Phraseological ua ke: Piv txwv

Puv ntawm kab lus - yog lub bane ntawm tus neeg twg uas kawm ib yam lus, vim hais tias thaum ntsib nrog lawv, cov neeg feem ntau yuav tsis to taub dab tsi yog ceg txheem ntseeg. Feem ntau, yuav to taub nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia, nws yog tsim nyog los siv ib phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm phraseological ob peb ua ke, uas yog tsis ib txwm nyob tes. Txawm li cas los, muaj ib cov tshuaj - koj muaj peev xwm tsim cov muaj peev xwm mus paub txog idioms, ces nws yuav yooj yim rau to taub txog lawv lub ntsiab lus. Txawm li cas los, qhov no koj yuav tsum paub dab tsi hom lawv muaj thiab yuav ua li cas lawv txawv. Kev mloog nyob rau hauv no hais txog yuav tsum tau them rau phraseological ob peb ua ke raws li lawv muaj (vim hais tias ntawm qhov sib txawv txoj kev ntawm classifying lawv) tsim lub feem ntau cov teeb meem. Yog li ntawd, yog dab tsi, dab tsi yog lawv pom qhov txawv nta thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi dictionaries koj yuav nrhiav tau cov tswv yim?

Phraseology thiab cov kev kawm ntawm nws txoj kev kawm

Science phraseology, uas nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ntau yam ob peb ua ke ntawm ruaj, tus hluas. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lug, nws pib mus rau sawv tawm raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib seem xwb nyob rau hauv lub XVIII caug xyoo., Thiab ces qhov kawg ntawm no caug xyoo, ua tsaug Mihailu Lomonosovu.

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm nws cov kev soj ntsuam - linguists Viktor Vinogradov thiab Nikolay Shan, thiab nyob rau hauv lus Askiv - A. Cov McKay, William Weinreich thiab L. P. Smit. Incidentally, yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias lub English-hais lus linguists, tsis zoo li Slavic cov kws txawj, ntau tsawg mloog yog them rau phraseological units, thiab Tshuag lawv nyob rau hauv cov lus no muab Lavxias teb sab, Ukrainian los yog Polish.

Lub ntsiab kev kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no uas yog tsom qhov kev qhuab qhia yog lub nruas los yog idiomatic qhia. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Qhov no ua ke nrog ntawm ntau yam lus, uas yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv tus qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg (tsis kos mus txog rov qab txhua lub sij hawm thiab siv nyob rau hauv twb tiav daim ntawv no). Vim li no, thaum parsing lus nruas, tsis hais txog ntawm nws cov hom thiab qhov ntev ntawm nws constituent lus, yeej ib txwm tshwm raws li ib tug tib kab lus.

Txheej nqe lus nyob rau hauv txhua hom lus yog ib tug tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws, hais txog nws cov keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Nws yuav tsis tau qoos kis tsis tau poob nws cov ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, tus neeg txhais lus yog feem ntau xaiv muaj zoo xws li cov idioms ntawm tus nqi, muaj nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus.

Piv txwv li, tus naas ej English phraseological ua ke: "Cia koj ntiv tes rau ntawm tus mem tes", uas lus txhais tau tias "kom peb cov ntiv tes rau ntawm tus mem tes," tab sis nws ua kom paub mus rau "kom abreast of tsim." Txawm li cas los, vim yog tsis muaj ib puas feem pua Lavxias teb sab counterpart, nws yog hloov nrog zoo heev "xav tias tus mem tes".

Tej zaum, vim qhov sib thooj ntawm lub teb chaws, lawv hom lus muaj cov zoo sib xws lem ntawm kab lus, thiab ces teeb meem nrog tus neeg txhais lus ntawd. Yog li, lub Lavxias teb sab qhia "twiddle" (mess nyob ib ncig ntawm) muaj nws ntxaib tij laug nyob rau hauv lub Ukrainian hom lus - "byty baydyky".

Feem ntau xws kab zauv tuaj nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ntau hom lus vim hais tias ntawm ib co tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm, xws li xws li Christianization. Txawm tias teej tug mus rau txawv Christian denominations, nyob rau hauv Ukrainian, Fabkis, Mev, German, Slovak, Lavxias teb sab thiab Polish ntau nruas "Alpha thiab Omega" yog los ntawm phau Vajlugkub thiab txhais tau tias "los ntawm thaum pib mus rau thaum kawg" (tag nrho, huv si).

Hom ntawm set nqe lus

Nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm kev faib ntawm phraseology tseem-linguists tsis tau tuaj mus rau ib tug ib lub tswv yim. Ib txhia ntxiv nyob qib lawv paj lug ( "Yog tsis muaj lub hnub koj yuav tsis nyob twj ywm, tsis tau nyob tsis tus qab zib") thiab sayings ( "Vajtswv yuav tsis muab - ib tug npua yuav tsis noj") thiab cov lus clichés ( "zoo siab pab txhawb nqa", "ua hauj lwm puag ncig"). Tab sis thaum lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg tsawg.

Thaum lub caij, feem ntau nrov nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj Slavic lus nyiam kev faib linguist Viktor Vinogradov, uas yog faib tag nrho cov set nqe lus rau peb tseem ceeb no:

• Phraseological leeg.
• Phraseological kev sib sau.
• Phraseological ob peb ua ke ntawd.

Ib tug ntau ntawm linguists txog fusion thiab kev sib sau nrog lub sij hawm "nruas" (los ntawm txoj kev, qhov lo lus yog cognate nrog lub noun "ruam"), uas yog ua tau ib tug synonym rau lub noun "nruas". Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias tej zaum kos ib qho uas txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog heev yooj yim. Qhov no lub npe yog nqi nco ntsoov, raws li nyob rau hauv cov lus Askiv phraseological leeg, kev sib sau, sib txuas kis nrog nws pab - idioms.

Cov lus nug txog idiomatic kab zauv

Colleague Vinogradova Nikolay Shan hais rau lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug plaub hom - kab zauv. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws muab qhia phraseological ob peb ua ke Vinogradov rau hauv ob pawg: lub sij ob peb ua ke thiab qhia.

Txawm hais tias kev faib ntawm lub Shan thiab ua rau tsis meej pem nyob rau hauv txoj kev xyaum ntawm muab faib rau cov teeb nqe lus, tab sis nws tso cai rau koj mus rau ntau heev xav txog qhov no lus tshwm sim.

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov txawv phraseological leeg, phraseological kev sib sau, phraseological ob peb ua ke

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog tsim nyog to taub hais tias cov robust units yog muab faib mus rau hauv cov hom lexical theem ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm lawv lub Cheebtsam.

Turnovers yog kiag li inseparable, uas nws lub ntsiab lus yog tsis txuas mus rau tus nqi ntawm lawv cov Cheebtsam, lawv tau raug hu ua phraseological leeg. Piv txwv li: "hov fritters" (ua ua dag sib tham), hnav ib lub plawv nyob rau ib qho lub tes tsho (yuav tau qhia ncaj, lus txhais tau tias "rau hnav lub plawv rau nws lub tes tsho"). Los ntawm txoj kev, rau cov adhesions yam ntxwv imagery, feem ntau lawv tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug nrov hais lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog outdated los yog kab zauv ntawm ancient cov phau ntawv.

Phraseological kev sib sau ntau ywj siab saib, nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau nws lub Cheebtsam. Tsis zoo li adhesions, lawv semantics yog vim tus nqi ntawm lawv cov pej xeem. Vim li no, qhov no muaj xws li puns. Piv txwv li: "me me tab sis txig tsim" (ib tug neeg puas muaj tej yam zoo, txawm nws muaj kev tsis impressive lwm cov ntaub ntawv) thiab Ukrainian lus nruas: "katyuzі rau zasluzі" (tus neeg ua txhaum tau txais qhov tsim nyog rau txim ntawm nws tus kheej wrongdoing). Los ntawm txoj kev, ob piv txwv piv txwv li ib tug tshwj xeeb feature ntawm unities: rhymed consonance. Tej zaum qhov no yog vim li cas Viktor Vinogradov suav lawv paj lug thiab sayings, txawm tias lawv yuav mus rau lub phraseology tseem disputed los ntawm ntau linguists.

Qhov thib peb hom: cov nyob rau ntawm kab lus collocations. Lawv yog cov heev ho txawv los ntawm lub saum toj no ob. Lub fact tias tus nqi ntawm lawv cov Cheebtsam ncaj qha muaj feem xyuam rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov turnover. Piv txwv li: "binge haus", "tsa qhov teeb meem".

Phraseological ob peb ua ke nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus (raws li nyob rau hauv Ukrainian thiab lus Askiv) muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb cov khoom teejtug: lawv Cheebtsam yuav tsum tau hloov tsis poob ntawm lub ntsiab lus synonymous nrog "ua txhaum rau cov Honor" - "mob muaj nuj nqis", "liab neeb" - "jingle". Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov lus ntawm lub siab British - nruas los qhia ib tug hniav (uas qhia cov hniav), uas muab siv tau rau ib tug neeg twg: los qhia kuv (koj, nws, nws, peb) cov hniav.

Phraseological kab zauv thiab ob peb ua ke: lub txawv nta

Classification Victor Vinogradova, nyob rau lub muaj pes tsawg leeg yog faib tsuas yog ib analytical daim ntawv (ob peb ua ke ntawm kab lus) twb maj supplemented Nikolaem Shanskim. Paub qhov txawv idioms thiab ua ke nrog yog heev yooj yim (vim lawv sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv). Tab sis tus tshiab chav tsev ntawm lub Shan - qhia ( "ntshai hma - nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov tsis txhob mus"), nws yog yooj yim kom paub qhov txawv ntawm lub ua ke.

Tab sis, yog hais tias to taub cov nqe lus nug, koj yuav saib tau ib tug ntshiab txim hluav taws xob, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm phraseological ob peb ua ke. Yog li, cov kev qhia muaj xws li lig dawb hais lus, siab muaj ywj siab semantics ( "tag nrho yog tsis kub - uas glitters"). Txawm li cas los, ntawm lub niaj zaus cov nqe lus thiab kab lus, lawv txawv nyob rau hauv hais tias lawv yog ruaj khov kab zauv uas tsis komponiruyutsya tshiab thiab siv nyob rau hauv tiav lawm daim ntawv raws li ib tug template, "dib qaub qos liab yog tsis sweeter" (Ukrainian version ntawm "hrіn qos liab yog tsis solodshy").

Phraseological ob peb ua ke ( "Wb lub taub hau txiav tawm" - "muab ib txhais tes txiav tawm") yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv cov qauv muaj ib tug ob peb lo lus nrog unmotivated nqi, thaum tag nrho cov Cheebtsam ntawm kab zauv semantically kiag ywj siab ( "txiv neej - nws suab zoo"). Incidentally, qhov no feature ntawm lawv ua ib co linguists tsis ntseeg cov kab zauv teej tug mus rau lub teeb nqe lus.

Uas ua ke ntawm lus tsis yog ib qho idiomatic qhia

Nruas, ib tug lexical taw tes ntawm view, yog ib tug tshwj xeeb tshwm sim: nyob rau hauv ib tes, lawv muaj tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nqe lus, tab sis ntau zoo xws li cov zog rau cov lus. Paub cov nta, koj yuav tau yooj yim kawm kom paub qhov txawv ruaj khov phraseological ob peb ua ke, kev sib sau, fusion los yog qhia los ntawm cov ib txwm nqe lus.

• Nruas, raws li zoo raws li cov nqe lus muaj xws li ob peb interconnected tokens, tiam sis feem ntau ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus yog tsis mus dhau lub sum ntawm lawv tivthaiv qhov tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li :. "Tsis tau koj lub taub hau" (tsis txhob xav sensibly) thiab "tsis tau ib tug lub hnab tawv pojniam" Lo lus hais tias ua li cov lus nruas, feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv ib tug figurative siab.
• Thaum siv nyob rau hauv kev hais lus thiab kev sau ntawv muaj pes tsawg leeg tsim nqe lus txhua lub sij hawm rov qab. Tab sis kev sib sau thiab fusion yog lossi dua nyob rau hauv lub kawg daim ntawv (uas koom siab ua ke rau lawv nrog hais lus clichés). Phraseological ua ke ntawm cov lo lus thiab phraseological kab zauv tej zaum ruam nyob rau hauv no hais txog. Piv txwv li: "dai down" (tu siab) txawm hais tias nws yog phraseology, tab sis txhua tus ntawm nws cov Cheebtsam yog tau dawb do tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov pa nqe lus "dai lub tsho tiv no" thiab "txo nws lub taub hau."
• Idiomatic (vim rau lub sam xeeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov Cheebtsam) nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob yuav muab tau yooj yim hloov los ntawm txhais, koj yuav tsis ua li cas rau cov lus. Piv txwv li: qhov qhia "tub qhe ntawm Melpomene," yuav muab tau yooj yim hloov mus rau ib tug yooj yim lo lus "Artist" los yog "actor".
• Nruas yeej tsis ua raws li cov npe. Piv txwv li, hydronym "Dead Sea" thiab phraseological ua ke "tawm rau lub caij" (unpopular lub caij), "dag tuag hnyav" (pw tsis siv cov khoom).

Ib suam ntawm phraseological units nyob rau hauv keeb kwm

Xav rau lo lus nug ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm phraseological ob peb ua ke, kab zauv ntawm kev sib sau thiab splices lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob peb pab pawg.

• Ob peb ua ke uas muaj los ntawm cov neeg lub suab, "tau rau nws txhais ko taw", "tsis muaj ib tug huab tais nyob rau hauv nws lub taub hau" (ruam), "tsis muaj, lub limtiam" (heev luv luv lub sij hawm).
• Kev cob qha cov ntaub qhwv to, uas maj tig mus rau hauv phraseologisms :. "Xim dub thiab dawb", "pouring dej rau cov zeb", "nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tshaj tawm"
• Uas tau ua iconic sayings ntawm nto moo keeb kwm nuj nqis lossis phau ntawv cim, movie cim: "Qhov loj tshaj plaws kom haum SAT" ( "Wizards"), "Ceev faj, hais mav" (M. Zhvanetskiy), Kuv muaj ib tug npau suav (Martin Luther King).
• Ruaj phraseological ob peb ua ke borrowed los ntawm lwm hom lus, tej zaum tsis muaj neeg txhais lus. Piv txwv li: o tempora, o mores (nyob rau lub sij hawm, nyob rau tus cwj pwm zoo), carpe diem (Txeeb ib hnub), lub sij hawm vulnera sanat (lub sij hawm kho tag nrho cov qhov txhab).
• Quotes los ntawm cov ntawv Vajtswv: "hlaws dai pov" (qhia / qhia ib yam dab tsi ungrateful listeners / viewers), "tos kom txog thaum lub Ob txhais los" (tos rau ib yam dab tsi rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, thiab tej zaum pointless), "tub tau ploj lawm", "manna los ntawm saum ntuj ceeb tsheej".
• Ntawv los ntawm cov classical ntaub ntawv: "Kua ntawm discord" (ib tug muaj teeb kev kawm), "Greek khoom plig" (phem inflicted nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm zoo), "saib lub Medusa" (dab tsi ua froze zoo li ib lub pob zeb).

Lwm yam classifications: lub version Petra Dudika

• Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd Vinogradov thiab Shan, thiab lwm yam linguists twb sim mus rau faib lub idioms, ua los ntawm lawv tus kheej tej ntsiab cai. Yog li, ib tug linguist pom tias Dudik tsis plaub, tab sis tsib hom phraseological units:
• Semantically indivisible lus nruas "yuav nyob rau hauv lub luv luv ceg" (ze rau ib tug neeg paub).
• Phraseology kev sib sau nrog xoob me semantics ntawm lub constituent ntsiab ntawm "xab npum caj dab" (rau txim rau ib tug neeg).
• Phraseological kab zauv, muaj li nkaus ntawm ywj siab lus, rau tag nrho cov nqi ntawm uas yog tsis yooj yim sua xaiv ib tug yaj. Cov Dudik mas koom sayings thiab paj lug: "Gus npua yog tsis yog ib tug phooj ywg."
• Phraseological ob peb ua ke - ob peb ua ke raws li ib tug metaphorical lub ntsiab lus ntawm "xiav ntshav", "Hawkeye".
• Phraseological nqe lus. Yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj kev sib sau ntawm metaphorical thiab syntactic Cheebtsam: "ib tug loj swell."

Classification Igorya Melchuka

Sib nrug los ntawm tag nrho cov saum toj no kev faib yuav tsum Mel'chukov phraseological units. Raws li nws yog faib ntau npaum li cas hom, uas yog faib nyob rau hauv plaub yam.

• Degree tag nrho lub sij hawm, polufrazema, kvazifrazema.
• Luag hauj lwm ntawm lub pragmatic yam nyob rau hauv lub tsim phraseologism: semantic thiab pragmatemy.
• Uas lus unit muaj xws li: ib tug token, cov kab lus, syntax frazema.
• lus kos npe rau tivthaiv thev frazeologizatsiyu: syntactics kos npe rau, signifier thiab, ho muaj.

Classification Boris Larin

Qhov no linguist faib ruaj khov ob peb ua ke ntawm cov lo lus rau cov theem ntawm lawv evolution, los ntawm qhov dog dig los cov nqe lus ntawm phraseology:

• Kuj tsis paub meej ob peb ua ke (ob peb ua ke ntawm analogue thiab idiomatic kab zauv): "velvet lub caij".
• Cov neeg uas poob ib co ntawm nws cov thawj cov ntsiab lus, tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav tau metaphors thiab stereotype: "kom lub pob zeb nyob rau hauv nws xubntiag."
• Idioms, kiag li devoid ntawm semantic ywj pheej ntawm lawv lub Cheebtsam, thiab tau poob kov nrog rau lawv tus thawj lexical lub ntsiab lus thiab lub luag hauj lwm grammatical (analog phraseological adhesions thiab kev sib sau), "tawm ntawm txhais tes" (phem).

Common piv txwv ntawm phraseological ob peb ua ke

Hauv qab no yog ib tug ob peb haum zoo-paub ruaj khov ob peb ua ke.

• "Nej yuav tsum ntawm cov yooj yim," (seeb).
• "Downcast ob lub qhov muag" (txaj muag).
• "Swb" (tuav ib tug neeg).
• "Tej hauv paus pos qhov teeb meem" (ib qho teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo hais rau tus saib xyuas).

Txawm tias lus Askiv idioms Vinogradov kev faib thiab Shan tsis thov, txawm li cas los, koj yuav tau xaiv lub teeb nqe lus uas yuav tsum tau dej num raws li ib tug ua ke ntawm cov kab lus.
piv txwv:

• Xubntiag cov phooj ywg - xubntiag buddy (xubntiag cov phooj ywg - ib tug xubntiag cov phooj ywg).
• Ib tug Sisyfean zog (Sisyphean).
• Ib tug pitched sib ntaus sib tua - ib tug tsiv sib ntaus sib tua (tsiv sib ntaus sib tua - ib tug tsiv sib ntaus sib tua).

phau qhia ntawv

Qhov loj tus naj npawb ntawm phraseological units classifications vim lub fact tias tsis muaj ntawm lawv tsis muab ib tug meej guarantee muaj yog tsis muaj yuam kev. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsim nyog paub dab tsi phau ntawv txhais lus koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug hint, Yog hais tias koj tsis tau meej txiav txim seb lub hom phraseologism. Tag nrho cov dictionaries ntawm no hom yuav muab faib mus rau hauv tsua thiab ntau hom lus. Hauv qab no peb txhais nto moo tshaj plaws phau ntawv ntawm no zoo, nyob rau hauv uas koj yuav nrhiav tau cov piv txwv ntawm tsau kab zauv, feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus.

• Tsua: "Kev Cob Qhia phau qhia ntawv" E. Bystrova; "Hlawv ib tug qhia txog kev ua - phau ntawv txhais lus pej xeem phraseology" V. Kuzmich; "Phraseological phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus" Fedoseev; "Phraseological phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev sau ntawv hom lus" I. Fedoseyev thiab "Big sensibly-phau qhia ntawv" M. Michelson.
• Multilingual: "English-Lavxias teb sab phau qhia ntawv" (nees nkaum txhiab set nqe lus) A. Kunin, "Great Polish-Lavxias teb sab, Lavxias teb sab-Polish phau qhia ntawv" Yu Lukshina thiab Random tsev Lavxias teb sab-English Dictionary ntawm idioms Sofia Lubensk.

Tej zaum paub hais tias nws yog tej thaum nyuaj rau tam sim ntawd paub qhov txawv yog dab tsi hom belongs ib tug nruas, qhov no lub ntsiab lus tej zaum yuav zoo li incredibly nyuab. Txawm li cas los, tsis yog li ntawd yog dab ntxwg nyoog raws li nws yog pleev xim rau. Lub ntsiab txoj kev uas yuav tsim muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau txoj cai ua ke nrog cov lus phraseological phraseological units ntawm lwm tus neeg - ib ce muaj zog tsis tu ncua. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lwm hom lus - mus kawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm cov nqe lus thiab cim lawv. Qhov no tsis tsuas pab tsis tau nyob rau hauv txawv txawv lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, tab sis yuav ua rau nws zoo nkauj heev thiab kev.