Lavxias teb sab neeg: lub npe thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov

Raws li feem ntau conservative kev kwv yees, nyob rau hauv Russia muaj ntau tshaj 192 lub teb chaws, differing ntawm txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kab lis kev cai, kev ntseeg thiab keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Tsim hnog, lawv tau tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv tib lub xeev ciam teb rau lwm yuav luag peacefully - raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub accession ntawm tshiab territories.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haiv neeg '

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm ib daim ntawv teev cov haiv neeg nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Russia, ua nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua, mus khiav se collection. Academy ntawm Sciences nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, tiag soj ntsuam nrog lo lus nug no, thiab thaum lub sij hawm XVII-XIX centuries nws twb tso tawm ib tug ob peb lub kaum os loj ethnographic kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntawv no, raws li zoo raws li ntau ntawm illustrated albums thiab atlases, uas tau ua zoo heev rau niaj hnub kws tshawb fawb.

Qhov kawg ntawm tus thawj xyoo caum ntawm lub XXI xyoo pua cov pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws yuav tsum thawm xyoo muab faib mus rau hauv 192 haiv neeg. Nations nrog ib tug neeg nyob tshaj 1 lab nyob rau hauv Russia xwb 7. Cov muaj xws li:

• Lavxias teb sab - 77,8%.
• Tatars - 3,75%.
• Chuvash - 1.05%.
• Bashkirs - 1.11%.
• Chechens - 1,07%.
• Armenians - 0,83%.
• Ukrainians - 1.35%.

Muaj kuj yog lub sij hawm "titular lub teb chaws", uas yog txhais haiv neeg, muab nws lub npe mus rau lub cheeb tsam. Thiab tej zaum nws yuav tsis yog tus tseem ntau cov neeg. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Khanty-Mansiisk autonomous koog tsev kawm ntawv lub tsev mus rau ntau haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab (daim ntawv teev muaj ntau tshaj li 50 ntsiab lus). Tab sis tsuas yog tus Khanty thiab Mansi, tsuas 2% ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, muab nws lub npe yog official.

Ethnographic kev tshawb fawb yog tu ncua nyob rau hauv lub XXI caug xyoo, thiab cov ua hauj lwm rau lub npe "Lavxias teb sab neeg: ib daim ntawv teev cov xov tooj thiab feem pua txoj cai" loj txaus siab tsis tau tsuas yog mus zaum, tab sis kuj zoo tib yam cov neeg uas xav paub ntau ntxiv txog lawv teb chaws.

Cov neeg ntawm lub European ib feem ntawm Russia

Lavxias teb sab yog tsis hais raws li ib tug lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no Lavxias teb sab Constitution, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb no lub teb chaws yog ntau tshaj li 2/3 ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem. Nws "cov menyuam txaj" yog lub European ib feem ntawm Russia - los ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm Primorye thiab Karelia mus rau lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Caspian thiab dub Seas. Cov neeg yus muaj los ntawm kev sib sau ntawm sab ntsuj plig kab lis kev cai thiab kev ntseeg, anthropology thiab niaj hnub ntau yam lus. Txawm li cas los, Lavxias teb sab no kuj tsis yog niaj hnub nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab muab faib ua ntau haiv neeg:

- North - Slavic neeg nyob rau hauv Novgorod, Ivanovo, Arkhangelsk, Vologda thiab Kostroma cheeb tsam, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Karelia thiab sab qaum teb ntawm lub Tver av. Rau sab qaum teb Lavxias teb sab yam ntxwv "akayuschy" tham thiab sib zog xim tsos.

- South Lavxias teb sab neeg uas nyob rau hauv Ryazan, Kaluga, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Orel thiab Penza cheeb tsam. Neeg uas nyob ntawm cov cheeb tsam "okayut" thaum hais lus. Rau ib feem ntawm lub "yuzhnorossov" yam ntxwv ntawm bilingualism (Cossacks).

Lub sab qaum teb thiab yav qab teb cov cheeb tsam tsis nyob ze - lawv txuas lub Central Lavxias teb sab cheeb tsam (nruab nrab ntawm lub Oka thiab Volga), qhov chaw uas cov neeg nyob ntawm ob qhov chaw yog tov sib npaug. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub yuag tag nrho ntawm Lavxias teb sab muaj qhov thiaj li hu ua sub-pawg haiv neeg - compact nyob me me lub teb chaws uas sawv tawm nta ntawm lawv cov lus thiab kab lis kev cai. Qhov no yog ib tug ncaj kaw thiab txaus me me haiv neeg ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab Russia. Lawv daim ntawv teev muaj cov nram qab no pawg:

• VOD (nyob rau hauv 2010 lub xov tooj ntawm 70 cov neeg).
• Pomors.
• Meshcheryakov.
• Polekh.
• Sayan.
• Don thiab Kuban Cossacks.
• Kamchadals.

Cov neeg ntawm lub yav qab teb cov cheeb tsam

Peb yuav tau tham txog qhov chaw ntawm lub Azov thiab Caspian seas. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab pejxeem nyob muaj ntau ntau lwm yam pawg haiv neeg, xws li cov neeg uas muaj radically txawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev lig kev cai thiab kev ntseeg. Yog vim li cas rau tej kev txawv los ua kaj txav los nyob ze Eastern lub teb chaws - Qaib ntxhw, Tatar Crimea, Georgia, Azerbaijan.

Yav qab teb cov haiv neeg ntawm Russia (hauv daim ntawv):

• Chechens.
• Ingush.
• Nogai.
• Kabardians.
• Circassians.
• Adygeys.
• Karachai.
• Kalmyks.

Nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb ib feem ntawm Russia yog concentrated ib nrab ntawm cov "teb chaws" republics. Yuav luag txhua tus ntawm cov haiv neeg muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus, thiab religiously yeej nrog lawv Islam.

Peb kuj yuav tsum hais qhov ntev-kev txom nyem ntawm Dagestan. Thiab, saum toj no tag nrho, cov neeg uas muaj tib lub npe tsis muaj nyob. Lo lus no combines haiv neeg (Avars, Aguls, Dargin, Lezgins, Laks, Nogai, thiab hais txog.), Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Dagestan.

Siberian haiv neeg thiab lub North

Siberian Federal District muaj xws li 14 loj cheeb tsam thiab ib thaj nyuag npog 30% ntawm lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv no lub teb chaws nyob hauv Npanpiloo los ntawm 20,10 lab cov neeg. Cov pejxeem ntawm Siberia muaj cov nram qab no cov neeg:

1. Lub alien neeg, cov haiv neeg muaj emerged nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob nrog rau lub XVI-XX centuries. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li Lavxias teb sab, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Tatars thiab lwm tus neeg.

2. Hauv paus txawm haiv neeg Siberian Russia. Ib daim ntawv ntawm lawv yog heev loj, tab sis tag nrho cov xov tooj yog kuj tsis tshua muaj. Cov feem ntau populous yog Yakut (480,000), Buryats (460,000), Tuva (265 txhiab) thiab Khakassia (73,000).

Piv nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub hauv paus txawm haiv neeg thiab outsiders yog 1: 5. Thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov thawj inhabitants ntawm Siberia, tsis txawm maj txo thiab phav phav thiab ntau pua leej.

Northern ib ncig ntawm Russia yog nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo xws li cov teeb meem no. "Nws yog ib" cov pejxeem ntawm cov chaw no yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub loj settlements. Tab sis yuav tsum muaj, rau feem ntau feem, ua ib tug nomadic los yog semi-nomadic txoj kev ua neej. Ethnographers hais tias sab qaum teb hauv paus txawm haiv neeg raug txo ntawm ib tug qeeb qeeb dua li Siberians.

Cov neeg ntawm lub Far East thiab Primorye

Far East Thaj av muaj lub Magadan thiab Khabarovsk cheeb tsam, Yakutia, Chukotka District thiab cov Jewish siv yooj yim Region. Cov uas nyob ib sab Primorye - Sakhalin, Kamchatka thiab Primorsky Krai, piv txwv li cov cheeb tsam nrog lawv nkag tau mus rau sab hnub tuaj seas.

Lub ethnographic piav txog haiv neeg ntawm Siberia thiab Far East ua ke piav, tab sis nws tsis zoo heev. Hauv paus txawm haiv neeg ntawm lub teb chaws muaj ib tug heev txawv kab lis kev cai, uas ua nyob rau hauv lub loj tshaj plaws tej yam kev mob ntawm lub neej.

Far thiab nqaum hauv paus txawm haiv neeg ntawm Russia, uas yog qhia hauv qab no rau hauv daim ntawv, twb xub piav nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVII:

• Orochi.
• Orok.
• Nivkhs.
• Udege.
• Chukchi.
• Koryak.
• Tungus.
• Daur.
• Duchers.
• Nanai.
• Eskimos.
• Aleuts.

Tam sim no, cov haiv neeg tsawg haiv neeg txaus siab rau cov kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tsim nyog tau los ntawm lub xeev, thiab muaj kuj ntawm kev txaus siab mus rau lub neeg mus ncig tebchaws thiab ethnographic expeditions.

Nyob rau hauv haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub Far East thiab Primorye muaj ib co cawv haiv neeg ntawm neighboring lub teb chaws - Tuam Tshoj thiab Nyiv. Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab cheeb tsam ntawm Tuam Tshoj tswm lub zej lub zos ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb numbering txog 19 txhiab tus neeg. Nyob rau Kuril Islands thiab Sakhalin Ainu neeg nyob yam xyuam xim, uas yog ib zaug hauv tsev mus rau Hokkaido (Nyiv).

Tsis-paus txawm haiv neeg ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab Federation

Kev lig kev cai, tag nrho cov haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Russia, tsuas yog rau ib tug heev me me thiab kaw, yog non-hauv paus txawm. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog tas li tsiv teb tsaws vim kev tsov kev rog (khiav tawm), txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Siberia thiab Far East, tsoom fwv tsev, cov kev tshawb fawb rau cov zoo dua nyob tej yam kev mob. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov neeg ntawm mixed kev txiav txim, thiab Yakuts nyob rau hauv Moscow yog tsis muaj surprise.

Tab sis lub teb chaws yog lub tsev mus rau ntau haiv neeg nrog cov hauv paus hniav originating los ntawm txawv kiag li lub xeev. Lawv teb yog tsis txawm nyob ze rau ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation! Lawv nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm yuam kev los yog yeem tsiv teb tsaws nyob rau hauv txawv xyoo. Lavxias teb sab uas tsis yog-paus txawm haiv neeg, uas nws daim ntawv teev yog qhia hauv qab no, ua li ib pab pawg neeg ntawm ob peb kaum ntawm txhiab tus neeg muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 40 xyoo (2nd tiam). Cov muaj xws li:

• Koreans.
• Suav.
• Lub Germans.
• Cov neeg Yudais.
• Turks.
• Lub Greeks.
• Bulgarians.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Zog ntawm Guj kuj xyuam xim nyob tej pawg me me ntawm pawg haiv neeg los ntawm lub Baltic States, Asia, Is Nrias teb thiab cov teb chaws Europe. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv assimilated nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov lus thiab txoj kev ntawm lub neej, tab sis muab khaws cia tseg ib txhia ntawm lawv pog koob yawm txwv kev cai.

Lus thiab kev ntseeg ntawm cov haiv neeg ntawm Russia

Multi-haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab Federation yog ib tug secular hauv lub xeev, tab sis kev ntseeg tseem plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm (kev cai, koom, tsoom fwv) nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem. Characteristically, lub me me pawg haiv neeg ua raws li lawv cov tsoos kev ntseeg, lub resulting "pub" los ntawm lub pog koob yawg koob. Tab sis lub Slavic neeg muaj ntau mobile thiab muaj ntau hom bogoslaviya, xws li ib tug tshiab paganism, Teev Xatas thiab atheism.

Tam sim no, lub nram qab no kev cai dab qhuas pab pawg muaj ntau nyob rau hauv Russia:

• Orthodox ntseeg Vajtswv.
• Islam (Sunni Muslims).
• Buddhism.
• Catholic.
• Christianity Protestant haub.

Zoo nkauj yooj yim teeb meem no nrog cov haiv neeg 'cov lus. Cov hauj lwm hom lus nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog Lavxias teb sab, uas yog cov lus uas cov feem ntau. Txawm li cas los, lub teb chaws cheeb tsam (Chechnya, Kalmykia, Bashkortostan, thiab hais txog.) Cov lus ntawm lub titular lub teb chaws muaj ib tug pej xeem raws li txoj cai.

Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, yuav luag txhua txhua lub teb chaws nws muaj nws tus kheej, cov los ntawm lwm yam lus los yog lub suab hais lus. Nws feem ntau tshwm sim hais tias dialects nyob rau hauv tib cheeb tsam muaj ntau haiv neeg hauv paus hniav tag. Piv txwv li, lub Altai Siberian haiv neeg tham nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lub Turkic pab pawg neeg, thiab ib lub nyob ze Bashkirs cov hauv paus hniav ntawm kev hais lus zais nyob rau hauv lub Mongolian lus.

Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias thaum koj saib daim ntawv teev cov haiv neeg ntawm Russia ethnolinguistic kev faib zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho daim ntawv. Nyob rau hauv kev, ntawm cov lus sib txawv ntawm cov haiv neeg "tus cim" yuav luag tag nrho cov lus pab pawg:

1. Indo-European pab pawg neeg:

• Slavic lus (Lavxias teb sab, Belarusian).
• Germanic lus (Hebrew, German).

2. Finno-Ugric (Mordvinian, Mari, Komi Zyryan etc.).

3. Turkic lus (Altaian, Noghai, Sakha etc.).

4. Mongolian lus (Kalmyk, Buryat).

5. Lus North Caucasian (Adyg, Daghestanian lus Chechen li al.).

Nyob rau hauv lub XXI caug xyoo, lub Lavxias teb sab Federation tseem yuav yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau ntau haiv lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Muaj yog tsis muaj yuav tsum tau mus kom "multiculturalism", vim hais tias nyob rau hauv no hom, lub teb chaws tau muaj rau ntau centuries.