no yog vim lub siab zog ntawm tus covalent bonds nyob rau hauv lub molecule, namely, nyob rau hauv lub peptide pab pawg neeg.

Kom paub tias ntawm cov protein qauv nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj yog nqa tawm siv lub biuret cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - cov nyhuv rau polypeptide freshly precipitated hydroxide, tooj liab (II). Lub complex ntawm lub peptide pab pawg neeg thiab tooj liab ions muab ib tug kaj violet xim.

Muaj plaub yooj yim cov yam ntxwv lub koom haum, txhua tus uas muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov proteins.

Theem ntawm lub koom haum: cov thawj cov qauv

Raws li hais saum toj no, lub peptide - ib theem ntawm cov amino acid residues nrog inclusions, co-enzymes, los yog tsis muaj lawv. Yog li ntawd qhov no hu ua cov thawj cov qauv ntawm cov molecule, uas yog tej yam ntuj tso, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog ib qhov muaj tseeb tiag amino acids koom los ntawm peptide bonds, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi lwm tus. Hais tias yog, tus polypeptide linear qauv. Nyob rau hauv no xyov qauv ntawm cov proteins ntawm no zoo - nyob rau hauv hais tias qhov no ua ke nrog ntawm acids yog tseem ceeb heev rau qhov kev kawm ntawm kev khiav dej num ntawm cov protein molecule. Tsaug rau cov nta tau tsis tsuas mus rau qhia peptide tab sis kuj mus twv seb tus zog thiab cov luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug nkaus tshiab, raws li tau undiscovered. Piv txwv ntawm peptides muaj tej yam ntuj tso thawj qauv, - insulin, pepsin, chymotrypsin, thiab lwm tus neeg.

theem nrab conformation

Qauv thiab thaj chaw ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv pawg no sib txawv dog dig. Xws li ib tug qauv peev xwm yuav tsim chiv rau qhov los yog thaum raug mus rau cov thawj hydrolysis txhav, kub los yog lwm yam tej yam kev mob.

Qhov no conformation muaj peb ntau ntau yam:

1. Du, tsis tu ncua, stereoregular coils tsim los ntawm cov amino acid residues uas yog cov nyob ib ncig ntawm cov tub ntxhais kev twb kev txuas axis. Tsuas yog nyob ua ke los ntawm hydrogen bonds tshwm sim ntawm cov pa pab pawg neeg ntawm ib tug peptide thiab lwm yam hydrogen. Wherein cov qauv yog muaj tseeb vim lub fact tias cov lem tusyees dua txhua txhua 4 theem. Xws li ib tug qauv yuav tau ob leeg sab laug-tes laug thiab pravozakruchennoy. Tab sis nyob rau hauv feem ntau lub npe hu cov nqaijrog dextrorotatory isomer predominates. Tej conformation yog hu ua alpha-lug.
2. Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv ntawm cov nram qab no hom protein txawv los ntawm lub yav dhau los ib tug nyob rau hauv uas lub hydrogen bonds yog tsis tsim ntawm lub sawv sab los ntawm sab rau ib sab ntawm lub seem ntawm cov molecule thiab ntawm tshuam muab tshem tawm, nyob rau ntawm ib tug txaus loj deb. Vim li no, tag nrho cov qauv yuav ntau undulating, convoluted nab polypeptide chains. Muaj yog ib tug feature uas yuav tsum tau muaj protein ntau. Tus qauv ntawm cov amino acids ntawm cov ceg yuav tsum tau luv luv li hais tias ntawm glycine los yog alanine, piv txwv li. Qhov no hom ntawm ob conformation yog hu ua beta-los xij rau lawv muaj peev xwm mus lo ua ke yog hais tias tus tsim ntawm lub zuag qhia tag nrho cov qauv.
3. Teej tug mus rau lub thib peb hom protein qauv raws li biology qhia complex raznorazbrosannye, unordered tawg tsam muaj tsis muaj stereoregularity thiab muaj peev xwm hloov cov qauv nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lwm yam kev mob.

Piv txwv ntawm cov nqaijrog muaj theem nrab qauv los ntawm qhov, yog tsis qhia.

tertiary kev kawm ntawv

Qhov no yog ib tug ncaj complex conformation, muaj lub npe "globule". Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug protein? Tus qauv ntawm nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub thib ob qauv, tab sis ntxiv tshiab hom ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov atoms ntawm pab pawg, thiab tag nrho cov molecule folds li, ua li ntawd, qhov tseeb hais tias lub hydrophilic pawg tau qhia rau hauv globules thiab hydrophobic - tawm.

Qhov no qhia rau tus nqi ntawm cov protein molecule nyob rau hauv dej colloidal kev daws teeb meem. Yuav ua li cas yog cov hom ntawm cov kev sib tshuam yog muaj?

1. Hydrogen bonds - nyob twj ywm unchanged ntawm lub tib lub qhov chaw raws li nyob rau hauv lub thib ob qauv.
2. Lub hydrophobic (hydrophilic) sis - tshwm sim thaum uas yaj nyob rau hauv dej polypeptide.
3. Ionic attraction - raznozaryazhennymi tsim ntawm amino acid residues (radical) pab pawg.
4. Covalent kev sib tshuam - peev xwm yuav tsim nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov kev acidic chaw - cysteine molecules, los yog es, lawv tails.

Yog li, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog muaj ib tug tertiary qauv yuav piav raws li ib tug kuav los tiag mus rau hauv globules polypeptide chains, ceev thiab stabilizing nws conformation vim muaj ntau yam hom tshuaj cov kev sib tshuam. Piv txwv li peptides: fosfoglitseratkenaza, tRNA, alpha-keratin, txhob lo lo ntxhuav fibroin, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lub quaternary qauv

Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nyuaj ntawm lub globules, uas tsim proteins. Tus qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog ntawm xws li ib tug lub tswv yim yog muaj ntau yam heev thiab meej.

Yuav ua li cas yog no conformation? Nws yog ib tug ob peb (tej zaum dozens) ntawm loj thiab me me polypeptide chains, uas yog tsim nyob rau nws tus kheej ntawm txhua tus lwm yam. Tab sis, ces, vim tib cov kev sib tshuam uas peb tau kawm rau cov tertiary qauv ntawm cov peptides yog cov thiab intertwined. Yog li tau txoj conformational globules uas tej zaum yuav muaj hlau atoms, thiab lipid pawg, thiab carbohydrate. Piv txwv li cov nqaijrog: DNA polymerase, haus luam yeeb tus kab mob no lub hnab ntawv protein, hemoglobin, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Tag nrho peptide lug peb tau sib tham txog muaj lawv tus kheej txoj kev qhia kom paub nyob rau hauv lub laboratory, raws li nyob rau hauv tam sim no possibilities uas siv chromatography, centrifugation, electron thiab kho qhov muag microscopy thiab siab computer technologies.

zog

Tus qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog yog zoo correlated nrog txhua lwm yam. Hais tias yog, txhua peptide plays ib tug luag hauj lwm uas yog cim thiab meej. Tseem muaj cov neeg uas yog tau ua nyob rau hauv ib tug nyob ntawm tes, ob peb tseem ceeb muas. Tab sis nws yuav tsum sau ua ke raws li qhia qhov yooj yim zog ntawm cov protein molecules nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm nyob beings:

1. Muab cov tsheb. Celled kab mob los yog organelles, los yog tej hom hlwb muaj peev xwm ntawm lub zog, tej qhov nqaij ntuag, taw. Qhov no protein yog muab, txoj kev ib feem ntawm lawv cov qauv ntawm lub cev muaj zog apparatus: cilia, flagella, cytoplasmic membrane. Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov tsis muaj peev xwm mus xaav ntawm lub hlwb, cov proteins yuav ua rau kom lawv txo (myosin nqaij).
2. Noj haus los yog backup muaj nuj nqi. Nws yog ib qho txuam nrog ntawm protein molecules nyob rau hauv oocytes, embryos thiab cog noob rau lub ntxiv filling uas ploj lawm as-ham. Thaum cleavage ntawm lub peptides tsim amino acids thiab biologically active tshuaj, uas yog tsim nyog rau ib txwm loj hlob uas muaj sia nyob.
3. Lub zog muaj nuj nqi. Sib nrug los ntawm carbohydrates forces lub cev muaj peev xwm ua thiab proteins. Nyob rau hauv lub lwj ntawm 1 g ntawm peptide tso 17,6 kJ pab tau lub zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov adenosine triphosphate (ATP), uas yog siv rau qhov tseem ceeb heev muaj dab.
4. Teeb liab thiab ntxawg muaj nuj nqi. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv nqa tawm ceev faj xyuas ntawm kev tu ncua dab thiab cov kis ntawm Pib ntsais koj teeb ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm rau cov ntaub so ntswg, los ntawm lawv los cov tub ceev xwm, los ntawm qhov tseeb mus rau lub system thiab thiaj li nyob. Ib tug raug piv txwv yog insulin, uas yog nruj me ntsis cov ntaub ntawv tus xov tooj ntawm cov ntshav qabzib.
5. Receptor muaj nuj nqi. Nws yog tiav los ntawm kev hloov lub conformation ntawm lub peptide nrog ib sab ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab pib lwm kawg ntawm restructuring. Thaum zoo li no tshwm sim thiab lub teeb liab kis tau tus mob thiab cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau. Feem ntau ntawm cov proteins uas kos nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasmic membrane ntawm hlwb thiab nqa tawm ib tug nruj tswj tag nrho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas dhau therethrough. Tsis tas li ntawd qhia koj kom cov tshuaj thiab lub cev hloov nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam.
6. Thauj muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub peptides. Nws yog nqa tawm txau cov nqaijrog thiab transporter proteins. Lawv lub luag hauj lwm yog ib cuab kev - thauj ntshaw molecules mus rau lub chaw nrog ib tug tsawg concentration ntawm lub high school qhov chaw. Ib tug raug piv txwv yog lub thauj ntawm cov pa thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide los ntawm lub nruab nrog cev thiab cov nqaij ntawm cov protein hemoglobin. Lawv kuj tau qhov tus me nyuam ntawm tebchaw nrog ib tug tsawg molecular yuag los ntawm daim nyias nyias mus rau hauv lub cell.
7. Qauv muaj nuj nqi. Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg uas ua protein. Tus qauv ntawm lub hlwb thiab lawv organelles yog muab peptides. Lawv yog cov uas zoo sib xws rau tus ncej txhais zoo thiab kev teeb tsa. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv kuj pab txhawb nws, thiab hloov yog tias tsim nyog. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob tseem ceeb proteins uas cov khoom noj. Tej peptides xws li elastin, tubulin, collagen, actin, thiab lwm yam keratin.
8. Lub catalytic muaj nuj nqi. Nws ua tau zoo enzymes. Muaj ntau thiab ntau yam, lawv leeb tag nrho cov tshuaj thiab biochemical kev tig cev nyob rau hauv lub cev. Yog tsis muaj lawv kev koom tes, zoo tib yam kua nyob rau hauv lub plab yuav tsum tau zom tsuas yog rau ob hnub, nws yuav ua khoov nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm catalase, peroxidase thiab lwm yam enzymes, tus txheej txheem no yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ob teev. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov no luag hauj lwm, protein anabolism thiab catabolism yog nqa tawm, uas yog, yas thiab zog metabolism.

Cov kev tiv thaiv luag hauj lwm

Muaj ob peb hom ntawm ntshai heev txawm, los ntawm uas cov nqaijrog yog tsim los tiv thaiv lub cev.

Firstly, tshuaj tua puas reagents, gases, molecules, tej txawv spectrum ntawm kev txiav txim. Peptides tau mus koom nrog lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, hloov mus rau hauv ib tug harmless daim ntawv los yog tsuas yog neutralizing.

Ob, lub cev kev hem thawj los ntawm lub qhov txhab - yog hais tias tus protein fibrinogen nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm yog tsis hloov mus rau hauv fibrin ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev raug mob, cov ntshav tsis curdle, thiab chaw pib txhaws yuav tshwm sim. Ces, on qhov tsis tooj, nws xav tau kev pab plasmin peptide peev xwm sucked los khov rau ntawd thiab restore patency ntawm cov hlab.

Thirdly, cov kev hem thawj ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Qauv thiab tus nqi ntawm cov proteins uas rau tiv thaiv kab mob defenses, yog cov tsis tshua tseem ceeb heev. Tshuaj, immunoglobulins, interferons - yog tag nrho cov tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb hais txog qhov lymphatic thiab muaj zog. Tej txawv teb chaws hais, siab phem molecule, tuag hlwb los yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov qauv raug rau ib tug tam sim ntawd kev tshawb nrhiav los ntawm lub peptide compound. Uas yog vim li cas ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm muaj, tsis muaj kev pab ntawm cov tshuaj txhua txhua hnub los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm kab mob thiab tej yam yooj yim cov kab mob.

lub zog

Tus qauv ntawm cov protein hlwb yog heev txog thiab nyob rau cov nuj nqi. Tab sis lub cev thaj chaw ntawm peptides zoo sib xws thiab yuav txo tau kom raws li nram no cov yam ntxwv.

1. Nyhav molecules - mus 1000000 Daltons.
2. Nyob rau hauv aqueous tov rau colloidal system. Muaj cov qauv acquires them peev xwm sib txawv nyob ntawm seb lub acidity ntawm qhov nruab nrab.
3. Thaum raug mob hnyav (tawg, acid los yog alkali, kub, thiab lwm yam) yuav tau tsiv mus nyob rau lwm theem conformations, i.e. denature. Cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv 90% ntawm cov neeg irreversible. Txawm li cas los, muaj ib tug rov qab ua haujlwm - renaturation.

Qhov no yooj yim thaj chaw ntawm lub cev tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub peptides.