Lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob (antibiotics): ib qho kev qhia ntxaws

Nws muaj peev xwm hais tau tias qhov kev tshwm sim revolutionary yog qhov kev pom ntawm penicillin thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Thaum lub sij hawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 2, thawj cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau cawm tau tsheej plhom leej tub rog los ntawm sepsis. Penicillin tau ua haujlwm zoo thiab tib lub sij hawm ib qho tshuaj pheej yig rau ntau yam kab mob loj heev nrog qhov loj heev, qhov nqaij dawb huv. Txij lub sij hawm, lwm cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau muab coj los ua ke.

Cov Yam Ntxwv

Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau cov tshuaj uas muaj feem xyuam rau lub ntiaj teb loj heev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob - natural los yog semi-hluavtaws uas muaj peev xwm tua tau tej pawg neeg ntawm pathogens los yog tiv thaiv lawv txoj kev loj hlob lossis kev yug menyuam. Mechanisms, lub spectra ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob yuav txawv. Sij hawm dhau los, cov hom tshiab thiab cov kev hloov kho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau tawm. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov no yuav tsum tau muaj kev tswj hwm. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, qhov kev faib tawm ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob raws li lub tswv yim thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm kev txiav txim, nrog rau cov qauv tshuaj, tau raug coj los siv. Los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev txiav txim lawv tau muab faib ua:

• Bacteriostatic, inhibiting qhov kev loj hlob lossis kev sib npaug ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic;
• Bactericidal, uas ua rau kom cov kabmob puas tsuaj.

Lub ntsiab mechanisms ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob:

• Ua txhaum ntawm cov kab mob cell cell;
• Kev tiv thaiv ntawm protein synthesis hauv microbial cell;
• Tsis pom zoo ntawm qhov cytoplasmic membrane;
• Inhibition of RNA synthesis.

Beta-lactams - penicillins

Raws li cov qauv tshuaj, cov tebchaw no muaj cais raws li hauv qab no.

Beta-lactam tshuaj tua kab mob. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua ntawm lactam antibiotics yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov kev muaj peev xwm ntawm pawg neeg no kom khi cov enzymes koom tes hauv cov khoom sib koom tes ntawm peptidoglycan - lub hauv paus ntawm txheej membrane ntawm microorganism hlwb. Yog li, qhov tsim ntawm nws lub xovtooj ntawm phab ntsa yog inhibited, uas yuav pab kom tsis txhob loj hlob lossis sib npaug ntawm cov kab mob. Beta-lactams muaj tsawg toxicity thiab tib lub sij hawm ib tug zoo bactericidal nyhuv. Lawv sawv cev rau pawg coob tshaj plaws thiab raug muab faib ua pawg me me uas muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws.

Penicillins yog ib pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tso tawm los ntawm qee cov colony pwm thiab cov kab mob pwm. Lub mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob penicillin vim lub fact tias los ntawm kev rhuav tseg cov cell phab ntsa ntawm kab mob, lawv kom lawv puas tsuaj. Cov tshuaj Penicillins yog cov cim ntuj tsim thiab ib nrab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom sib txuas ntawm ntau qhov chaw ua haujlwm - lawv tuaj yeem siv rau kev kho mob ntawm ntau cov kab mob uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob streptococci thiab staphylococci. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv muaj cov khoom ntawm selectivity, ua haujlwm nkaus xwb rau cov kab mob me, tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov kev lag luam. Penicillins muaj lawv cov teeb meem, uas muaj xws li kev tshwm sim rau cov kab mob. Feem ntau yog cov muaj benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, uas yog siv los tiv thaiv mob meningococcal thiab streptococcal vim yog tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsawg. Txawm li cas los, nrog rau kev nkag mus sij hawm ntev, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yuav tshwm sim, uas yuav ua rau txo qis rau nws qhov kev ua tau zoo. Semi-hluavtaws penicillins yog feem ntau muab los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso los ntawm tshuaj kev hloov kho rau impart yam zog - amoxicillin, ampicillin. Cov tshuaj no muaj ntau yam tiv thaiv cov kab mob uas tiv taus cov bio-penicillins.

Lwm yam beta-lactams

Cephalosporins yog tau los ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tib lub npe, thiab lawv cov qauv zoo ib yam li cov qauv ntawm penicillins, uas piav txog cov kev tsis zoo tib yam. Cephalosporins yog plaub leej neeg laus. Thawj tiam tshuaj siv ntau zaus rau kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob me uas tshwm sim los ntawm staphylococci los yog streptococci. Qhov thib ob thiab thib peb ntawm cov kab mob cephalosporins muaj ntau yam kab mob hauv cov kab mob gram-negative, thiab cov khoom ntawm lub cim plaub yog cov tshuaj tshaj plaws uas siv los cuam tshuam loj heev.

Carbapenems ua tau zoo rau cov kab mob gram-positive, gram-negative thiab anaerobic bacteria. Lawv cov khoom zoo yog tsis muaj kab mob tsis haum rau cov tshuaj txawm tias lawv tau siv ntev ntev los.

Monobactams kuj yog mus rau beta-lactams thiab muaj lub tswv yim zoo ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob. Lawv siv los kho cov kab mob ntau yam.

Macrolides

Qhov no yog pawg thib ob. Macrolides yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj cov kab kev hloov qeeb. Lawv yog lub nplhaib lactone polynomial nrog txuas nrog carbohydrate seem. Cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj nyob ntawm seb cov roj carbon atoms hauv lub nplhaib. Muaj 14-, 15- thiab 16-leej koom ua ke. Lub spectrum ntawm lawv cov kev txiav txim ntawm microbes yog txaus txaus. Lub mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob nyob rau hauv lub microbial cell yog los ntawm reacting lawv nrog ribosomes thiab yog li ua txhaum uas muaj protein ntau synthesis nyob rau hauv lub cell ntawm lub microorganism los ntawm inhibiting tshiab monomer tas li ntawd tshua mus rau lub peptide saw. Noog nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm lub cev, macrolides kuj nqa tawm ntawm kev tua kab mob ntawm cov kab mob microbes.

Macrolides yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab tsis muaj kev phom sij ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas paub thiab yuav siv tawm tsam tsis zoo xwb, tiam sis kuj muaj cov kab mob gram-negative. Thaum lawv raug siv, kev tsis pom zoo rau sab nrauv tsis muaj cai. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob no yog cov kab mob bacteriostatic nkaus xwb, tab sis thaum muaj ntau cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm muaj cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm pneumococci thiab lwm yam kab mob. Los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj macrolides raug muab faib ua tej yam ntuj tso thiab ib qho hluav taws xob.

Thawj cov tshuaj los ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm cov macrolides yog ib qho erythromycin, tau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo dhau los thiab siv cov kab mob gram-positive zoo, tiv thaiv tawm tsam penicillins. Ib tiam tshiab ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm pawg neeg no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 70s ntawm 20th xyoo pua thiab yog nquag siv mus txog rau tam sim no.

Macrolides kuj muaj cov tshuaj tua hluavtaws (semi-synthetic antibiotics) - azolides thiab ketolides. Hauv cov dej qis, nitrogen atom muaj nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib ntawm lactone ntawm qib 9 thiab qib kaum. Tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov azolides yog azithromycin ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev ua thiab kev ua si hauv kev coj gram-positive thiab gram-negative bacteria, qee qhov kev cob qhia. Nws yog qhov ruaj khov dua hauv acidic nruab nrab, piv nrog erythromycin, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau nws. Azithromycin yog siv ntau hom kab mob ntawm txoj hlab pas, txoj kab mob urogenital, hnyuv, tawv nqaij thiab lwm tus.

Ketolides yog tau los ntawm kev xa ib keto pawg mus rau peb lub hauv paus ntawm lactone nplhaib. Lawv yog cov txawv ntawm cov kab mob tsawg dua, thaum piv nrog macrolides.

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines muaj rau chav kawm ntawm polyketides. Cov no yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav txim, muaj cov kab mob bacteriostatic. Thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lawv - chlorotetracycline, raug cais nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm actinomycetes, lawv kuj hu ua radiant fungi. Ob peb xyoos tom qab, oxytetracycline tau los ntawm ib pawg neeg ntawm tib fungi. Tus neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg neeg no yog tetracycline, uas yog thawj tsim los ntawm kev hloov kho tshuaj ntawm nws cov tshuaj chloro, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd kuj tau raug rho tawm los ntawm actinomycetes. Tag nrho lwm cov kev npaj ntawm pawg tetracycline yog semisynthetic derivatives ntawm cov sib txuas.

Tag nrho cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw no zoo sib xws ntawm cov qauv tshuaj thiab cov khoom, xws li ntau hom kab mob gram-positive thiab gram-negative bacteria, tej kab mob thiab protozoa. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob microbial. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob bacterial yog suppress cov txheej txheem ntawm protein biosynthesis hauv nws. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj molecules nyob rau hauv Gram-tsis zoo kab mob lawv kis tau mus rau hauv lub hlwb los ntawm tej yam yooj yim diffusion. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov kab mob gram-positive tsis tau raug tshawb txaus, tab sis muaj kev xav tias cov tetracycline molecules ua ke nrog cov ions ntawm cov hlau uas muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob hauv cov kab mob los ua cov kab sib txuas. Hauv qhov no, cov saw tawg thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov protein tsim nyog rau kab mob ntawm tes. Kev sim tau pom tias bacteriostatic ntau ntawm chlorotetracycline txaus rau suppress protein synthesis, Txawm li cas los, loj ntau ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsum inhibit synthesis ntawm nucleic acids.

Tetracyclines yog siv nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam kab mob hauv lub raum, ntau yam kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, ua pa kab mob thiab ntau lwm yam kab mob. Yog hais tias tsim nyog, lawv hloov penicillin, tab sis nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los, kev siv tetracyclines tau qeeb heev, uas yog txuam nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov pab pawg neeg ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob. Qhov tsis zoo rau kev siv los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob no ua ib qho ntxiv rau cov tsiaj noj, uas ua rau txo tus kab mob hauv cov tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb vim yog kev tiv thaiv rau nws. Yuav kom kov tau nws, kev sib txuas nrog cov yeeb tshuaj sib txawv nrog ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm antimicrobial. Piv txwv li, cov kev kho mob kho tau zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm tib lub sijhawm siv tetracycline thiab streptomycin.

Aminoglycosides

Cov kab mob Aminoglycosides yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas tsis tshua muaj ntau yam, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov amino sugars. Tus thawj aminoglycoside yog cov tshuaj streptomycin, cais los ntawm ib pawg colonium fungi twb nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo dhau los thiab tau siv ntau txoj kev kho mob. Ua kab mob, cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov pab pawg no yeej siv tau zoo txawm tias txo kev tiv thaiv. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm microbial cell yog tsim los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv cog lus muaj zog nrog cov kabmob ribosome ntawm cov kabmob thiab qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov protein synthesis tshua ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tes. Txog rau thaum kawg, txoj kev siv cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm aminoglycosides tsis tau kawm, hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob tetracyclines thiab macrolides, uas tseem ua txhaum protein synthesis hauv cov kab mob hauv cov hlwb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws paub tias aminoglycosides tsuas yog nyob hauv cov kev mob aerobic xwb, yog li ntawd lawv pom cov qis tsis zoo hauv cov ntaub so ntswg nrog cov ntshav tsis muaj zog.

Tom qab cov tsos mob ntawm thawj cov tshuaj tua kab mob - penicillin thiab streptomycin, lawv tau pib siv rau cov kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob uas tsis ntev los no tau tsim teeb meem ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kab mob rau cov tshuaj no. Tam sim no, siv cov tshuaj streptomycin, feem ntau yog sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj ntawm tus cim tshiab rau kev kho mob ntawm tuberculosis los yog li ntawd, hnub tim, cov kab mob tsis zoo xws li kab mob plague. Hauv lwm cov mob, kanamycin yog tus kws kho mob, uas yog ib qho tshuaj tua kab mob thawj zaug ntawm aminoglycoside. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj cov tshuaj lom mus rau hauv kanamycin, gentamicin tam sim no najnpawb - ob lub cim tshuaj, thiab cov cim thib peb aminoglycoside yog amikacin - nws tsis tshua siv los tiv thaiv cov kab mob ntawm kev quav tshuaj.

Levomycetin

Levomycetin, los yog chloramphenicol, yog ib yam tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj ntau yam tshuaj, muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob gram-positive thiab gram-negative microorganisms, ntau cov kab mob loj. Raws li cov qauv tshuaj, qhov no derivative ntawm nitrophenylalkylamines yog thawj tus tau txais los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm actinomycetes nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, thiab ob xyoos tom qab nws kuj tau sib txuas ua ke.

Levomycetin muaj cov kab mob bacteriostatic rau cov kab mob. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob yog txhawb nqa cov kev ua ntawm catalysts ntawm kev tsim cov peptide bonds nyob rau hauv cov ribosomes thaum protein ntau synthesis. Kev ua rau levomycetin hauv cov kab mob no qeeb heev. Cov tshuaj no yog siv rau tus kab mob typhoid lossis dysentery.

Glycopeptides thiab lipopeptides

Glycopeptides yog cyclic peptide compounds uas yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob los yog ib txwm siv hluav taws xob nrog cov nqaim nqaim ntawm cov yeeb yam ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob. Lawv muaj cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm cov kab mob Gram-positive, thiab tseem tuaj yeem hloov penicillin thaum muaj kev tawm tsam. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev kho mob ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov kab mob muaj peev xwm piav qhia los ntawm tsim cov nyiaj nrog peptidoglycan cov amino acids ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes thiab, yog li, kev tua ntawm lawv cov synthesis.

Tus thawj glycopeptide, vancomycin, tau los ntawm actinomycetes tawm ntawm av hauv Is Nrias teb. Nws yog ib qho tshuaj tua kab mob uas ua rau me nyuam yaus ua rau kab mob qoob loo. Pib, vancomycin tau siv los ua ib qho kev hloov rau penicillin thaum muaj kev phiv rau nws txoj kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nce nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj rau cov tshuaj tau los ua ib qho teeb meem loj. Nyob rau hauv 80s, teicoplanin, ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm pawg glycopeptide, tau. Nws yog kws kho rau tib cov kab mob, thiab nrog rau gentamicin nws muab cov ntsiab lus zoo.

Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th ib pawg tshiab ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob - lipopeptides ntawm streptomycetes. Raws li lawv cov qauv tshuaj, lawv yog cyclic lipopeptides. Cov no yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob nrog ib qho nqaim ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas yog pom cov kab mob bactericidal tiv thaiv kab mob Gram-positive, nrog rau cov kab mob staphylococci, cov tshuaj tua kab mob beta-lactam thiab glycopeptides.

Lub tswv yim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob sib txawv - cov lipopeptide cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog ntawm cov kab mob calcium uas muaj cov kab mob cell membrane, uas ua rau nws cov depolarization thiab cuam tshuam protein ntau synthesis, vim tias qhov teeb meem ntawm tes tuag. Thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm chav kawm ntawm lipopeptides yog daptomycin.

Kev sib tham nrog daptomycin, muaj peev xwm muab sau txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob bactericidal, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj - tsis tuaj yeem ua kev sib tw, los yog tsawg kawg nws txoj kev qeeb, vim tias qhov tshiab ntawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov qauv ntawm cov khoom no.

Polyenas

Cov pab pawg tom ntej yog polyene tshuaj tua kab mob. Niaj hnub no muaj ib tug loj surge ntawm fungal kab mob uas nyuaj rau kho. Yuav kom tiv thaiv lawv, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog npaj - ntuj lossis semi-synthetic polyene tshuaj tua kab mob. Thawj cov tshuaj antifungal hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo dhau los yog nystatin, uas raug cais tawm ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm tus mob streptomycetes. Lub sijhawm no, ntau cov tshuaj tua kab mob polyene uas tau los ntawm ntau yam kabmob ntau yam - griseofulvin, levorin thiab lwm tus - tau muaj kev xyaum kho mob. Tam sim no lub plaub tiam hluav taws xob tau siv. Lawv tau txais ib lub npe vim yog muaj ob peb daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv cov qauv.

Lub mechanism ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm polyene tshuaj tua kab mob yog vim tsim ntawm cov tshuaj bonds nrog sterols ntawm lub cell daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub fungus. Lub roj molene yog li no tso rau hauv daim nyias nyias ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua ib txoj hlua hlau los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov xovtooj ntawm lub xovtooj tawm, ua rau nws tshem tawm. Nyob rau hauv me me koob polyenes yog fungistatic, thiab nyob rau hauv high school dos fungicidal. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov haujlwm tsis txuas rau cov kab mob thiab kab mob.

Polymyxins - cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv ntuj, yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob hauv av ua kab. Hauv kev kho, lawv pom daim ntawv thov hauv lub 40s ntawm xyoo pua xeem. Cov tshuaj no yog qhov txawv ntawm cov kab mob bactericidal, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau cytoplasmic membrane ntawm microorganism cell ua rau nws tuag. Polymyxins zoo tiv thaiv cov kab mob gram-negative thiab tsis tshua pom kev zoo ntawm cov kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, siab dhau heev lawm lawv siv cov kev kho mob. Cov compounds ntawm no pab pawg - polymyxin B sulfate thiab polymyxin M sulfate siv tsis tshua muaj thiab tsuas yog npaj txhij.

Antineoplastic tshuaj tua kab mob

Actinomycin ua ib co hluav taws xob fungi, muaj ib tug cytostatic nyhuv. Ntuj actinomycins nyob rau hauv cov qauv yog hromopeptidami differing amino acids nyob rau hauv lub peptide chains uas seb lawv lom ua si. Actinomycin nyiam xim ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb zoo li antitumor tshuaj tua kab mob. Lub mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim vim tus tsim ntawm ib tug txaus ruaj khov bonds ntawm peptide chains ntawm cov tshuaj nrog lub ob helix DNA ntawm lub microorganism thiab yog li thaiv cov hlab lub synthesis ntawm RNA.

Dactinomycin, ua nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nws yog tus thawj anticancer neeg sawv cev uas tau pom siv nyob rau hauv lub oncologic txoj kev kho. Txawm li cas los, vim rau qhov loj tus naj npawb ntawm tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj no yog tsis tshua muaj siv. Tam sim no peb tau ntau yam antineoplastic tshuaj.

Anthracyclines - ib tug tsis tshua muaj zog anti-mob tus neeg saib xyuas raug rho tawm ntawm Streptomyces. Lub mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob txuam nrog rau tsim ntawm ternary ceg nrog DNA chains thiab cov chains so. Thiab ib tug thib ob tau mechanism ntawm antimicrobial txiav txim vim zus tau tej cov dawb radicals uas oxidize cancer hlwb.

Ntawm ntuj anthracyclines yuav hu ua daunorubicin thiab doxorubicin. Ib suam ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob raws li lawv mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv cov kab mob dlhos lawv raws li microbicides. Txawm li cas los, lawv cov qib high toxicity yuam mus nrhiav rau cov tshiab tebchaw uas tau raug npaj synthetically. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv muaj tau ntse siv nyob rau hauv Oncology.

Tshuaj tua kab mob tau ntev ua ib feem ntawm kev kho mob xyaum thiab tib neeg lub neej. Ua tsaug rau lawv, yeej muaj ntau yam kab mob, uas rau centuries tau xam tau tias yog incurable. Tam sim no, muaj ib tug ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov tebchaw, uas yuav tsum tau tsis tsuas yog tus faib ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob raws li lub mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thiab spectrum, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ntau ntau lwm yam yam ntxwv.