Marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw - yog dab tsi? Marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw ntawm capital rau ua hauj lwm rau

Txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub neej muaj rau xaiv. Mus tawm dancing los yog mus rau lub gym, hnav ib daim tiab los yog ris (cov txiv neej, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog yooj yim), yuav yogurt los yog tsev cheese cov khoom qab zib? Rau tag nrho cov dab tau ntev cai tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv txawv teb: Sociology, psychology, marketing thiab cia li economists.

Nyob rau hauv microeconomics, muaj ib tug kev tshawb xav ntawm lub marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw. Los ntawm txhais, nws yog ib lub kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov khoom ntawm tib yam, los ntawm uas tus buyer pom zoo rau renounce nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus purchase ntawm lwm yam khoom. Peb tham tsis abstractly txog qhov no phenomenon.

Yog vim li cas microeconomics?

Txhais los ntawm cov Greek "microeconomics" - cov cai ntawm kev ua teb "me me tsev". teeb meem ntawm ntau lawm, kev noj thiab kev xaiv ntawm cov kev pab qhauj sib txawv ntawm cov tswv cuab cov ntaub ntawv thiab tej yam yooj yim tsev neeg - uas yog qhov kev kawm ntawm kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv microeconomics.

Qhov no science yog theoretical, tab sis nws tso cai rau koj los mus piav qhia zoo tag nrho cov nyiaj txiag dab noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv zej zog.

Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm kev txaus siab yog hu ua microeconomics:
• Qhov teeb meem ntawm tus neeg.
• Chaw tsim tshuaj paus qhov teeb meem.
• Yog muaj lus nug ntawm kev ua lag luam equilibrium.
• Qhov kev tshawb xav ntawm pej xeem cov khoom.
• Yog muaj lus nug ntawm tus ntawm lwm ib puag ncig.

Lub tswvyim ntawm "marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw ntawm wealth" yog hais txog cia li mus tus kheej ntawm microeconomics teeb meem thiab ua rau nws yooj yim heev rau teb cov lus nug.

nqi hluav taws xob kev tshawb xav

Theory ntawm cov khoom hluav taws xob hais tias yuav txhua unit ntawm ib yam khoom, tus neeg raws li lawv xav tau kev pab. Yog li ntawd, nws ua ib tug me ntsis kev zoo siab. Dee ntawm tag nrho cov tub txawg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thaum kawg tswj ua neeg muaj kev zoo siab.

Tam sim no, thaum muaj xws li nqi hluav taws xob kev tshawb xav: cardinal thiab ordinal. Tus thawj assumes uas lub chaw tso dej ntawm kev noj cov khoom yuav cia suav. Qhov no kev tshawb xav yog tej thaum hu ua kom muaj nuj nqis kev tshawb xav ntawm nqi hluav taws xob. Proponents cam hais tias lub usefulness ntawm cov khoom noj yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv cov chav nyob - hlauv taws xob.

Ob, ordinal los yog tus txheeb ze nqi hluav taws xob kev tshawb xav, nws cav hais tias tus neeg txais kev pab sib piv cov kev pab cuam (nqi hluav taws xob) noj ntawm cov khoom uas lub tib pab los ntawm lwm yam noj. Roughly hais lus, txhua lub sij hawm xaiv ntawm ib khob kas fes thiab ib tug muffin thiab kafes nrog ib lub hamburger, peb txiav txim siab li cas yuav pab tau ntau thaum lub sij hawm ntawd. Tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity thiab nqi hluav taws xob nyob marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw.

txhais

Nyob rau hauv ib lub ntiaj teb sib zog rau nqi koj tshuav. Peb ntau yam ntawm cov khoom - yog tsis muaj exception. Muas ib yam, peb consciously muab rau lwm yam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm peb tso siab tias yuav yuav pab tau ntau tshaj li tus sab laug rau saum txee. Marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw ntawm cov khoom kom peb ib lub to taub ntawm yuav ua li cas ib co "khoom" tseem ceeb dua lwm tus. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, peb txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej nyiam thiab tseem ceeb. Tab sis qhov no subjective saib yog tsis haum rau kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Yuav tsum tau ib tug generalized mus kom ze.

Marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw yog sib npaug zos rau cov txheeb ze hloov nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov khoom noj. Formula yog sau raws li nram no: MRS = (y ₂ - y ₁₎ / (x ₂ - x _1).

Hloov noj (siv) ntawm cov khoom X thiab Y tso cai, peb yuav txav lus xaus hais txog cov nyiam ntawm tus neeg, raws li zoo raws li tham txog qhov ntau ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Lub tsuas tau hais tias yuav ntsuas nyob rau hauv cov khoom xaiv kev tshawb xav, yog nws tus nqi. Tag nrho lwm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom thiab yog vim li cas rau nws xaiv yog heev subjective. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sim hloov ib yam khoom los ntawm lwm tus neeg siv nws kom nyiaj txiag nqi nyob rau tib theem. Ib tug zoo - thiab kom tsis txhob noj kev siv nyiaj.

indifference nkhaus

Indifference curves cov lus piv txwv ntau yam poob lawm ntawm cov kev pab uas ntxiv rau tus neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm peb yuav hais tias tau txais kev pab tsis tu dab tsi khoom mus xaiv. Piv txwv li, cov kev xaiv ntawm apples thiab txiv kab ntxwv, pej xeem thauj los yog coj mus muag kev. Nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm axles ntawm lub piv khoom (X-axis, piv txwv li, ib khob dej tshuaj yej, thiab cov y-axis - ncuav qab zib) tso tawm kom pom dav hlau.

Nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm tus nkhaus, peb pom raws nraim los ntawm ntau npaum li cas apples npaj txhij mus muab tus neeg cov kev pab ntawm yuav ib tug ntxiv txiv kab ntxwv. Thiab vice versa. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas, thaum txhua txhua txiaj yog Attendance pab tau thaum yuav piv khoom, tham txog lub chaw tso dej maximization thiab muaj kuab muab faib rau cov neeg pob nyiaj siv, t. E. Hu cov kev txwv tus nqi ntawm hloov. Ntxiv tswvyim ntawm tus neeg txiav txim siab cov txheej txheem ntawm yuav hais tias, yog hais tias tus nqi yog tsawg tshaj li tus nqi ntawm 1 Kua 1 txiv kab ntxwv, tus neeg xaiv ib Kua.

Cov kev xav ntawm muaj kuab noj

Indifference curves feem ntau muaj kev cuam tshuam cov sib npaug zos marginal nqi hluav taws xob. Tab sis nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas lub marginal nqi hluav taws xob ntawm khoom X yog ob zaug tus nqi, tab sis cov khoom muaj - peb lub sij hawm. Cov neeg mus yuav cov khoom los ntawm, txawm tsis muaj kev xav txog qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog kim kim.

Qhov no yuav ua rau ib tug redistribution ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj txiag, t. Yuav kom. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom muaj kom sawv. Marginal tus nqi ntawm nqi hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ua tiav los ntawm lub "nyhuv ntawm rationalism" buyers uas xav kom tau lub siab tshaj plaws kev pab los ntawm lub purchase. Ib tug muaj kuab buyer lossi ntsuas lub tam sim no qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub lag luam thiab redistributes cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev siv nyiaj.

Kev mob ntawm marginal nqi hluav taws xob

Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam txawv qhov thiaj li hu ua zoo tib yam khoom, hloov khoom thiab Nkij los txuam rau cov khoom. Tus thawj - tej substitutable khoom (dej thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo compote), lub thib ob - tag hloov txhua lwm yam ( "Coca-Cola" thiab "Pepsi-Cola") thiab lwm tus neeg - cov khoom uas Nkij los txuam rau txhua lwm yam (ballpoint cwj mem thiab tus pin nws).

Rau tag nrho cov tau piav tus neeg mob, marginal pab tus nqi hloov yog private (kom) cov ntaub ntawv. Yog li, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov nkhaus nrog tsis zoo nqes hav thiab pib convex mus rau lub axes, ces hloov graph ua ib tug ncaj kab sib tshuam axes. Tus nqes hav ntawm no txoj kab ncaj nraim yog nyob rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, thaum lub sij hawm kawm ntawv ntawm concavity ntawm tus nkhaus yog txiav txim los ntawm lub tau ntawm muab los ntawm ib lwm yam khoom.

Yam ntau lawm thiab tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw

Raws li nyob rau hauv lub private sector, cov lag luam, economists tseem tabtom taug qab cov nqi hluav taws xob muas thiab consumed cov kev pab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub xam limiting tus nqi ntawm kev hloov chaw. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov khoom nyob rau hauv tus neeg ua lag luam, qhauj taug qab hloov ib yam ntawm ntau lawm los kom (txo) nyob rau hauv lwm yam. Txwv ua volume ntawm cov zis - nws yuav tsum nyob twj ywm unchanged.

Feem ntau qhia - lub marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw ntawm capital rau txoj hauj lwm. Koj muaj peev xwm sib piv cov nqi nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov nyiaj, tsis muaj hmoog ua hauj lwm kev hloov. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug tej lub caij tuaj txo lawm, t. K. Yuav kom nyob twj ywm nyob rau tib nkhaus ntawm indifference, ib yam yuav tsum nce mus rau compensate rau lub thawj ntawm cov lwm yam. Xws li ib tug teeb meem no yog tsis tooj mus rau zus tau tej cov cov marginal khoom. Yog li ntawd, tuam txhab uas muag yuav tsum nrhiav ib tug nqi koj tshuav ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb ntawm ntau lawm.

Marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw yam ntawm ntau lawm - ib tug tseem ceeb qhia rau lub xam ntawm nyiaj txiag efficiency ntawm qhauj.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov marginal nqi hluav taws xob thiab tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw?

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, txhua yam khoom pab. Up mus rau ib tug tej yam taw tes txhua successive tsev ntawm cov khoom kuj theem ntxiv kev pab. Tab sis tom tej taw tes nws yog peev xwm ntawm kev noj ib yam dab tsi muaj ib tug yog tsis pab tau. Tom qab ntawd peb tham txog xeeb marginal nqi hluav taws xob los ntawm cov khoom.

Yog hais tias koj nyob twj ywm nyob rau tib indifference nkhaus thiab tsiv mus nyob nws nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia, ces peb yuav tau tham txog cov nyiaj rau lub chaw tso dej cov khoom: qis tau ntawm ib tug ua rau ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub noj ntawm lwm tus; tag nrho nqi hluav taws xob yuav tsis hloov. Ntxiv nqi hluav taws xob yog ntshai raws li ib tug marginal nqi hluav taws xob ntawm txhua yam khoom. Cov mis yog sau raws li nram no: MRS = Py / px.

Properties marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw

• Taw Qhia marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw - tus piv ntawm cov marginal hlauv taws xob ntawm lub ob khoom.

• Ib tug tsis zoo nqi ntawm cov marginal tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw txhais tau tias ib tug txo nyob rau hauv kev noj ntawm cov khoom tau ua rau ib qho kev nce rau hauv cov kev siv ntawm lwm tus.

• Reserve tus nqi ntawm hloov chaw yog xam tau tias yog tsuas yog thaum mus thiab nce thiab nqis qhov nkhaus ntawm indifference.

• Tag nrho cov saum toj no yog "ua hauj lwm" tsuas yog rau cov general mob (cov interchangeable khoom); rau tag nrho cov private xaiv, qhov no yam ntxwv tsis yog.