TsimScience

Polarized thiab ntuj lub teeb. polarized teeb tsis zoo li tej yam ntuj tso

Cov tsis yog ob hom. Lub longitudinal vibrational perturbation thaum uas tig mus rau lawv cov kev coj ntawm hais tawm. Ib qho piv txwv yog cov zaj uas lub suab nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Transverse tsis muaj teeb uas yog nyob rau ntawm ib kaum sab xis ntawm 90 ° rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog. Piv txwv li, lub yoj dua horizontally los ntawm cov loj ntawm dej ua ntsug deeg ntawm nws saum npoo.

Tus foundations ntawm

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm mysterious kho qhov muag los pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XVII, tau raug muab piav qhia, thaum lub polarized thiab ntuj lub teeb pib yuav tsum tau kev raws li ib tug yoj phenomenon thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm nws deeg tau sab. Cov thawj thiaj li hu ua polarization nyhuv twb nrhiav tau los ntawm Danish tus kws kho mob Erasmus Bartholin nyob rau hauv 1669. Kev cai coj refraction los yog birefringence nyob rau hauv Iceland spar los yog poov hlau (siv lead ua daim ntawv ntawm calcium carbonate). Thaum lub teeb kis tau los ntawm ib tug calcite siv lead ua splits nws, ua dluab ob yog txav tus txheeb ze rau txhua tus lwm yam.

Newton paub txog qhov no tshwm sim thiab yuav qhia tau tias tej zaum lub teeb corpuscles muaj asymmetry los yog "tug-ib tog", uas yuav yog qhov ua rau ntawm lub tsim ntawm ob dluab. Huygens, ib tug kawm ntawm Newton muaj peev xwm los mus piav qhia nws kev tshawb xav ntawm ob refraction ntawm elementary tsis, tab sis nws tsis to taub lub ntsiab tseeb ntawm cov nyhuv. Birefringence tseem ib tug paub tsis meej txog thaum Thomas Hluas thiab Fabkis physicist Augustin-Zhan Frenel yog tsis pom hais tias lub teeb tsis yog transverse. Ib tug yooj yim lub tswv yim tau tso cai los piav dab tsi polarized thiab tej yam ntuj tso lub teeb. Qhov no muab ib tug natural thiab uncomplicated moj khaum rau cais polarization los.

Lub birefringence yog tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug ua ke ntawm ob orthogonal polarizations, txhua tus uas nws muaj nws yoj tshaj tawm. Vim hais tias ntawm cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov kev ceev ntawm lub ob lub Cheebtsam muaj ntau refractive indices, thiab yog li ntawd lawv yog txawv refracted los ntawm cov khoom, uas ua dluab ob.

Polarized thiab ntuj lub teeb: Maxwell kev tshawb xav

Fresnel sai sai tsim ib tug kev qauv ntawm transverse tsis, uas coj mus rau lub birefringence thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam kho qhov muag los. Plaub caug xyoo tom qab, tus electromagnetic Maxwell lub theory elegantly piav txog cov transverse xwm ntawm lub teeb.

Electromagnetic vuag Maxwell muaj li ntawm magnetic thiab hluav taws xob teb perpendicular mus rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm oscillating zog. Lub teb yog nyob rau ntawm ib kaum sab xis ntawm 90 ° rau txhua lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no cov kev taw qhia ntawm hais tawm ntawm lub magnetic thiab hluav taws xob teb tsim ib txoj cai-laug tswj system. Rau ib yoj nrog lub zaus f, thiab ib tug ntev ntawm λ (lawv txog dependence λf = c), uas tsiv nyob rau hauv lub zoo x kev taw qhia, lub teb yuav piav lej:

  • E (x, t) = E 0 cos (2 π x / λ - 2 π ft) y ^;
  • B (x, t) = B 0 cos (2 π x / λ - 2 π ft) z ^.

Lub sib npaug qhia tau tias cov hluav taws xob thiab sib nqus teb yog nyob rau hauv theem nrog txhua lwm yam. Thaum twg muab lub sij hawm, lawv ib txhij mus txog lawv cov nyiaj pab ntau tshaj qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw sib npaug zos rau E 0 thiab B 0. Cov amplitudes yog tsis ywj siab. Maxwell lub sib npaug qhia tias E 0 = CB 0 rau tag nrho cov electromagnetic tsis nyob rau hauv vacuo.

lub polarization kev taw qhia

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia ntawm lub orientation ntawm lub magnetic thiab hluav taws xob teb ntawm lub teeb tsis yog feem ntau xwb qhia cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov hluav taws xob field. Lub vector ntawm lub magnetic teb txiav txim los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau perpendicularity teb thiab lawv perpendicularity rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog. Ntuj thiab linearly polarized lub teeb yog yus nyob rau hauv uas nyob rau hauv lub kawg teb oscillate nyob rau hauv tas cov lus qhia raws li lub zog ntawm tus yoj.

Nws muaj lwm yam tau polarization lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm yeej vectors ntawm lub magnetic thiab hluav taws xob teb yog rotated txheeb ze mus rau lub tawm kev taw qhia nyob rau ntawm lub qhov amplitude. Elliptically polarized teeb yog nyob rau hauv ib nrab txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub linear thiab yeej polarizations.

unpolarized teeb

Atoms rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ib tug rhuab filament, uas ua kom muaj tus electromagnetic tawg, yog, ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm txhua tus lwm yam. Txhua tawg yuav kwv yees li caum tus qauv raws li u luv luv ntev ntawm 10 -9 10 -8 vib nas this. Electromagnetic vuag los ntawm cov filament, yog ib tug superposition ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau, txhua tus uas muaj nws tus kheej polarization kev taw qhia. Nyiaj oriented across cob ntaub ntawv nthwv dej polarization vector ntawm uas nws txawv sai thiab erratically. Xws li ib tug yoj yog hu ua unpolarized. Tag nrho tej yam ntuj tso qhov chaw ntawm lub teeb nrog rau lub hnub, incandescent teeb, fluorescent teeb thiab nplaim taws, tsim xws tawg. Txawm li cas los, tej yam ntuj tso lub teeb yog feem ntau cov polarized vim ntau yam kev tawg ri niab thiab thiaj.

Yog li, qhov txawv ntawm tej yam ntuj tso polarized teeb muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nyob rau hauv thawj oscillations tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug dav hlau.

Qhov chaw ntawm polarized tawg

Polarized teeb yuav tau ua thaum lub spatial orientation txiav txim. Ib tug piv txwv yog lub synchrotron tawg, nyob rau hauv uas high-zog them hais tsiv nyob rau hauv ib tug sib nqus teb thiab emit polarized electromagnetic yoj. Muaj ntau yam zoo-paub astronomical qhov chaw uas emit lawm polarized lub teeb. Cov no muaj xws nebulae, supernova remnants, thiab active galactic nuclei. cosmic tawg polarization kawm nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txiav txim seb lub thaj chaw ntawm nws qhov chaw.

polaroid lim

Polarized thiab ntuj lub teeb yog cais los ntawm xeem dhau los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, feem ntau ntawm cov uas yog lub polaroid, tsim los ntawm lub American physicist Edwin av. Lub lim muaj ntev chains ntawm hydrocarbon molecules taw qhia kom paub mus rau ib sab los ntawm lub tshav kub kev kho mob. Molecule rau xaiv nqus tawg, lub fais teb yog thaum uas tig mus rau lawv orientation. Lub teeb tawm hauv lub polarizer yog linearly polarized. Nws hluav taws xob field perpendicular mus rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm molecular orientation. Polaroid tau pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb, xws li looj tsom iav dub thiab cov ntxaij lim dej uas txo cov nyhuv uas cov reflected thiab tawg lub teeb.

Ntuj thiab polarized teeb: txoj kev cai Malus

Nyob rau hauv 1808, physicist Etienne Louis Malus pom hais tias lub teeb thaws rov los los ntawm uas tsis yog-nws yog xim hlau chaw, tej polarized. Raws li ntawm no cov nyhuv yog nyob ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab lub refractive index ntawm lub paab khoom. Nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov huab thaum lub tangent ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov xwm txheej nyob rau hauv cov huab cua yog sib npaug zos rau cov refractive index ntawm lub paab khoom, lub thaws rov los lub teeb yuav tag linearly polarized. Qhov no tshwm sim yog lub npe hu ua Brewster txoj cai (hu ua tom qab nws discoverer, lub Scottish physicist David Brewster). Lub polarization kev taw qhia thaum uas tig mus rau lub reflecting nto. Txij li thaum fluorescent glare feem ntau tshwm sim thaum thiaj los ntawm kab rov tav chaw xws li txoj kev thiab dej ntxaij lim dej yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv looj tsom iav dub nyob horizontally polarized lub teeb thiab yog li ntawd xyua tshem tawm cov reflections ntawm lub teeb.

Rayleigh scattering

Lub teeb tawg ri niab los ntawm heev me me khoom uas qhov ntev npaum li cas me dua cov wavelength (lub thiaj-hu ua Rayleigh scattering tom qab cov lus Askiv paub txog Tswv Rayleigh), kuj tsim ib tug ib nrab polarization. Thaum tshav ntuj kis tau los ntawm lub ntiaj teb huab cua, nws yog dispersed los ntawm huab cua molecules. Lub ntiaj teb thiab nce mus txog li khiav ri polarized ntuj kaj. Lub degree ntawm polarization yog nyob rau ntawm tawg lub. Txij li thaum tus txiv neej tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm tej yam ntuj tso thiab polarized teeb, qhov no ua rau feem ntau mus unnoticed. Cuaj kaum, tus ob lub qhov muag ntawm ntau kab li cas rau nws, thiab lawv siv cov txheeb ze polarization ntawm lub tawg khiav ri niab tawg raws li ib tug navigational cuab tam. Tej lim koob yees duab uas yog siv los txo cov tom qab tawg nyob kaj lug tshav ntuj, yog ib tug yooj yim linear polarizer, uas cais lub polarized lub teeb thiab tej yam ntuj tso Rayleigh.

anisotropic ntaub ntawv

Polarization los muaj cai nyob rau hauv lub optically anisotropic ntaub ntawv (nyob rau hauv uas lub refractive index mas nws txawv nrog cov kev taw qhia ntawm polarization), xws li birefringent muaju, ib co lom lug thiab optically active cov ntaub ntawv. Technological daim ntaub ntawv muaj xws li polarizing rub kom pom loj, kua siv lead ua qhia thiab kho qhov muag uas siv rau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb.

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