Partizan German Aleksandr Viktorovich: xyoo ntawm lub neej, biography, exploits

Muaj ntau lub npe hu heroes partisans ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II - Sidor Kovpak, Dmitry Emlyutin, Dmitry Medvedev, Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya, Alexander Saburov. Hais txog cov phau ntawv sau, cia documentaries thiab feature films. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub loj heev expanses ntawm lub Soviet Union, muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov tub rog kev ua nyob rau hauv 1941-1944, ua phav phav ntawm heroes nws lub npe yuav poob rau hauv peb lub qub yav tag los.

Ib tug ntawm cov heroes - German Aleksandr Viktorovich (1915-1943 gg.). Tom qab sau lub crumbs ntawm cov lus tseeb, peb yuav qhia rau tag nrho cov dab neeg uas cov guerrilla.

Ib tug luv luv sau ntawv

• Tej zaum 24, 1915 - lub hnub yug ntawm Aleksandra Viktorovicha Germana. Qhov chaw yug - Leningrad (tam sim no - St. Petersburg).
• Nws kawm tiav los ntawm lub xya-xyoo tsev kawm ntawv, ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug kws kho tsheb. Nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1933, nws tuaj koom lub Red Army.
• 1937 - kawm tiav ntawm lub Orel Armored School. 1940 - cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv lub tub rog Academy. Frunze.
• Los ntawm cov heev thaum pib ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, nws tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug scout ntawm lub tsev hauv paus ntawm lub North-Western Pem hauv ntej, thaum nws tau raug tsa deputy commander ntawm lub partisan brigade txawj ntse.
• Lub caij ntuj sov 1942 - cov nyob qib ntawm Major German Aleksandr los ua tus commander ntawm lub Peb Brigade ntawm lub Leningrad guerrilla.
• Cuaj hlis 6, 1943 nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua tuag nyob ze ntawm lub zos ntawm Horrea Pskov cheeb tsam.
• Thaum lub sij hawm hauv lub xyoo ntawm kev pab nws qhia nws tus kheej raws li ib tug siab tawv tub ceev xwm thiab ib tug txawj ntse strategist. Muaj ib tug ntau ntawm khoom plig, nws twb posthumously muab tsub lub title Hero ntawm lub Soviet Union.

Tias yog li ntawd qhuav suab ib nyuag keeb kwm ntawm lub partisan German. Nres tom ntej no nyob rau hauv ntau yam nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm nws lub neej.

Ua ntej tsov rog

Raws li hais saum toj no, lub German yug Alexander 05.24.1915, nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, tus tub ntawm Lavxias teb sab Germans. Leej Txiv thiab nws niam twb yooj yim ua hauj lwm. Sasha ntse kawm tiav xya xyoo thiab pom ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub locksmith lub khw. Txoj hauj lwm yav tom ntej partisans Hermann ua ke nrog txoj kev tshawb no, nws kawm tiav los ntawm lub College avtostroitelny.

Nyob rau hauv 1933 nws tau nais tau sau tseg rau hauv cov tub rog, tom qab uas tus tub hluas uas npau suav ntawm ib tug tub rog ua hauj lwm, nkag mus hauv lub Orel Tank School. Ntawm no nws kawm Soviet Union Constitution, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Communist tog, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub USSR, tactics, topography, advanced lej. Dhau tank kawm tsav tsheb thiab kawm kev sib ntaus los caag, kuv yog tibneeg hu tauj coob sib ntaus sib tua thiab stroypodgotovkoy, tsim lub dag lub zog thiab endurance.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 30-ies ntawm lub 20th caug xyoo, lub neej yav tom ntej partisans Hermann, nws biography yog piav nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, sib yuav ib tug hluas nkauj Faina, lawv muaj ib tug tub, Albert, uas nws txiv affectionately hu ua Alyusik. Ua ke nrog nws tus poj niam thiab tus me nyuam, nws tsiv mus rau Moscow, nyob rau hauv ib tug communal chav tsev nyob rau Bolshaya Dorogomilovskaya.

Nyob rau hauv 1940 nws los ua ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau Frunze tub rog Academy nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nws kawm nyob rau zoo. Yav tom ntej German partisans nyob rau hauv tus da dej yog ib tug romantic, thiab nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm spare nyiam mus laij ib leeg nyob rau hauv lub nroog txojkev, keeb kwm puas.

Yuav kom tiv thaiv lub teb!

Tsov rog pom nws nyob rau hauv lub thib ob xyoo ntawm tus Academy. Alexander tam sim ntawd yuav tsum yog ib daim ntawv thov xa nws mus rau cov tub rog. Nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1941, nws mus ua hauj lwm rau ib tug scout nyob rau hauv lub North-Western Pem hauv ntej.

Ntse, zoo-kev kawm, siab tawv, Major Herman sai txawv nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam thiab muab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Red Banner, uas nws tus kheej tso rau pem hauv ntej commander.

Cov tub rog coj noj coj ua pom cov tub ntxhais khiav dej num ib tug ntau ntawm muaj peev xwm, thiab nws tau txiav txim siab los haj yam tso siab rau nws nrog ib tug partisan detachment.

Pib partisan txoj kev

Nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1942, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tus hero ntawm no tsab xov xwm tau raug tsa commander ntawm lub Peb Brigade ntawm lub Leningrad guerrilla numbering cia li tshaj 100 tus neeg. Yog li yug lub legendary guerrilla German Aleksandr Viktorovich. Uas mus rau lub rear, nws pib lub neej tshiab tag nrho ntawm txoj kev txhawj xeeb thiab teeb meem.

Chief ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm raug tsa tub ceev xwm Krylov Ivan Vasilevich, uas guerrillas Herman los ua phooj ywg. Zoo phooj ywg thiab ze pab, Brigade Commander Krylov pab tsim sai sai thiab ua phem kev ua ub no, npaj mus ua si guerrillas, txawj ntse ua hauj lwm.

Ib tug zoo heev commander ntawm lub guerrilla tsev

Partizan Herman, uas nws biography ntawm kev soj ntsuam uas xav nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, los ua nto moo raws li ib tug ntse, resourceful thiab siab tawv commander. Nws muaj no kev ntxias. Tag nrho lub hom phiaj yog tsim lawv kev vam meej. Nws lub hom phiaj, nrog rau lub yeej ntawm tactical yeeb ncuab lub hom phaj, nws yog mus rau txuag lub neej ntawm nws cov neeg, uas nws yog heev txaus siab. Nyob rau hauv lem, cov tub rog tau heev fond ntawm lawv commander rau lub qhib siab dawb paug, siab dawb paug, siab zoo, hwm nws rau nws txoj kev ruaj kho, rigor, muaj peev xwm qhia ua cim thiab yuav, yog tias tsim nyog.

Peb Leningrad partisan Brigade ua nyob rau hauv lub Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod thiab Tver (ces - Kalinin) chaw. Tuab forests, heev heev cov pas dej thiab moorland pab cov partisans nti nkaum, thov cia li blows ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, uas yog tsis muaj peev xwm teb tau nrog tso tsheb hlau luam thiab hnyav artillery.

Ua ntej yuav pub ntxiv tshaj peb Leningrad partisan Brigade nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw reigned dominance ntawm lub Nazis. Lub invaders plundered lub zos, thuam lawv, intimidated thiab tua. Hero keeb kwm partisan Herman pib nrog lub fact tias nws thiab nws cov neeg mob ib tug series ntawm crushing blows rau tus yeeb ncuab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv lub sij hawm thiab muaj tsawg heev tib neeg losses twb puas cuaj German garrisons, tsib caug administrative pawg sab laj, deflated derailed tsib Nazi u uas tua ib tug ntau ntawm cov manpower thiab cov khoom ntawm cov yeeb ncuab.

Tej successes tau tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog lub guerrillas, tab sis kuj cov neeg hauv zos, muaj ntau leej twg pib mus txog rau hauv lub German tub cheev xwm. Tsis ntev lub xov tooj ntawm nws pawg tau ntau zog los ntawm 100 mus 450 neeg los ntawm tus kawg ntawm 1942 twb muaj ntau tshaj li 1,000 guerrillas thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1943 - 2500 cov neeg! Nws yog ib tug twb tau tiag tiag formidable quab yuam thiab ib tug stronghold ntawm tus ntsuj plig uas yog lub ob ntiaj teb rog hero German Aleksandr Viktorovich.

Achievements thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog

Herman guerrilla pawg tau tso pua pua ntawm cov koom ntawm Novgorod, Pskov thiab Tver cheeb tsam. Qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub nroog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Staraya Russa, hauv qab thiab Bezhanitsy lub npe hu ua guerrilla units.

Hero los ua ib tug ntawm cov thawj mus thov tus tactics ceev maneuvers thiab swift raids. Thaum lub sij hawm cov kev ua Herman heroes?

• puas lawm, raws li cov ntaub ntawv, 9652 German thiab ntau document- tsis paub tseeb hais tias cov yeeb ncuab,
• ib lub koom haum 44 vam meej lub tsheb ciav hlau tsoo, nyob rau hauv uas tus yeeb ncuab poob lawm ntau ntawm cov khoom thiab manpower,
• tag li 31 railway choj,
• hlawv pua pua ntawm warehouses yeeb ncuab,
• puas lawm 70 zos chaw ua hauj lwm
• 17 swb lawm Nazi garrisons,
• cawm nej dim ntawm kev poob cev qhev thiab kev ua cev qhev nyob rau hauv lub tub sab nyiag ntawm 35 txhiab Soviet cov pej xeem.

Partizan German Aleksandr Viktorovich ua ke nrog nws tus txiv neej ua ib tug ntau ntawm feats, lawv ua hauj lwm yog cim los ntawm ntau yam khoom plig. Herman twb muab tsub lub nyob qib colonel.

Qab yeeb ncuab kab nruab nrog lub capital puag

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub zoo heev sib ntaus sib tua zoo thiab xaiv yaam txuj ci, lub partisans Hermann, nws cov keeb kwm no piav nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm twb tseem txiaj ntsim ntawm tus qhov chaw.

Peb twb hais tias nws muaj nuj nqis txhua tus tib neeg lub neej muab rau nws lub zoo tshaj plaws cov tub rog hais kom ua. Nws kuj txhawj txog yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau lub feem ntau xis lub neej mus rau equip nws cov tub rog, rau cov tub rog yuav muaj ib tug so tom qab ib tug tiring tawm tsam, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev raug mob yuav tau txais tsim nyog kho mob. Yog li ntawd, hauv nyob hauv lub hav zoov partisans Hermann tswm heev unconventional: lawv nyob muaj tsawg heev, tab sis xws tsim nyog chaw rau ib tug nyob ruaj ruaj hauv paus - nyob rau hauv lub barracks, nrog cua kub, lub tsev hauv paus yog nyob rau hauv ib tug mus tas lub tsev nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub brigade nyob rau lawv tus kheej ua chav ua noj, da dej, kev kho mob qhov chaw thiab mini-tsev kho mob, warehouses.

Partizan Herman yog ntseeg hais tias ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob ua puas dab tsi ntawm dab tsi yuav pab tau nws cov tub rog mus defeat lub Nazis. Yog li ntawd, khaub ncaws thiab riam phom tau qhia tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov mainland, tab sis kuj Iwj at the expense trophies.

Guerrillas txaus siab rau qhov kev txhawj xeeb thiab tias ntawm nws: "Tsis txhob peb piam sij nrog peb commander!", "Peb yog rau cov brigade commander - qhov hluav taws kub thiab rau hauv dej!"

Uas twb muaj lawm tshav dav hlau thiab railway

Amazing nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, thiab lub suab implausible ob lus muaj tseeb: German partisans, uas nws cov duab qhia nws qhib bold saib, ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm nws tam sim no airfield thiab mastered rau lub tsheb ciav hlau!

Nyob Ruaj Ruaj airfield ua tau tib yam rog ntawm partisans. Nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, txiav los ntawm ntau txoj kev hauv tsev, ua anti-aircraft suav, duly nruab tso mam li pawv nrog posts alerts, tsim ib qho kev infrastructure rau tau uas tau txais loj thauj aircraft. Kev sib txuas lus nrog rau cov mainland tau tom. Nyob rau tus yeeb ncuab npaj siab yuav ua kom puas lub airfield guerrillas teb uas xob ceev tuaj. Yog li ntawd nws twb puas lawm by Hitler lub roj depot nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Porkhov, German aviasklady nyob rau hauv lub zos Pushkin toj. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, thaum lub sij hawm lub hav zoov ntawm cov guerrilla puag Soviet dav hlau mus rau ya tsis tu ncua, muab cov khaub ncaws, khoom noj khoom haus, cov mos txwv, noj lub kev txhab.

Nthuav zaj dabneeg thiab tig mus rau tus railway. Nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov reconnaissance sorties soldaty- "Hermanovce" nyob peat railway, nqaim-gauge railway nrog uas locomotives, wagons thiab platforms. Nyob rau closer soj ntsuam nws muab tawm hais tias txhua yam nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm kev txiav txim, thiab cov guerrillas pib los mus siv lub vos gauge nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntswg ntawm lub Nazis. Lub railway kis mas lag ntseg marshland. Tsuas yog ib tug seem ntawm nws twb cuag lub overseeding chaw nres tsheb, uas yog tswj los ntawm cov Germans. Guerrillas txhua lub sij hawm mus los ntawm no, yog tias tsim nyog, cov tawm tsam nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nres tsheb, thiab lub tsheb ciav hlau txhua lub sij hawm ntse dhau qhov chaw khuam siab.

Npaj siab yuav ua kom puas cov tub cheev xwm

Tsis txhob xav hais tias partisans Hermann ua ke nrog nws tus txiv neej ntsiag to tiv thaiv tom qab tus yeeb ncuab kab. Lub Nazis yeej ib txwm sim ua kom puas no neeg loj leeb.

Nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1943, tiv thaiv Herman guerrilla pawg twb nqa tawm loj-scale punitive lag luam los ntawm cov rog ntawm 4,000 German cov tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm, backed los ntawm tso tsheb hlau luam thiab artillery. Nws yog tus scene ntawm sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub zos Rovnyak Porkhov koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov Pskov cheeb tsam. Thaum lub sij hawm battles tua ntau tshaj li 900 Nazis puas lawm 3 yeeb ncuab theem 4 pob tawg lawm txoj kev loj choj 6 khob qhov rooj tawm tso tsheb hlau luam. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau ib tug tseem ceeb tsis Hermann partisan Nazis brigade poob 96 cov txiv neej, 37 ntawm lawv raug tua, 59 raug mob.

Nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1943, xav ua tam sim ntawd nrog lub partisans nyob rau hauv lub forests ntawm Leningrad, lub Germans muab rau lawv tag nrho infantry Division. Tag nrho cov Soviet heroes tiv dhau 19 fights, thaum lub sij hawm uas tus yeeb ncuab poob 1604 cov tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm, 7 u tau tshuab mus 16 txoj kev loj choj thiab 2 lub tsheb. Nyob rau hauv Cov Qib ntawm guerrillas tua 39 tub rog thiab raug mob 64.

Nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1943, ib tug renowned cov kws muaj txuj raug caw mus cheeb tsam no, uas puas lawm ntau partisan detachments nyob rau hauv Smolensk. Qhov no twb tam sim ntawd qhia rau ntawm lawv cov scouts guerrillas Herman. Leej twg yog nws? Yuav ua li cas li no mysterious specialist? Txawj ntse Group tau raug tsim muaj uas cov fascist kws ua hauj lwm raws li nram no: ib tug yuav Soviet cov tub rog hle lawv tej khaub ncaws thiab nkawm khau, muab ib tug hnia aub kev cob qhia, uas siv rau txoj kev thiab tso zis punitive nyob rau hauv qhov chaw guerrillas dislocation. Thiab tsis muaj txoj kev sprinkling shag los yog tsuj uas lwm tus neeg yuav tsis khob nram tus dev tawm tus ntxhiab tsw. Tom qab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv no, Aleksandr German tam sim ntawd tuaj nrog cov thawj txoj kev npaj. Nws cov txiv neej yuav cov "lus", uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev hauv paus ntawm lub zais cia txoj kev los ntawm cov hav iav, ces lub koom haum, nws khiav thiab txoj kev mined. Thaum lub Germans marched ib tug loj quab yuam raws txoj kev no mus rau lub tsev hauv paus ntawm lub guerrilla, mines, ntawm chav kawm, pob tawg lawm, thiab tag nrho cov fascist tub cheev xwm tuag tsis muaj ib tug txhaj tshuaj los ntawm peb ib sab.

Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub breadbasket. kev tuag ntawm ib tug hero

Thaum pib ntawm lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1943 Herman guerrilla brigade twb rov qab rog tau. Lub sij hawm no lub sib ntaus sib tua coj qhov chaw nyob ze ntawm lub zos ntawm txhab Novorzhevsky tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov Pskov cheeb tsam.

Soviet cov tub rog tua yeej cov yeeb ncuab, tab sis txom nyem hnyav losses, tawg tawm ntawm lub encirclement. Nyob rau hauv ib tug kub sib ntaus sib tua Cuaj hlis 6, 1943 tuag heroically Aleksandr Viktorovich German, tsis nco qab lawm partisans nrog ib tug capital tsab ntawv.

Raws li cov memoirs kev Sawv Rov Los Brigade Commissioner, nyiam brigade commander raug mob vim yog ob zaug, tab sis forbade tham txog nws, thiab cov tub rog txuas ntxiv mus tua. Qhov thib peb lub qhov txhab mus rau lub taub hau muaj pov thawj neeg tuag taus. 28-xyoo-laus brigade commander raug tua.

Colonel lub cev twb xa los ntawm lub dav hlau mus rau lub Soviet rear. Hero faus nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Valdai Novgorod cheeb tsam, ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej Square.

Tim 2, 1944 los ntawm lub Decree ntawm lub Presidium ntawm lub USSR Supreme Soviet Colonel Germanu A. V. posthumously muab tsub lub title Hero ntawm lub Soviet Union rau lub flawless tua ntawm kev sib ntaus los missions, ua siab loj thiab ua siab loj.

Txeeb thiab lub npe

Hsu partisans German Aleksandr Viktorovich twb muab tsub:

• Kub Star Puav pheej, uas yog muab rau tus neeg muab lub siab tshaj plaws title ntawm Hero ntawm lub Soviet Union,
• Lenin Order rau tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm zoo ua ntej lub Soviet lub xeev thiab zej zog,
• Kev txiav txim ntawm lub Red Banner rau lub unprecedented ua siab loj thiab kev tsis qia dub nyob rau hauv lub sim tawm tsam cov fascist invaders,
• Kev txiav txim ntawm lub Patriotic ua tsov ua rog 1 degree rau cov tub rog kev ua siab loj.

Lub cim xeeb ntawm cov hero

Cuaj hlis 7, 1943 Peb Leningrad guerrilla brigade twb renamed lub partisan brigade npe Herman - nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm nws glorious commander.

Lub zos Horrea rau ntawm qhov chaw txoj kev tuag ntawm tus hero obelisk. Txoj kev muaj npe tom qab nws nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, lub nroog ntawm cov kob thiab Porkhov, Valdai. Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, thiab ib tug stele raws li ib tug memorial kos npe rau Partizan Herman.

Lub nroog Novorzhev ib tug memorial quav hniav nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus tuag commander. Lub koog tsev kawm ntawv cov thawj coj los tau txiav txim siab tias nyob rau Sept. 6 - lub hnub ntawm partisan hwjchim ci ntsa iab yog. Cov nyiaj so koobtsheej lom txhua txhua xyoo rau hnub no, nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov qub tub rog, cov pej xeem, tub ntxhais kawm.

Lub hero guerrillas Herman, uas nws yees duab adorns ntau plaques, nws yog ib txog kev luag hauj lwm qauv. Nws, nws luv luv tab sis ci ntsa iab lub neej, nws ua siab loj thiab zoo kawg rau cov tib neeg mob siab ntau tshooj nyob rau hauv phau ntawv:

• "Immortal exploits ntawm heroes," tus sau phau ntawv Korneev N. P thiab Alekseev OV, 2005 tsab.
• "German Aleksandr Viktorovich", edited los ntawm N. P. Korneeva, 1993 tsab.
• "Leningrad nyob rau hauv kuv lub siab", tus sau los ua ib tug journalist NV Masolov, uas siv nws rau sau ntawv archive ntaub ntawv, tus kheej cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm Herman, puas rau ntawm nws associates. Cov phau ntawv twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1981.
• "Partisan brigade commanders: cov neeg thiab ntawm destiny." Ib phau ntawv raws li nyob rau hauv archival khoom sau ethnographer NV Nikitenko. Nws pom lub teeb nyob rau hauv 2010. Nws qhia txog cov guerrilla pawg kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv lub nyob ib cheeb tsam ntawm Leningrad thiab Tver cheeb tsam.
• Raws Li Nco phau ntawv "Heroes thiab Destiny" IV Vinogradov 1988 lub xyoo ntawm cov ntawv qhia. Kws ntawv ob peb lub sij hawm tus kheej tau ntsib nrog Aleksandrom Germanom.
• "Hermann yog ib pab neeg" los ntawm ML sau ntawm Sawv Rov Los, uas yog ncaj qha tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub legendary guerrilla commander. Cov phau ntawv twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1965.
• "Pskov guerrilla" - memoirs ntawm partisan M. Voskresensky, Hmoob ntawm cov nom tswv department ntawm lub Leningrad Peb partisan Brigade. Phau Ntawv 1979 tsab.
• "Rau kev kho mob yog vim li cas", 1990 tsab. Sau - partisan tus kws kho mob V. I. Gilev.
• "Swore guerrillas", 1985 tsab. Memoirs sau Serguninym I. I., Hero ntawm lub Soviet Union, ib tug muaj koob tug tswv cuab ntawm lub guerrilla zog. Cov phau ntawv lyagla nws tus kheej yaam puab paub, hmoov ntawm lwm tua hluav taws, cov tsiaj ntawv thiab archival cov ntaub ntawv.
• "Yog vim li cas yog nws hu ua" 1985 tsab sau Hablo E. P. thiab Gorbachevich KS phau ntawv piav txog cov npe ntawm txoj kev, Islands tuaj, St. Petersburg chaw.