Phosphorus nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev: tus nqi, tej yam

Biochemistry - txog biology uas kawm cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm ib tug neeg lub hlwb thiab tus kab mob raws li ib tug tag nrho. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias yuav luag 98% ntawm lub cell txheem muaj xws li cov pa, pa roj carbon, nitrogen thiab hydrogen. Cov tshuaj no hu ua organogenic. 1.8% yog poov tshuaj, sodium, magnesium, tshuaj thiab phosphorus. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov mineral ntsev thiab muaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tej yam yooj yim los yog txoj ions, muab lub cev chav kawm ntawm metabolism tshua. Piv txwv li, qhov loj compound ntawm lub hlwb lub luag hauj lwm rau cov kev hloov ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic sijhawm - nucleic acids - comprise anions yog anions ntawm phosphoric acid.

Lub ATP molecule uas tus software cell zog kuj muaj xws li phosphorus ions. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb muaj piv txwv uas paub meej tias qhov tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm ntawm phosphorus nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev thiab nws cov teebmeem rau lub metabolism.

Covalent ncov qaumteb qabteb bonds thiab lawv cov nqi

Lub hauv paus qauv ntawm cov organic tshuaj constituting nyob qhov teeb meem, yog lub peev xwm ntawm lub lwg me me mus rau daim ntawv muaj tej hom kev tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus. Nws yog hu ua ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent thiab sawv ntawm nonmetal atoms, thiab txiav txim seb qhov yooj yim cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj tebchaw. Biochemistry, kawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecules ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv cog hlwb, fungi, tsiaj txhu, tso lawv lub tshuaj nyob tus yeees. Nws muab tawm hais tias, dua li nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, thiab lawv muaj phosphorus. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, nws yog tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov dawb lub xeev, txij li thaum nws yog ib co tshuaj lom. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nyob systems caij muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm anions meta-, ortho- los yog pyrophosphoric acid, uas muaj lub peev xwm los tsim bonds nrog hlau cations. Nyob rau hauv dab tsi tshuaj lawv ua tau raws li lub hlwb?

Phosphorus nyob rau hauv txoj organic molecules

Cov nqaijrog skeletal system, cov tshuaj hormones, vitamins, thiab lipids tsim tau ib cov phosphorus-muaj complex ions complex tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg muaj txoj tebchaw - thiab fosfoproteidy phospholipids, ua li lub lwg me me ntawm biologically active tshuaj - enzymes thiab steroids. Ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent bonds nyob rau hauv DNA thiab RNA nucleotides tso cai rau cov tsim ntawm phosphodiester bonds nyob rau hauv nucleic acid chains. Yog vim li cas qhov yuav tsum tau rau phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab dab tsi yog nws zog nyob rau hauv metabolism? Cia peb ua ntej txog tej teeb meem ntawm lub cellular theem ntawm lub koom haum.

Qhov chaw phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub elemental muaj pes tsawg leeg cov hlwb

Raws li cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm thiab organelles (0.2-1%), uas tsis yog-hlau yog nyob rau hauv plaub qhov chaw tom qab organogenic ntsiab. Feem ntau cov uas locomotor phosphorus tebchaw hlwb - osteocytes, kho hniav cov ntaub so ntswg tshuaj - dentin. Great yog lawv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv neurons thiab glia, uas ua li lub paj hlwb. Phosphorus atoms muaj nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias cov nqaijrog, nucleic acids thiab lub zog tshuaj - adenosine triphosphate ATP thiab txo daim ntawv nikotinamiddinukleotidfosfata - NADP × H _2. Raws li peb pom nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev phosphorus yog pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov vitally tseem ceeb lug: hlwb, ntaub so ntswg, physiological systems.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias cov theem ntawm cell homeostasis, uas yog qhib lom system nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm ntau yam ions nyob rau hauv lub intercellular kua thiab hyaloplasm. Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev ua ntawm phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub txij nkawm ntawm ib qhov sab hauv ib puag ncig ntawm tib neeg lub cev?

Qhov tsis zoo system

Vim cov cuab yeej los ntawm lub txheej semipermeable membrane mus rau hauv lub cell lossi tau txais ntau yam tshuaj, siab concentration yuav adversely muaj feem xyuam rau txoj kev. Yuav kom neutralize qhov tshaj ntawm tshuaj lom ions, lub cytoplasm, ua ke nrog rau cov cations sodium, potassium, calcium, muaj acidic residues carbonate, sulfite, thiab phosphoric acids. Lawv yog cov tau hnov mob nrog ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm ions ntes tau nyob rau hauv ib lub tawb, thiab tswj lub taub hau ntawm intracellular txheem. Qhov tsis zoo system tsuas yog ions ntawm tsis muaj zog acids, tas muaj xws li anions HPO ₄ ² thiab H ₂ PO ₄ ^- muaj phosphorus. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, nws yog tsim los ntawm ib tug tsis system muab lub physiologically qub chav kawm ntawm metabolic tshua ntawm cellular theem.

oxidative ntsev

Lub splitting ntawm organic tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub cell yog hu ua aerobic respiration. Lub venue - lub mitochondria. Nyob rau lub puab folds - cristae organelles - nyob enzymes ceg. Piv txwv li, lub ATPase system muaj molekuly- electron muaj. Vim tshua tshwmsim los ntawm enzymes los ntawm ADP thiab dawb lub phosphoric acid molecules tsim ATP - universal zog hlwb neeg sawv cev noj rau lawv tu tub tu kiv, kev loj hlob, cov lus tsa suab. Nws tsim yuav sawv cev nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim to taub cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tswvyim: F = ADP + ATP. Ces adenosinetriphosphate molecules noog nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Lawv pab raws li ib qhov chaw ntawm lub zog rau txhua yam kev ua hauj lwm, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub npag system, thiab nyob rau hauv lub tshua ntawm lub yas pauv. Yog li ntawd, lub phosphorus nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub zog metabolism.

Phosphodiester bonds caj molecules

High atomic phosphorus cov ntsiab lus yog kaw nyob rau hauv lub cell nucleus, raws li ib feem ntawm tus tswv cuab ntawm nucleic acids. Qhib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 Swiss paub txog F. Miescher, lawv yog biopolymers muaj li ntawm monomers thiab - nucleotides. Phosphorus yog tam sim no ob leeg nyob rau hauv lub purine thiab pyrimidine bases, thiab cov kev mus sib sau ua lub saw RNA thiab superhelix DNA. Lub monomers ntawm lub nucleic acids muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev ua ib polymer qauv los ntawm ua covalent bonds ntawm lub pentose residues thiab phosphoric acid dag uas nyob ib sab nucleotides. Lawv hu ua phosphodiester. Degradation ntawm DNA thiab RNA molecules tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub hlwb raug nyuaj gamma tawg los yog tej yam tshuaj lom vim lom yog vim rupture ntawm phosphodiester bonds. Nws ua rau yus lub xovtooj ntawm txoj kev tuag.

lom week

Qauv defining ib sab txheem ntawm lub cell, thiab yog muaj li ntawm phosphorus. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg txog li 40% los ntawm qhuav nyhav ntog rau tebchaw uas muaj phospholipids thiab fosfoproteidy. Lawv yog cov loj Cheebtsam ntawm daim nyias nyias txheej, nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov kuj tshuaj xws li cov nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates. High phosphorus cov ntsiab lus yog raug rau plhaub neurocytes thiab cov txheej txheem - dendrites thiab axon. Phospholipids week muab plasticity, thiab ua tsaug rau cov roj uas txhaws taus molecules thiab txawm lub dag lub zog. Lawv kuj ua si lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ob txib - taw molecules uas yog activators ntawm effector cov nqaijrog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv paj lam ua.

Parathyroid qog thiab lawv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv phosphorus metabolism

Zoo li cov taum mog dag rau ob qho tib si lobes ntawm lub qog caj pas thiab muaj ib tug luj ntawm 0.5-0.8 g txhua tus, lub parathyroid caj pas rau paim parathyroid lawm. Nws regulates qhov pauv ntawm cov ntsiab xws li calcium thiab phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub cev. Lub zog yog raws li lawv cov teebmeem ntawm osteoblasts thiab osteocytes - pob txha hlwb, uas yog los ntawm hormone pib paim ntsev ntawm phosphoric acid nyob rau hauv lub extracellular kua. Thaum hyperfunction ntawm lub parathyroid qog ntawm tib neeg cov pob txha poob lub zog, muag thiab zom, lub phosphorus cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lawv txo sharply. Thaum lub sij hawm no, kev raug mob ntawm cov pob txha lov ntawm cov nqaj qaum, lub plab mog thiab lub duav, hem tus neeg mob lub neej. Ib txhij, ua cov nqi ntawm cov calcium. Qhov no ua rau hypercalcemia nrog cov tsos mob ntawm peripheral qab haus huv thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm skeletal leeg laus. PTH ua rau ob lub raum, txo reabsorption phosphorus ntsev los ntawm tus thawj zis. Ua lub phosphate cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub raum cov ntaub so ntswg ua hyperphosphaturia thiab calculus tsim.

Cov mineral muaj pes tsawg leeg pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg

Lub hardness, lub zog thiab elasticity ntawm cov nyiaj them yug system nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov pob txha hlwb. Osteocytes muaj raws li organic tebchaw, e.g. ossein protein, thiab inorganic yam uas muaj phosphate ntsev calcium thiab magnesium. Nrog lub hnub nyoog, ib tug neeg ntawm mineral Cheebtsam xws li hydroxylapatite nyob rau hauv osteocytes thiab osteoblasts qab. Txawv txav pob txha mineralization, tsub zuj zuj ntawm calcium ntsev thiab tshaj phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub cev ua rau yus poob ntawm elasticity thiab lub zog ntawm lub cev pob txha, li ntawd, cov neeg laus feem ntau yog cov nyob rau kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev raug mob thiab pob txha lov.

Conversion ntawm phosphorus tebchaw nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev

Qhov loj tshaj plaws digestive caj pas nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev - lub siab - tau ua si ib tug uas luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev pauv tshua ntawm phosphorus-muaj tebchaw. Parathyroid hormone thiab vitamin D kuj pab txhawb rau cov dab. Lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau rau cov neeg laus caij yog 1,0-2, 0 grams, rau cov me nyuam thiab cov hluas - 2.5 Phosphorus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov yooj yim digestible ntsev raws li nyob rau hauv ceg nrog cov nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev los ntawm cov zaub mov.

Lawv yog cov tag nrho ntawm sunflower noob, taub dag, hemp. Nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm ntau npaum li cas phosphorus nyob rau hauv nqaij qaib siab, nyuj, nyuaj cheese, ntses. Tshaj phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj peev xwm ua tau los ntawm kev ntshawv siab reabsorbtsionnoy raum muaj nuj nqi, siv tsis raws cai vitamins, calcium tsis muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov. Cov tsis zoo zoo ntawm phosphorus nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yog feem ntau manifested nyob rau hauv lub lesion ntawm cov hlab plawv system, raum thiab pob txha apparatus thiab tej zaum yuav qhia ib tug loj metabolic mob.