Khoom npe tiag tiag. Lexical thiab grammatical qeb ntawm npe

Tus - yog ib tug tshwj xeeb yog ib feem ntawm tus hais lus, uas qhia cov kev kawm thiab qhia cov nqi no nyob rau hauv xws inflectional pawg, raws li cov ntaub ntawv thiab tus naj npawb, li zoo raws li nrog kev pab los ntawm hom, yog ib tug mus tas qeb.

Qhov tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov theem ntawm npe los ntawm tus nqi. Peb yuav piav qhia txog txhua ntawm lawv thiab muab cov piv txwv.

Tus hais txog tej yam khoom nyob rau hauv lub broadest siab ntawm lo lus: lub npe ntawm tej yam (sleds, txiab, lub thawv, cov phab ntsa, cov lus), cov neeg (txiv neej, poj niam, me nyuam tub, hluas nkauj, tus me nyuam), cov ntaub ntawv (qab zib, qab zib, hmoov), muaj sia nyob thiab creatures ( microbe, pike, woodpecker, miv), tshwm sim, cov txheej xwm, cov lus tseeb (ua si, hluav taws kub, nyiaj so koobtsheej, kev sib tham, kev ntshai, kev tu siab), raws li zoo raws li cov txheej txheem kev thiab cuam yam ntxwv, npe hu ua li cais ywj siab substance - lub zog, zoo, kev mob, kev txiav txim (crush tov, khiav, xiav, ruam, siab dawb siab zoo).

Basic lexical thiab grammatical qeb ntawm npe

Cov nram qab no yooj yim npaum li, uas yog muab faib ua npe: 1) common npe thiab kom; 2) cov ntaub ntawv uas; 3) collective; 4) cov abstract thiab qhob; 5) tswg thiab animate. Cov ntswg npe tiag tiag sib tshuam. Npe, piv txwv li, tej zaum yuav muaj xws li cov npe ntawm ob tswg thiab animate khoom. Real npe uas txhais rau hauv lub loj ntawm ib yam khoom uas tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug collective tus nqi (piam thaj, txiv hmab, cranberries). Kev (ob lexical thiab grammatical theem) ua ke animate thiab tswg, hu los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov khoom yog suav hais tias. Muaj lwm yam piv txwv. Txawm li cas los, lo lus no muaj nyob rau hauv ib los yog rau ib theem ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm npe muaj ib qho morphological, thiab tej zaum kuj lo lus-tsim yam ntxwv uas koom siab ua ke rau lawv.

Common npe thiab proper nouns

Qhov no division yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tus kwv npe raws li ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv tus neeg sawv cev los yog raws li ib tug neeg. Nyias muaj nyias ob lexical thiab grammatical qeb ntawm npe (nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus - "npe") - lo lus uas hu tus neeg cov khoom uas muaj cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm homogeneous, tab sis yog tsis nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej ib tug hais rau qhov no accessory.

Common npe - npe, hu rau qhov kev kawm ntawm nws xam nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam hauv chav kawm ntawv. Qhov no lexical thiab grammatical qeb noun lub npe qhia feem raws li cov cab kuj peculiar kawm ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv tej cwj pwm.

Yog mobile thiab tsis ruaj tsis khov ciam ntawm ntau npe thiab npe: common npe feem ntau muaj (code npe thiab nicknames). Lawv tus kheej feem ntau siv rau xa mus rau zoo xws li cov khoom nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, thiab yog li ua ib tug neeg hauv tsev neeg lub npe: knight, Derzhimorda, philanderer.

Kom npe nyob rau hauv lub vos kev txiav txim zoo

Cov npe xws ntswg faib npe tiag tiag li tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaim kev txiav txim zoo, thiab ntawm no. Tus thawj yog astronomical thiab thaj npe thiab cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Qhov no yog - maj mam Iwj lexically limited ntau, muaj raws ntawm cov npe uas yog muab rau ib tug kawm. Tej zaum yuav muaj repetition, coincidence (npe ntawm settlements, zos, tej dej), lawv kuj siab kuj zaus system ntawm npe ntawm ntau yam neeg thiab tsiaj.

lub npe

Rau cov khoom siv ntau yam ntau npe los yog ob peb ua ke ntawm cov lo lus. Common npe nrog lub lexical ntsiab lus yuav tsis ploj tiam sis tsuas yog hloov cov nuj nqi. Piv txwv li: cov ntawv xov xwm "Izvestia", cov nroj tsuag "Rauj thiab Sickle" dab "Lilac". Yuav ua li npe thiab npe: tus steamer "Ukraine" tsev so "Moscow".

collective npe

Collective npe roos cais paug (lexical thiab grammatical) cov ntau npe. Cov no yog cov lus uas raug xa mus rau ib tug set ntawm ob peb zoo sib xws cov khoom, raws li zoo raws li qhia tus nqi nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm txawv lus: -stv (a) (tub ntxhais hluas, cov tub ntxhais kawm); -iya (nom tswv cajceg, cov tho kev); -from (a) (cov neeg pluag), thiab lwm tus neeg. Yuav kom collective noun nrog ib tug broad kev txiav txim zoo kuj yuav ntaus nqi cov npe uas sawv cev rau ib tug set ntawm cov khoom: cov rooj tog, thoob khib nyiab, me me kib, yav toj txiav. Collectiveness qhia lexical lus, tsis lo lus-tsim. Lub txwm ntawm cov npe - hais tias lawv muaj tsis muaj ntau tshaj ib tus.

tiag tiag npe

Lawv hu ntau yam ntawv uas siv: ntaub ntawv (cement, gypsum), cov zaub mov (qab zib, hmoov, cereals, roj) hom ntawm fabrics (paj rwb, velvet), hlau, minerals (jade, kab tho, steel, tin, tooj liab, hlau), tshuaj , tshuaj ntsiab (aspirin pyramidon, uranium), cov qoob loo (nplej, qos yaj ywm, oats), thiab lwm yam divisible homogeneous loj.

Real nouns, tsis zoo li khaws tseg, muaj, feem ntau lus yuav qhia tau tiag tiag nqi. Nws yog qhia xwb lexically.

Feem ntau siv cov ntaub ntawv uas nouns, los yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub zoo tshaj los yog ntau tshaj ib tus: qab zib, naj hoom, poov; tin, hmoov, tshuaj yej, zib mu. Ntab noun, feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv lub zoo tshaj, noj rau hauv daim ntawv ntau tshaj ib tus, nws sawv sib nrug los ntawm cov coj lexical cov ntaub ntawv: cereals (cereal los yog tag nrho grain cov nroj tsuag), tab sis cereals (cereal ntau ntau yam).

Abstract (paub daws teeb) thiab pob zeb ua npe

xws khoom yuav faib cov npe tiag tiag li cov abstract thiab qhob. Qhob - ib lo lus uas raug xa mus rau qhov tseeb, cov neeg, tej yam, tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag, uas tej zaum yuav raug rau bank thiab hais nyias: tsov ua rog, sib ntaus, engineer, ntiv nplhaib, mem hluav.
Qhov no lexical thiab grammatical qeb noun, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nruab nrab yog cov tib yam khoom thiab lawv plurals.

Tshwj npe muaj tsis muaj zoo tshaj (pluralia tantum), tag nrho cov kev npe muaj ntau tshaj ib tus thiab zoo tshaj. Raws li cov morphological yam ntxwv ntawm qhob npe yog tsis tsuas opposed to abstract. Lawv kuj tawm tsam tiag tiag thiab lub collective theem ntawm nouns, pluralia tantum; thiab lawv qhov tseem ceeb yog tseem txawv.

Abstract (paub daws teeb) - lo lus uas txhais paub daws teeb lub tswv yim, zoo, zog, lub xeev thiab cov kev ua: zog, khiav, agility, intimacy, siab dawb siab zoo, yog tej, zoo, luag, ua tsaug. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog kev mob siab los ntawm verbs thiab adjectives, npe tsim siv pes tsawg-suffix (hloov, kev tshem tawm, kev muaj mob, bitterness), tom qab -skeleton (cowardice, beautifully s), -stvo (o) (feem ntau ntawm nothingness, Tej kev khavtheeb championship) , -chin (a) / - hlaub (a) (daim-ua hauj lwm) ism (tib neeg, realism) -from (a) (txhaws qa, siab dawb siab zoo acid) thiab lwm tus neeg. Me ib feem muaj txawv unmotivated lus: essence, kev tu siab, kev nplij siab, kev tu siab, mob siab rau, kev tu siab, hmoov, ntshai, xwm, lub hlwb, teeb meem.

Feem ntau yog tsis muaj ntau tshaj ib tus ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv paub daws teeb npe.

Animate thiab tswg npe

Npe raug muab faib ua ob pawg: animate thiab tswg. Animate - cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg: ib tug kab, ib tug pike, ib tug ceg ntoos, ib tug miv, ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv, ib tug xib fwb, tus tub ntawm tus txiv neej.

Tswg - cov npe ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam txheej xwm thiab cov khoom: ib phau ntawv, cov lus, cov phab ntsa, qhov rai, xwm, kawm ntawv qib siab, steppe, hav zoov, siab dawb siab zoo, qhov tob, tsav, lub zog, teeb meem.

Cov lus muaj ib tug txawv lub luag hauj lwm thiab tseem ceeb. Khoom meaningfully npe muaj lawv cov yam ntxwv. Animate feem ntau lo lus-tsim thiab morphologically sib txawv ntawm cov tswg. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm ntau cov neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li poj niam cov tsiaj, uas yog feem ntau kev mob siab los ntawm cov lus, hu ua tsiaj los yog tus neeg tsis muaj reference yog txivneej los pojniam los yog txiv neej: tus menyuam kawm ntawv-tub ntxhais kawm ntawv, xib fwb qhia ntawv-xib fwb, tub ntxhais kawm ntawv lub tsev kawm ntawv tus ntxhais, tus tub xeeb ntxwv, ntxhais xeeb ntxwv, ib tug Muscovite, Muscovite, tsov ntxhuav -lvitsa miv miv li al.

Feem ntau animate npe muaj morphological ntsiab lus hais txog poj niam los yog txiv neej, thiab tsuas yog ib ob peb - qhov nruab nrab, thiab cov txiav txim semantically yuav mus rau ib qho kev haiv neeg ntawm lub noun (tshwj tsis yog rau hauv nruab nrab, uas yog hu ua tsis hais ntawm hauv pem teb nyob creatures: lub npe ntawm tus uas tsis yog-neeg laus neeg (tus me nyuam), los yog ntaus lub npe ntawm tus tsiaj, lub ntsej muag, kab, muaj plaub, tsiaj). Faib tswg npe nyob rau hauv peb morphological yug - nruab nrab, poj niam thiab txiv neej.

Paradigms ntawm tswg thiab animate npe

Paradigms ntawm tswg thiab animate li qhia siv kuj txawv nyob rau hauv lub plural: animate muaj nws tsim lub accusative cov ntaub ntawv, coincides nrog lub genitive. Piv txwv li: tsis muaj tsiaj, tsis muaj cov kwv tij thiab cov muam (RP), kuv pom cov tsiaj txhu kuv pom cov kwv tij thiab cov muam (VP). Tswg npe nyob rau hauv lub plural daim ntawv no yeej accusative coincides nrog lub nominative. Piv txwv li: nyob rau hauv lub rooj yog apples, pears thiab txiv duaj (Ip); yuav apples, pears thiab txiv duaj (VP).

Peb tau pom tias ib tus raws li ib feem ntawm kev hais lus, me me ntawm npe. Hopefully no tsab xov xwm yuav pab tau rau koj. Yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv yog tsis txaus, peb yeej paub hais tias mus saib cov hauj lwm, uas tau sau rau cov kev kawm Kochanov RAU Ntswg npe tiag tiag los sib tham nyob rau hauv cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib co nthuav dav.