Luv luv txog lub complex: cov qauv ntawm cov electron zoo li ntawm atoms

Provincial Science News for KIDS xib fwb Dzhon Dalton nyob rau hauv 1803 qhib "Txoj cai ntawm ntau yam proportions." Qhov no kev tshawb xav hais tias yog ib qho kev tshuaj lub caij yuav tsim tebchaw nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab, ces txhua txhua ib feem ntawm lub masses yuav poob ntawm lub loj ntawm lwm yam khoom uas, thiab cov kev sib raug zoo nruab nrab ntawm lawv yuav tsum yog tib yam li hais tias ntawm me me zauv. Nws yog tus thawj los mus piav qhia txog lub complex qauv ntawm qhov teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv 1808, qhov no tib yam paub txog, sim piav qhia lub foundations ntawm cov kev cai lij choj, pom tias tias lub atoms ntawm txawv hais tej zaum yuav muaj ntau pawg.

Tus thawj qauv ntawm lub atom yog tsim nyob rau hauv 1904. Cov hluav taws xob qauv ntawm cov atom nyob rau hauv cov qauv no, zaum hu ua "txiv moj mab paj npleg". Nws twb ntseeg tau tias cov atom - ib lub cev nrog ib tug zoo xwb, uas yog uniformly tov nws lub Cheebtsam. Xws li ib tug kev tshawb xav yuav tsis teb rau lo lus nug ntawm seb lub Cheebtsam ntawm lub atom nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab los yog thaum so. Yog li ntawd, yuav luag ib txhij nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm "paj npleg" Japanese Nagaoka npaj ib tug kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv uas cov qauv ntawm cov electron plhaub ntawm ib tug atom muab piv ib yam lub hnub ci system. Txawm li cas los, xa mus rau lub fact tias thaum lub sij hawm kev sib hloov nyob ib ncig ntawm lub atom ntawm nws cov Cheebtsam yuav tsum poob zog, tab sis qhov no tsis sib haum mus rau cov kev cai ntawm electrodynamics, Vin tso tseg planetary kev tshawb xav.

Txawm li cas los, tom qab lub foundations ntawm cov electron , nws tau los ua tseeb hais tias cov qauv ntawm cov atom yog nyuab tshaj li qhov nws xav. Kuv muaj ib lo lus nug: yog dab tsi yog ib qho electron? Yuav ua li cas nws ua hauj lwm? Puas muaj lwm yam subatomic hais?

Los ntawm thaum ntxov thib nees nkaum xyoo pua tau thaum kawg tau txais planetary kev tshawb xav. Nws los ua tseeb hais tias txhua tus electron orbiting lub nucleus li planets nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub, nws muaj nws tus kheej trajectory.

Tab sis ntxiv thwmsim thiab cov kev tshawb fawb tau refuted no saib. Nws muab tawm hais tias lawv tus kheej trajectory, electrons yog tsis, tiam sis, tej zaum mus twv seb ib cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv uas lub particle yog feem ntau. Revolving ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus, orbital electrons tsim, hu ua electron plhaub. Tam sim no nws yog mus soj ntsuam cov qauv ntawm cov electron zoo li ntawm atoms. Physicists xav nyob rau hauv cov lus nug: yuav ua li cas electrons tawm mus? Puas muaj ib tug tsab ntawv tsa suab ordering? Tej zaum cov lus tsa suab yog chaotic?

Bohr atomic physics pog yawg thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov loj zaum muaj pov thawj hais tias electrons tig zoo li, khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, thiab lawv lub zog sau raws nkaus Ii tej yam kev cai. Peb yuav tsum tau kaw thiab tshawb kom ntxaws txog cov qauv ntawm cov electron zoo li ntawm atoms.

Nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub cov qauv ntawm cov Science News for KIDS, vim hais tias lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, nws yog twb ntshiab, nws nyob ntawm lub ntaus ntawv thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm electrons. Los ntawm no seem yus pom, tus cwj pwm ntawm tus electron orbitals - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yam ntxwv ntawm no particle. Nws tau raug pom tias lub ze zog mus rau lub nucleus ntawm cov atom, electrons cov txheej txheem, cov ntau kev rau siab yuav tsum tau ua ntawv thov mus ua txhaum lub daim ntawv cog lus ntawm lub electron-nucleus. Electrons nyob tom ntej no mus rau cov tub ntxhais, yog nrog nws lub siab tshaj plaws qhov txuas, tab sis ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm lub zog. Thaum lub txheej electrons, rau lwm cov tes, cov kev sib raug zoo nrog cov keeb yog txo, thiab lub zog cia tsub kom. Yog li tsim hluav taws xob atoms nyob ib ncig ntawm khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Tus qauv ntawm lub electron zoo li ntawm atoms los ua dlaim phaj. Nws pom hais tias lub zog theem (khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg) tsim rau ib tug Tshuag zoo xws li cov particle zog.

Niaj hnub no nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub zog yog nyob rau ntawm n (yog lub quantum tooj) thiab sau raws nkaus Ii zauv los ntawm 1 mus rau 7. Tus qauv ntawm lub electron zoo li ntawm cov atoms thiab qhov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm electrons nyob rau txhua theem yog txiav txim los ntawm cov mis N = 2n2.

Nyob rau hauv loj tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv cov mis no sawv cev rau cov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv txhua theem, thiab me me - serial tooj ntawm no theem.

Tus qauv ntawm lub electron zoo li ntawm atoms txiav txim tias tus thawj plhaub yuav tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ob atoms, thiab plaub - tsis ntau tshaj 32. Lub txheej, tiav lawm txheej muaj tsis ntau tshaj 8 electrons. Khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg qhov twg tsawg dua electrons yog xam tau tias yog tsis txhij.