Keeb kwm hom stratification: lub rooj. Keeb kwm hom ntawm kev sib raug stratification

Nyob rau hauv sociological kev tshawb fawb tshawb xav ntawm kev sib raug stratification yog tsis muaj ib kev daim ntawv. Tshwm sim tawm lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov miv tswv yim hais txog kev sib raug zoo tsis sib xws, cov chav kawm ntawv txoj kev xav, pej xeem masses thiab elites, raws li complementary thiab tsis muaj feem xyuam rau txhua lwm yam. Lub ntsiab rau kev txiav txim cov hom ntawm cov keeb kwm stratification, nyiam vaj tse kev sib raug zoo, cov cai thiab cov luag num, qhia kab, thiab lwm yam

Basic ntsiab ntawm stratification theories

Stratification yog ib tug "kev sis raug zoo hierarchically ncaav cov pab pawg neeg" (Radaev VV Shkaratan OI, "Social stratification"). Los ntawm differentiating kev nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub keeb kwm stratification hom xws li:

• lub cev thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic;
• qhev;
• caste;
• Estates;
• etacratic;
• socio-kev;
• chav kawm ntawv;
• kev cai thiab kev piv txwv txog;
• kev cai thiab kev normative.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub ntawm kev ntau yam zoo thiab tus kheej txoj kev mus rau ntsiab qhov sib txawv yuav txiav txim seb lub hom ntawm tag nrho cov keeb kwm stratification. Qhev, piv txwv li, raws li ib tug keeb kwm hom raws li lub ntsiab txog kev paub yuav faib cov cai ntawm cov pej xeem thiab vaj tse, raws li zoo raws li cov qauv ntawm cov kev txiav txim - txoj cai ntawm enslaving thiab cov tub rog quab yuam.

Nyob rau hauv feem ntau muaj peev xwm yuav sau ua ke raws li nram no: Keeb kwm hom stratification: Rooj 1.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias lub keeb kwm hom stratification - qhev, castes, av thiab cov chav kawm ntawv - ua tsis yeej ib txwm muaj tseeb thaj tsam nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Piv txwv li, lub tswvyim ntawm caste dua siv nyob rau hauv Indian system ntawm stratification. Brahmins qeb peb tsis tau raws li nyob rau hauv lwm yam kev sib raug zoo system. Brahmins (lawv kuj pov thawj) lawv pom zoo tshwj xeeb cov cai thiab cov cai uas twb tsis muaj ntau nyob rau hauv lwm yam qeb ntawm cov pej xeem. Nws twb ntseeg tau hais tias cov pov thawj hais lus nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Vajtswv. Raws li Indian kev lig kev cai, lub Brahmans tau tsim los ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus Tswv Brahma. Tawm ntawm nws ob txhais tes twb ua warriors, Hmoob uas twb tau tus huab tais. Qhov no txiv neej tau koom rau ib qho kev caste los ntawm kev yug me nyuam thiab nws yuav hloov tsis tau nws.

Nyob rau lwm cov tes, teb yuav ua ob yam li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib caste, thiab raws li ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv. Txawm li cas los, lawv kuj tseem muab faib ua ob pawg - qhov yooj yim thiab nplua nuj (muaj nplua nwj).

Lub tswvyim ntawm kev sib raug qhov chaw

Paub domestic sociologist Pitirim Sorokin (1989-1968 gg.), Kawm lub keeb kwm hom stratification (qhev, castes, cov chav kawm), raws li ib tug tseem ceeb tswvyim tseem ceeb rau hauv "kev qhov chaw". Tsis zoo li lub cev, kev sib raug zoo chaw nyob uas nyob ib sab mus rau txhua lwm yam chaw yuav ib txhij positioned nyob rau hauv sib txawv kiag li theem. Conversely, yog hais tias tus keeb kwm hom stratification yog tej pab pawg ntawm kev kawm, nws tsis yog tas hais tias lawv nyob ib thaj nyuag ze rau txhua lwm yam (P. Sorokin, "Tib neeg Civilization Society ..").

Social qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Sorokin lub tswvyim yog ntau txoj, xws li ib tug kev cai, kev cai dab qhuas, kev thiab lwm yam vectors. Qhov no qhov chaw yog lub feem ntau tshaj nyuab lub neej thiab yog sawv cev faib keeb kwm hom stratification (bondage, thiab caste t. D.). Sorokin kuj ua zoo rau cov ntsug thiab kab rov tav theem ntawm lub division ntawm kev sib raug qhov chaw. Kab rov tav theem muaj xws li kev nom kev tswv koom haum ua teb, kev ua si, kev cai dab qhuas cov koom haum , thiab lwm yam Vertical -. Txawv ntawm cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm hierarchical txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg (lub taub hau, deputy, subordinate, parishioners, xaiv, thiab lwm yam ...).

Raws li ib daim ntawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo stratification Sorokin tseem ceeb xws li cov nom tswv, nyiaj txiag, kev. Hauv txhua yam uas lawv muaj yog ib tug ntxiv site stratification system. Nyob rau hauv lem, tus Fabkis sociologist Emil Dyurkgeym (1858-1917 gg.) Xam tias yog lub system ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov chaw hauv cov kev pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub specifics ntawm lawv ua hauj lwm. Raws li ib tug feature tshwj xeeb ntawm txoj kev sib ncaim ua lag luam ntawm ob los yog ntau tshaj cov neeg solidarity. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws muab rau nws ncaj ncees ua cim (Durkheim, E., "division of labor muaj nuj nqi").

Keeb kwm hom ntawm kev sib raug stratification thiab economic system

Nyob rau hauv lem, tus American economist Frenk Nayt (1885-1972 gg.), Xav qhov kev stratification nyob rau hauv lub economic systems ntawm ib cov tub ntxhais muaj nuj nqi ntawm nyiaj txiag lub koom haum allocates txij nkawm / kev txhim kho ntawm lub social qauv, txhawb kev kawm (F. Knight, "Economic lub koom haum" ).

Nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb kev sib raug zoo ntawm nyiaj txiag kheej thiab cov kev sib raug stratification rau qhov kev kawm sau cov US-Canadian economist Hungarian Karl Polanyi (1886-1964): "Tus txiv neej tsis ua nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xyuas kom meej lawv tus kheej txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov tswv cuab ntawm cov khoom khoom, nws nrhiav kev kom paub tseeb tias lawv cov kev sib raws li txoj cai, lawv cov kev sib cai thiab cov kev pab. Tangible tib yam nws muaj nuj nqis tsuas insofar raws li lawv pab no lub hom phiaj "(Polanyi, K.," lub tuam txhab thiab cov nyiaj txiag system ").

Class kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo science

Txawm tias ib tug tej yam affinity yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv Sociology ua yuav qha hom ntawm cov keeb kwm stratification. Cov chav kawm, piv txwv li, yuav tsum tau sib cais los ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm kev sib raug zoo cov chav kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug stratum txhais li cas kev sib raug zoo ntau yam nyob rau hauv ib hierarchically ncaav haiv neeg (Radayev VV Shkaratan OI, "Social stratification"). Nyob rau hauv lem, kev sib raug zoo hauv chav kawm ntawv yog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov dawb nom tswv thiab kev cai lij choj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pej xeem.

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv lub hom phiaj yog txais mus rau lub tswvyim ntawm Karla Marksa, lub hauv paus uas - cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub socio-economic qauv. Hloov formations ua rau yus lub emergence ntawm tshiab chav kawm ntawv, kaw lus tshiab ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov khoom rog thiab ntau lawm kev sib raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv Western sociological tsev kawm ntawv, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm theories uas txhais tau cov chav kawm ntawv raws li ib tug multi-dimensional qeb, uas nyob rau hauv lem ua rau qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm erasing cov kab ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "cov chav kawm ntawv" thiab "strata" (Zhvitiashvili A., "Tus txhais lus txog lub tswvyim ntawm" cov chav kawm ntawv "nyob rau hauv kev kawm Western Sociology ").

Los ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm lwm yam ntawm cov keeb kwm le caag sociological stratification txhais li cas kuj lub siab tshaj plaws kev sib cais (cov neeg tseem ceeb), theem nrab thiab sab kawm ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd tau variations ntawm no division.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv chav kawm ntawv

Nyob rau hauv Sociology, lub tswvyim ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb yog dab tsi es tsis meej xwm. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb xav ntawm stratification Randall Collins (1941), ib pawg ntawm cov neeg yog singled tawm raws li cov neeg tseem ceeb, tswj thiaj li muaj ntau, muaj tsawg los leej twg xav tias (Collins R. "stratification ntawm cov plaub ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm teeb meem"). Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), nyob rau hauv lem, faib cov haiv neeg mus rau hauv cov neeg tseem ceeb (siab tshaj plaws stratum) thiab neelitu. Cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv chav kawm kuj muaj ob pawg: cov kev txiav txim cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab nepravyaschaya.

Mus rau saum chav kawm ntawv cov neeg sawv cev Collins dlhos hau ntawm tsoom fwv, cov thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog, influential businessmen, thiab hais txog. D. Ideological yam ntxwv ntawm cov pawg yog txiav txim, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov ntev ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv hwj chim: "Mus hnov tus ntawv Tiamsis ua lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej, thiab tsis mloog lus yog pom nyob rau hauv no ib puag ncig ib yam dab tsi unthinkable" (Collins, R., "Lub stratification ntawm cov plaub ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm teeb meem"). Nws yog rau cov hoob kawm txiav txim seb tus degree ntawm lub hwj chim uas muaj tus neeg raws li nws cov neeg sawv cev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub hwj chim yuav ua tau tsis tau tsuas yog kev nom kev tswv, tab sis kuj economic, kev cai dab qhuas thiab ideological cim. Nyob rau hauv lem, rau hauv daim ntawv cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum txuas.

Tseem ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv

Pawg no tau txais mus rau lub thiaj li hu ua lub vajvoog ntxias. Tseem ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv yog hais tias nws cov neeg sawv cev nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob ib tug tseem ceeb txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib co kawm thiab subordinate mus rau lwm yam. Qhov nruab nrab hauv chav kawm kuj muaj nws tus kheej nrog stratification: lub qaum nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv (. Performers, kev soj ntsuam txog tsuas nrog lwm yam nyuab, raws li zoo raws li loj, thawm xyoo ywj siab businessmen thiab cov tub txawg uas yog nyob rau ntawm zoo kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg muas zaub, cov neeg koom tes, lwm tus neeg, thiab lwm yam) thiab cov sab nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv ( cov thawj coj, managers - cov neeg uas yog nyob rau sab ciam teb nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm lub hwj chim kev sib raug zoo).

IB Sevastyanov characterizes rau hauv nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv raws li anti-revolutionary. Raws li cov kev soj ntsuam, qhov no fact yog piav los ntawm tus fact uas lub middle-class muaj ib yam dab tsi poob - raws li txwv mus rau revolutionary chav kawm ntawv. Lub fact tias cov middle class nyhav yuav, yuav tsum tau tsis muaj ib tug kiv puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg no yog tsis muaj ab tsi rau cov teeb meem ntawm reconstruction ntawm cov haiv neeg.

Qeb kawm ua hauj lwm

Keeb kwm hom ntawm kev sib raug stratification rau cov tub kawm txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib qeb paub qhov txawv cov ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv (tus nqi qis tshaj hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub hierarchy ntawm cov haiv neeg). Nws cov neeg sawv cev yuav tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub koom haum kev sib txuas lus system. Lawv tsom los qhia ib tug tib neeg thiab nyob txoj hauj lwm muab rau lawv nrog ib tug tej Aggressiveness nyob rau hauv lub xaav thiab kev luj xyuas ntawm tus social system.

Rau qhov qis dua chav kawm ntawv yus los ntawm ib tug individualistic cwj pwm ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab lawv tus kheej nyiam, cov tsis muaj kev ruaj khov kev sib raug zoo kev sib raug zoo thiab muaj mob. Qhov no muaj xws li qeb ib ntus tes dej num, tas mus li poob hauj lwm cov neeg pluag thiab t. D.

Lub domestic mus kom ze rau stratification kev tshawb xav

Lavxias teb sab social science raws li muaj differing views on lub keeb kwm hom stratification. Estates thiab lawv ntau yam zoo nyob rau hauv zej zog - yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev thiab philosophical xav nyob rau hauv pre-revolutionary Russia, uas tom qab tshwm sim los controversy nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union mus rau 60-ies ntawm XX caug xyoo.

Txij thaum pib ntawm lub Khrushchev thaw, cov lus nug ntawm kev stratification yog kev kawm mus rau nruj ideological tswj los ntawm lub xeev. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub social qauv ntawm cov haiv neeg yog cov ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv thiab peasants, raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib pab pawg no ib tug txheej ntawm intellectuals. Zwm nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem nco ntsoov yog kev txhawb los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov "rapprochement ntawm cov hoob" thiab tsim los ntawm "kev homogeneity". Thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm bureaucracy thiab nomenclature nyob rau hauv lub xeev suppressed. Thaum pib ntawm active kev tshawb fawb, tus kwv uas twb keeb kwm hom stratification, yog muab tso rau hauv lub hloov lub sij hawm nrog rau txoj kev ntawm kev tshaj tawm. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev ua lag luam kho nyob rau hauv lub neej economic ntawm lub xeev pom teeb meem loj nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug qauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab zej zog.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm marginalized coob

Tsis tas li ntawd ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv sociological theories ntawm stratification siv yog marginalized. Raws li ib feem ntawm kev kawm nyob rau hauv cov tswvyim no yog feem ntau to taub raws li "ib nrab txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov kev sib raug structural units, los yog tus nqi qis tshaj txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug hierarchy" (Galsanamzhilova RAU, "Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm cov yam ntxwv marginalization nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg").

Cov tswvyim no yog txoj kev cai uas kom paub qhov txawv ob hom: marginal-peripherality, marginality-txoj kev hloov. Xeem yus muaj los ntawm ib nrab txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov kev kawm thaum lub sij hawm kev hloov los ntawm ib tug kev sib raug zoo thiab raws li txoj cai txoj hauj lwm mus rau lwm lub. Qhov no hom yuav ua tau ib tug txais ntawm txoj kev sib raug zoo muaj ntawm cov kev kawm, raws li tau zoo raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm cov kev sib raug system nyob rau hauv ib haiv neeg nrog radical hloov nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm cov kev kawm, kev ua si thiab lwm tus neeg. Social kev sib txuas lus yog tsis pov tseg. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm no hom yog txhais los ntawm lub incompleteness ntawm txoj kev hloov txheej txheem (nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, cov kev kawm yog ib qhov nyuaj rau hloov mus rau qhov tshiab kev system ntawm cov haiv neeg - yog ib yam ntawm cov "khov").

Tej yam tshwm sim ntawm peripheral marginality yog cov tsis muaj ib lub hom phiaj qhov chaw teej tug mus rau ib tug kev sib raug zoo hauv zej zos, cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws yav dhau los kev ties. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam sociological theories ntawm cov pejxeem hom yuav nqa cov npe xws li "outsiders," "neeg siab tsis ncaj," "yuam kev." (Co sau phau ntawv - lub "lumpen ntsiab"), thiab lwm yam Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm niaj hnub stratification kev tshawb xav, peb yuav tsum hais cov xwm txheej inconsistencies - inconsistency, mismatch tej kev xwm txheej yam ntxwv (khwv tau nyiaj npaum, txoj hauj lwm, kev kawm ntawv, thiab thiaj li nyob. d.). Tag nrho cov no ua rau yus mus rau ib qho tsis txaus ntawm cov stratification system.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm stratification thiab kev mus kom ze

Cov niaj hnub xav ntawm stratification system ntawm ib haiv neeg yog nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm transformation, tshwm sim los ob los ntawm cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub specifics ntawm pre-uas twb muaj lawm kev pawg thiab tsim tshiab cov chav kawm ntawv (feem ntau vim socio-economic kho kom zoo).

Nyob rau hauv sociological kev tshawb xav, uas suav tias yog keeb kwm hom ntawm kev sib raug stratification, tseem ceeb torque yog tsis txo mus rau ib tug tib hom kev qeb (raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm chav kawm kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub Marxist ziag), thiab ib tug dav-xws li tsom xam ntawm tag nrho cov tau lug. Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw yuav tsum tau muab rau ib tug kev mus kom ze, xav txog nyias cov qeb ntawm kev stratification nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv cov kev sib raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov lus nug ntawm lub hierarchy ntawm cov pawg thiab qhov xwm ntawm lawv cawv rau txhua lwm yam raws li yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov kev sib raug zoo system. Cov tshuaj ntawm qhov teeb meem no yuav kawm txog cov ntau yam theories ntawm stratification nyob rau hauv ib comparative tsom xam, uas muab piv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txhua tus ntawm cov theories.