Lub Yak-40. Neeg nrog caij dav hlau ntawm lub USSR. Yakovlev tsim Bureau

Feem ntau yog thaum peb hnov txog cov civil aviation aircraft, peb muaj ib tug jumbo jet uas yuav ya txhiab tus kilometers ntawm txoj kev. Txawm li cas los, ntau tshaj plaub caug feem pua ntawm cov cua yog nqa tawm los ntawm lub zos cov huab cua kab, qhov ntev ntawm uas yog 200-500 kilometers, thiab tej zaum lawv yog ntsuas xwb nyob rau hauv kaum ntawm kilometers. Nws yog rau tej hom phiaj thiab lub Yak-40 twb tsim. Qhov no cim aircraft thiab yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

pheej thawj

Yak-40 (yees duab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm qhia tau hais tias aircraft) yog tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union thiab lub ntiaj teb neeg nrog caij dav hlau, uas tau raug tsim los ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub zos airlines. Nws los ua tus thawj aircraft rau cov USSR, uas tau txais ib daim ntawv pov ntawm airworthiness nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob mus txog rau thaum zoo xws li cov ntawv pov thawj nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Lub Yak-40 yog thawj domestic Airbus tau txais daim ntawv pov nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Ltalis. Nws kuj yog tus thawj Soviet aircraft dhau tag nrho cov qauv ntawm airworthiness BCAR hais thiab lub tebchaws United States - DEB-25. Ua hauj lwm rau lub pov thawj ntawm cov aircraft tau pab rau accelerate lub koom haum ntawm nws cov aircraft register nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, qhov saws me nyuam ntawm cov qauv ntawm airworthiness, raws li zoo raws li cov kev loj hlob ntawm peb cov kev lag luam, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov chav nyob thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas hais tias tau cov qauv ntawm "sab hnub poob." Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws tau los ua tus thawj neeg nrog caij airliner mus rau lub Yakovlev tsim Bureau.

Tus thawj buyer thiab cov lus los ntawm cov kws txawj

Ltalis los ua tus thawj lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, tau mas yuav kis tau lub Yak-40. Nws lub koom haum qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov kev kawm ntawv siab ntawm lub tshuab. Piloted los ntawm kev kuaj tsav M. G. Zavyalov thiab Italian pilots, lub aircraft ua ib tug sib ntaus ntawm lub Italian capital rau Australia. Qhov no txoj kev twb kov yeej tsis muaj failures thiab breakdowns. Nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1970 lub Fabkis Aviation Magazine magazine muab sau tseg tias Yak-40 yog thawj nyob rau hauv kev tsim qauv, loj thiab ya davhlau yam ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob, muaj suab tsis muaj aircraft uas yuav tsum tau pom zoo rau Lavxias teb sab newcomer. Nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, tsuas tsim xws tej yaam num, qhov kev siv ntawm cov uas yog mus rau qhov chaw cia li ib tug ob peb xyoos.

Tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no tus kws txawj muab lub siab tshaj plaws kev ntsuam xyuas thiab Lavxias teb sab aircraft Yakovlev tsim Bureau.

tsim aircraft

Los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub Yak-40, engineers pib nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis ntawm lub 65th xyoo ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Lub hom phiaj ntawm tus tshiab aircraft yog los hloov outdated qauv ntawm piston Il-12, Il-14 thiab Li-2, uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub zos airlines. Soviet aircraft manufacturers coj tsuas yog ib lub xyoo rau cov tsim thiab kev siv ntawm cov tsab. Yog li ntawd, Lub kaum hli ntuj 21, 1966 kuaj tsav Arseniem Kolosovym twb xub tsa nyob rau hauv cov huab cua tsab - lub Yak-40. Ib tug feature tshwj xeeb yog cov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov aircraft rau coj tawm los ntawm unpaved airfields. Nws tau nce los ntawm qhov tshaj paj tau paj ntawm lub aircraft qauv, muab nws tso rau engineers Yakovlev tsim Bureau.

"Fighter kerosene" los yog "hlau taub qab"

Yak-40 (yees duab saum toj no qhia tau hais tias) yog lub feem ntau yooj yim tshuab tsim rau davhlau thiab av cov neeg nrog theem nrab tsim nyog. Qab nws tau txuas ob nicknames - "hlau taub qab" (ib tus me luaj li cas thiab tshaj dymlenie hwj chim rau lwm) thiab "Fighter ntawm kerosene" (rau siab noj roj). Qhov no Airbus muaj ib tug heev muaj kev cia siab thiab ua hauj lwm zoo nyab xeeb. Yak-40 yuav siv sij hawm tawm yog hais tias ib tug ntawm peb xyaw, thiab ua lub davhlau rau ntawm ib lub hwj chim rau lwm. Nyob rau unprepared airfields txoj hauj lwm attendants pab txhawb yooj yim txhais ntaus ntawv, ib tug folding ntaiv, siab controllability ntawm lub tsheb. Tso lub xyaw thaum lub tsheb ntawm lub fuselage tau txo kev co thiab cov suab nrov.

zog ua tau

Tag nrho cov Soviet aircraft lag luam ua 1011 units Yak-40 qauv. Qhov teeb meem raug nres nyob rau hauv 1981, tab sis qhov no tsis tau xaus lub neej ntawm lub aircraft. Ntau tshaj plaub caug xyoo nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tus hlab pas - yog tsis zoo tshaj plaws pov thawj ntawm cov kev ntseeg ntawm lub tshuab, qhov tseeb kev daws teeb meem mus rau lub complex teeb meem uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub creation ntawm cov qauv no! Thiab cov designers thiab technologists Minsk Aircraft Kho Tsob nroj tsis tau tsuas yog tshiab versions ntawm lub thib ob neej ntawm lub aircraft, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv nrog cov kws tshwj xeeb Yakovlev tsim Bureau tau muab tau tsim - ya lub chaw soj nstuam, uas nyuam qhuav tau muaj tau tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Lavxias teb sab dav hlau pom dav heev daim ntawv thov. Yog li ntawd, los ntawm nruab nrab-seventies ntawm lub Yak-40 siab hloov lub qub tub rog Il-12, Il-14 thiab Li-2 nrog rau hauv zos airlines. Muaj mastered cov sib ntaus ntawm ntau tshaj peb puas localities ntawm lub teb chaws, workaholic nyob rau hauv 1988 thauj ntau tshaj yim caum lab coob uas xam nrog. Thiab keeb kwm ntawm qhov aircraft twb tsis tau tau tiav. Kev khiav hauj lwm kev ntawm cov qauv no nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws thiab kaum yim txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws mas nws pom qhov fallacy ntawm qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv tshem ntawm lub Yak-40 lawm. Yog li, cov kev hloov ntawm xyaw ntau roj npaum niaj hnub xyaw yuav tsum tau tso cai rau kom cov ntau lawm thiab export ntawm cov aircraft.

exports

Tus me nyuam ntawm cov thawj Yak-40 aircraft rau export twb pib nyob rau hauv 1970, cia li plaub lub xyoos tom qab qhov tau nqa los-off tus tsav qauv. Rau kaum xyoo nyob rau hauv Asia, Teb chaws Europe thiab lub koom pheej ntawm teb chaws Cuba nws tau muag 125 units ntawm txawv variants ntawm layouts thiab cov kev hloov. Export qauv raws li muab piv rau tus serial muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm tsev neeg thiab cov navigation khoom. Cov neeg nrog caij dav hlau USSR nkag nyob rau hauv kaum yim lub teb chaws: Afghanistan, Angola, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Zambia, Ltalis, Qhab Meem teb, Teb chaws Cuba, Laos, lub Malagasy koom pheej, Poland, Syria, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia. Nyob rau hauv 2000, lub Kamchatka menyuam muag ib aircraft rau Honduras. Txij li thaum 1967, lub Yak-40 yog ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov chaw ua dav hlua cov khw txiav England, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Nyiv, Ltalis, Fabkis, Sweden thiab lwm lub teb chaws. Qhov no legendary aircraft nrog ib tug sib ntaus ua qauv qhia, tau ua ntau tshaj li tsib puas txhiab kilometers thiab mus xyuas ntau lub teb chaws, tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe tab sis kuj cov teb chaws Asia, America, Teb chaws Africa thiab Australia. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias Yak-40 yog thawj Soviet airliner, uas yog muag nyob rau hauv lub capitalist lub teb chaws nrog lawv tus kheej tsim aviation kev lag luam. Cov aircraft yog hnub no ua los ntawm airlines ntawm kaum lub teb chaws.

kev portrait

Peb tam sim no xav txog lub specifications. Yak-40, raws li cov phau ntawv hla tebchaws cov ntaub ntawv, npaj rau ib tug ntev ntawm ib tug thiab ib tug ib nrab txhiab kilometers. Cov tis muaj ib tug ncaj loj cheeb tsam - 70 square meters, uas ua rau nws tau mus tso tseg lub system ntawm mas complex multislit flaps thiab slats. Lub Cruising ceev yog 510 km / h. Lub tswv yim yooj yim ntawm cov aircraft qauv yog yooj yim, ib tug ua ke ntawm peb lub dav hlau xyaw thiab loj tis, siab takeoff thiab tsaws kev ua tau zoo. Rub lub hwj chim ntawm lub hwj chim chav tsev yog ib tug ib nrab tons. Lwm zoo dua yog qhov powerplant nruab nrab engine, uas yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv lub fuselage, nws muaj ib tug rov qab thrust - tshwj xeeb ntaus ntawv uas tso cai rau kom hloov cov kev coj ntawm cov pa hauv paus kwj thaum lub sij hawm braking ntawm lub aircraft. Qhov no unit tau txo lub nqi ntawm lub tsheb nyob rau hauv tsaws txog li 400 meters. Thiab tus tiv thaiv yog mus rov qab rau cov tswv cuab tsis yog lub engine thiab cov aircraft. Qhov no yog qho tseem ceeb heev rau lub unification ntawm lub hwj chim nroj tsuag thiab mus pab txhawb kev hloov ntawm nruab nrab tsev. Lub chassis ntawm lub tshuab yog txawm peem rau nrog mos damping system, nws thiaj li lub siab rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tso mam li pawv. Tag nrho cov no tau tso cai rau aircraft hle thiab daim av yam xyuam xim rau hauv av nrog ib tug av npog.

Lub cockpit fits ob tug neeg: tus commander thiab co-tsav, tab sis koj yuav tau teem lub thib peb lub rooj, yog tias tsim nyog. Cab iav yog tshwj xeeb hluav taws xob cua sov. Kav Yak-40 yog zoo li no hais tias ib tug muaj peev xwm ntawm 27 mus 32 coob uas xam nrog. Lub aircraft yog txawm peem rau nrog niaj hnub avionics acrobatic navigation khoom uas tso cai rau koj mus ya hnub thiab hmo ntuj, nyob rau hauv ib tug es phiv huab cua puag. Khoom muaj xws li: autopilot, dag qab ntug, directional systems, magnetic compass, ob automatic kev taw qhia finder, kursoglissadnuyu tsaws system, xov tooj cua altimeter rau cov uas tsis altitudes. Dav hlau nruab nrog heev npaum cua-kub system los mus tiv thaiv icing ntawm lub vaj tse. Xov tooj cua huab cua radar pab los xyuas txog cov muaj cov cua daj cua dub fronts rau hauv lub davhlau txoj kev. Raws li cov passport cov ntaub ntawv, airliner kev pab yog peb caug txhiab teev, thiab cov kev pab lub neej - mus txog rau 25 xyoo.

thib ob cov tub ntxhais hluas

Nyob rau hauv 1999, Yakovlev tsim Bureau engineers tau ua kev tshawb fawb thiab cov lus teb, uas pom hais tias tus aircraft ua hauj lwm lub neej yuav ob npaug ntawm strengthening tus tsim thiab kev cai ntawm lub airframe. Qhov kev pab cuam extension kev pab cuam yuav cia tuam txhab uas muag rau defer qhov yuav tsum tau mus yuav tshiab aircraft, uas yuav txuag loj nyiaj. Modernization Program muaj xws li hloov xyaw pheej yig powertrains.

Xwm txheej

Ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg, thiab txawm tias cov neeg uas nquag siv cov kev pab cuam ntawm huab cua nqa, yog ntshai ya. Thiab tsis tu ncua dav hlau tsoo pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov phobias. Xws li tus neeg yog sib tsis tau mus qhia statistics, raws li uas, nyob rau hauv lub tsheb sib tsoo tua ntau tshaj li tsawg feempua sibtsoo ua. Qhov no tus cwj pwm yog yooj yim piav qhia, vim hais tias thaum lub sib tsoo, txawm tias lawv tsis tshua muaj, thaum dozens ntawm cov neeg uas tua. Nws yog ib lub poob siab, tsis tsuas yog rau cov txheeb ze ntawm tus neeg raug, tab sis kuj rau neeg. Thaj, ntshai yog piav los ntawm tus fact tias cov neeg nrog caij yuav hloov tsis tau dab tsi, muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi nyob, nws muab nws tus kheej thiab nws lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov tsav dav hlau thiab soulless machine.

Yog li, peb xav txog cov statistics ntawm losses aircraft Yak-40. Kev puas tsuaj thiab tsis tau ntawm lub aircraft rau lwm yam, rau ntau tshaj plaub caug-xyoo keeb kwm ntawm cov qauv no dhau tshaj ntawm lub kaum feem pua barrier. Yog li ntawd, 117 aircraft tau poob txij thaum pib ntawm lub lag luam. Ntawm cov 46 cov cav tov twb tawg rau ntau yam yog vim li cas, feem ntau vim hais tias ntawm tsis ntawm pilots thiab tsheb huab cua controllers. Qhov seem 71 Yak-40 raug puas, txawm yog vim li cas, ntawm no muaj thiab aircraft puas thaum cov tub rog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam kub me ntsis. Incidentally, lub xeem xws tshuab uas tau raug poob - nws airliner, puas thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua rau Donetsk tshav dav hlau Tej zaum 26, 2014.

Yakovlev Aircraft

Thaum lub Yakovlev tsim Bureau muaj ib tug nplua nuj keeb kwm. Los ntawm cov phab ntsa tuaj ib tug ntau ntawm txawv cav, los ntawm cov tub rog aircraft rau jumbo dav hlau. Muaj muaj raws li cov kev ua si thiab tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj qauv, piv txwv li, qhia pilots. Xav txog tej yam ntawm lawv, xws li cov Yak-42. Cov qauv no yog tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-70s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo rau flights mus rau lub ntsiab kev nyob ze ntawm lub Soviet Union. Coj mus muag lag luam ntawm no aircraft pib nyob rau hauv lub 80th xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm nws 194 series ntau lawm aircraft tau ua nyob rau hauv 1980-2002. Ntawm no, 42 Yak-64 puag tiav chav tsev thiab 130 - ib tug paub kev hloov kho ntawm lub Yak-42D - nce coj-off nyhav thiab ntau yam. Lub cruising ceev ntawm 700 km / h. Lub aircraft yog tsim los rau siab tshaj plaws davhlau ntau yam ntawm plaub txhiab kilometers. Cov neeg nrog caij alarm yog tsim los rau 120 rooj. Qhov no dav hlau tsis tau advertising, nws tau hais lus rau lawv tus kheej. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv muab cuaj lub ntiaj teb no cov ntaub ntawv! Yog li, nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm lawv cov Yak-42, tsim los rau ze kab, yuav tsis haum rau hauv lub deb ntawm cov peev ntawm Russia mus Khabarovsk. Tsab tseem yog qhov tseeb hais tias ua ntej lub creation ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov Yak-40 thiab Yak-42 Yakovlev tsim Bureau muaj multi-neeg nrog caij airliners nyob rau hauv kev tsis koom. Lawv lub ntsiab specialization - nws yog kev kawm ntawv, ntaus pob ncaws pob thiab cov tub rog fighter dav hlau.

Yak-18 dav hlau

Qhov no aircraft yog ib tug xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub rau-2L tso 44th ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Nws yog npaj rau thawj zaug kev kawm ntawm cov pilots. Nyob rau hauv lub postwar xyoo, lub Yak-18 yog thawj loj heev kev kawm apparatus. Nyob rau hauv nws lub tswvyim, cov khoom, thiab tsim qauv qhia lub tswv yim ntawm lub davhlau nyob rau hauv huab cua thiab thaum hmo ntuj. Lub aircraft yog txawm peem rau nrog ib lub hwj chim tsev nrog ib tug muaj peev xwm ntawm 160 liters. sec., nce mus nce los suab kiv aeromechanical. Lub fuselage qauv yog ib tug proprietary hom steel kav. Lub qhov ntswg ntawm lub kaw hau kev kawm hatches, thiab tus Tsov tus tw yog them nrog ib daim ntaub. Stabilizers thiab keel muaj ib tug hlau ncej nrog ib tug heev txhav zoo li tus ntiv taw. Koojtis - dvulonzheronnoe, detachable, nrog rau cov chaw seem. Detachable console thiab tag nrho lub chaw seem mus rau tus thawj sab neeg muaj ib tug nruj heev casing, thaum tus so yog them nrog ib daim ntaub. Lub Yak-18 qauv, tag nrho cov shortcomings ntawm nws cov thawj tau raug tshem tawm, nws yog heev ruaj khov thiab yooj yim tshuaj los ntawm cov aircraft, thiab muaj zoo tuav cov yam ntxwv. Qhov siab tshaj plaws kev ceev ntawm lub aircraft yog 257 km / h, nce 4 m / s, lub siab tshaj plaws qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm plaub txhiab meters, ntau yam - ib txhiab kilometers, tsaws ceev ntawm 85 km / h. Lub Yak-18 yog muab nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv seev ua tau yav hmo ntuj thiab "dig muag" ya.

Lub Yak-18T - ib tug kev hloov kho ntawm lub tshuab ntawm cov Yak-18. Qhov no yog ib lub teeb multipurpose aircraft. Nws yog ib tug ntawm tus tov aircraft siv nyob rau hauv lub davhlau tsev kawm ntawv. Nws twb teb tau teev nyob rau ib qho ntawm cov aircraft kev sib tham, 650 machines Yak-18T twb dhau ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm ib lab cov sij hawm uas tsis muaj kev loj kev txhaum. Nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub version, qhov no aircraft muaj versatility, nws yuav ua tau ib tug neeg nrog caij, kev qhia thiab kev cob qhia, kev noj qab haus huv, thauj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog siv los ncig kuaj xyuas roj thiab cov nkev pipelines, hwj chim kav, txoj kev kim heev thiab woodlands, raws li zoo raws li thauj peb coob uas xam nrog rau ib tug deb ntawm tsib puas kis lus mev.

Cov kev ua si dav hlau los ntawm lub Yakovlev tsim Bureau

Tej zaum 8, 1979 nyob rau hauv lub ntuj nyob ze ntawm lub Tushino airfield muaj ib tug me me aircraft nrog ib tug kaj liab tis. Dav hlau nrog ib qho yooj yim rumbling famously ua aerobatics: drums, loops, flips. Ib tug tej qhov muag yuav muaj tam sim ntawd sau tseg hais tias nws tsis yog txoj kev cai uas rau cov neeg hauv zos ib cov kev ua si Yak-50, ib tug txawv qauv. Loj teeb advanced cockpit taw tes qhia tawm hais tias qhov no muab ob npaug rau tshuab. Thaum lub sij hawm tsaws yuav paub qhov txawv lwm yam kev txawv no: tsaws nrov plig plawg thiab qhov ntswg tsaws iav. Nws yog ib tug tshiab creation ntawm cov engineering design chaw khaws Yakovlev - lub Yak-52 aircraft muaj peev xwm ntawm txaus siab tshaj plaws ntau haiv neeg thiab kev tsis sib haum xav tau. Qhov no yog to taub, vim hais tias cov kev ua si kev kawm apparatus xav tau kev pab tsawg heev stability margins, me ntsis kev rau siab, uas yuav tsum tau ua tus tsav tswj lub tshuab caj npab. Nws yuav tsum SNAP qhia yooj yim ua aerobatics. Thiab lub aircraft rau thawj zaug kev kawm, nws yog, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, yuav tsum muaj ruaj khov heev thiab yooj yim uas tswj thiab tsis tau bogged nyob rau hauv ib tug tailspin.

Lub tshuab rau davhlau kev kawm ntsuas yuav tsum tsim kom muaj ib tug ncaj khoom set ntawm navigation thiab navigation khoom siv, thiab rau cov kev ua si version ntawm nws yuav tsuas yuav ib tug ntxiv tsim txom. Nrog rau tag nrho cov teeb meem thiab kev nyuaj siab ib pab pawg neeg ntawm engineers thiab designers. Cuaj kaum, aircraft designers coped nrog no ua hauj lwm raws li "zoo heev" thiab sai li sai li sai tau: lub Yak-52 twb ua nyob rau hauv tsawg tshaj li rau lub hlis. Qhov no yog ib tug muab ob npaug rau-hlau monoplane. Lub fuselage - semi-monocoque, nws muaj ib tug ua hauj lwm hlau hauv ob sab phlu. Nws txuas rau tus ncej countersunk riveted. Koojtis - ib-spar, nruab nrog lub tsaws flaps, dai rau shompolnye voj thiab tswj los ntawm huab cua lub tog raj kheej. Cantilever tus Tsov tus tw unit. Lub stabilizer tis ntses thiab tua los ntawm dvulonzheronnoy tswvyim. Yak-cuaj-piston 52 muaj ib radial tsav tsev muaj peev xwm ntawm 360 liters. ib tug. nrog automatic nce mus nce los suab kiv cua. Navigation thiab ya davhlau khoom tso cai rau koj mus ya nyob rau hauv tsis tshua muaj neeg phiv huab cua puag. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub txheej txheem ntawm pab kiag li lawm, cov qauv no teev cov kev pauv tus nqi system, VHF xov tooj cua thiab tsis siv neeg cov kev taw qhia finder. Thaum twg yuav lub tua ntawm aerobatic maneuvers, ib yam dab tsi ntxiv navigation thiab ya davhlau khoom yog rhuav.