Hydrides - yog ... Daim ntawv thov hydrides

Peb txhua tus yog ntsib nrog lub ntsiab ntawm no science, zoo li Science News for KIDS. Tej zaum lawv yog li ntawd, zoo ib yam li hais tias nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau paub qhov txawv ib tug los ntawm lwm tus. Tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog tag nrho cov ntawm lawv, vim hais tias tej zaum ib tug to taub yuam kev ua rau ib tug heev ua dag qhov teeb meem, thiab tej zaum mus rau lub zam txim tsis tau kom raug. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav sib tham txog dab tsi hydrides, uas yog txaus ntshai thiab uas tsis yog, qhov uas lawv yuav siv tau thiab yuav ua li cas yog tau. Tab sis peb yuav pib nrog ib tug nyuag excursion mus rau hauv keeb kwm.

zaj dabneeg

Nws zaj dab neeg pib nrog lub foundations hydrides hydrogen. Qhov no lub caij nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua pom Henry Cavendish. Hydrogen yog paub tias yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv lub muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov dej thiab yog lub hauv paus rau tag nrho cov lwm yam hais txog lub periodic rooj. Ua tsaug rau nws, lub neej ntawm tau organic tebchaw thiab lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb no.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, hydrogen yog lub hauv paus rau ntau inorganic tebchaw. Cov no muaj xws acids thiab bases, raws li zoo raws li cov cim binary hydrogen tebchaw nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab - hydrides. Lub hnub ntawm lawv cov thawj synthesis yog tsis precisely paub, tab sis tsis yog-metallic hydrides tau paub los rau tib neeg txij ancient sij hawm ntau. Feem ntau ntawm lawv - cov dej. Yog, cov dej - nws yog ib tug hydride ntawm oxygen.

Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov hoob kawm no muaj xws li ammonia (ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm ammonia), hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, thiab cov zoo li. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog lub thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj los ntawm qhov no muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab zoo kawg li chav kawm ntawv ntawm tebchaw yuav tau sib tham nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no seem.

lub zog

Hydrides - feem ntau yog roj cua. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias peb coj lub hlau hydrides (lawv yog tsis ruaj tsis khov nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob thiab hnov mob heev sai heev nrog dej), tej zaum nws yuav khib nyiab. Ib txhia ntawm lawv (piv txwv li, hydrogen bromide) muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub kua hauv lub xeev.

Piav txog xws li ib tug lossis loj cov hoob kawm ntawm tshuaj nws yog tsuas tsis yooj yim sua, vim hais tias lawv yog cov tag nrho sib txawv thiab, nyob ntawm seb qhov khoom, uas yog ib feem ntawm hydride, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus hydrogen, muaj ntau lub cev tus yam ntxwv thiab tshuaj zog. Tab sis lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv chav kawm ntawv, cov compound nyob rau hauv uas ib yam dab tsi uas zoo sib xws. Hauv qab no peb xav txog nyias txhua hoob kawm.

Ionic hydrides - yog hydrogen compound nrog alkali los yog alkaline ntiaj teb co. Lawv sawv cev rau ib tug dawb khoom, ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob. Thaum cua kub, cov tebchaw yog decomposed mus rau lawv constituent hlau thiab hydrogen tsis muaj melting. Ib tug tsuas yog - yog LiH, uas melts tsis decomposition thiab muaj zog cua sov puv Li thiab H _2.

Hlau hydrides - ib txoj kev hloov hlau compound. Heev feem ntau lawv muaj ib tug kuj tsis paub meej pes tsawg leeg. Lawv muaj peev xwm yuav tam sim no raws li cov khoom tov ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv cov hlau. Thiab kuj lawv muaj ib tug siv lead ua qauv ntawm cov hlau.

Los ntawm covalent hydrides belongs rau cia li zoo siab uas yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb: hydrogen tebchaw uas tsis-hlau. Thoob plaws cheeb tsam muab faib rau cov tshuaj vim lawv cov qib high stability, raws li covalent bonds yog cov muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj.

Raws li ib qho piv txwv, pob zeb ntais hydride mis: SiH _4. Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau nws nyob rau hauv volume, peb pom tias heev nruj hydrogen dragged rau lub hauv paus silicon atom thiab nws cov electrons tib offset thereto. Silicon muaj ib tug txaus loj electronegativity, yog li ntawd, muaj peev xwm ntawm xav nyiam electrons rau nws cov tub ntxhais, li no kom txhob muaj cov daim ntawv cog lus ntev ntawm nws thiab ib tug nyob ib sab atom. Thiab raws li koj paub, lub luv luv lub kev twb kev txuas, ces nws yog tus muaj zog.

Cov nram qab no nqe lus yuav sib tham txog cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov hydrides los ntawm lwm tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg reactivity.

tshuaj zog

Seem no yog tseem tsim nyog hydrides muab faib mus rau hauv lub tib pawg raws li nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm. Thiab peb mam li pib nrog cov khoom ntawm ionic hydrides. Lub ntsiab sib txawv los ntawm lwm yam ob hom nyob rau hauv uas lawv nquag nrog dej rau hydrogen thiab alkali tso tawm ib tug roj. Hydride cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - dej yog heev heev, ces tus kev twb kev txuas yog feem ntau muab nrog cais tawm ntawm dej. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov dej yog txawm muaj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj mob txaus ntshai transformation.

Peb qhia cov saum toj no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv nyob rau hauv Piv txwv li ntawm xws tshuaj raws li poov tshuaj hydride:

KH + H ₂ O = Koh + H ₂

Raws li peb tau pom, txhua yam yog yooj yim heev. Yog li ntawd, peb xav txog ntau nthuav tshua cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lwm yam ob hom peb piav tshuaj.

Nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, lwm yam transformations tias peb tsis yog coj apart, yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm tshuaj. Lawv yuav hnov mob nrog hlau oxides, hlau txoj kev, los yog nrog dej los yog hydroxide (tus tom kawg yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm alkaline thiab alkaline-lub ntiaj teb co).

Lwm nthuav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - thermal decomposition. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau high kub thiab ncua mus rau tsim ntawm hlau thiab hydrogen. Peb tsis nyob rau hauv no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, raws li nws twb tau analyzed nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los tshooj.

Yog li, peb soj ntsuam lub thaj chaw ntawm no hom ntawm binary tebchaw. Tam sim no nws yog tsim nyog los tham txog lawv cov kev npaj.

Tau hydrides

Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm covalent hydrides - yog tej yam ntuj tso tebchaw. Lawv yog cov heev ruaj khov, yog li ntawd tsis txhob poob nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lwm cov rog. Nrog ion thiab hlau hydrides txhua yam ib tug me ntsis ntau tham. Lawv tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yog li lawv yuav tsum tau tsim. Qhov no yog ua heev tsuas: los ntawm reacting hydrogen thiab sis lub caij uas yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau txais hydride.

daim ntawv thov

Ib txhia hydrides tsis muaj kev daim ntawv thov, tiam sis feem ntau - yog tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua lag luam nrog. Peb yuav tsis mus rau cov ntsiab lus, vim hais tias txhua tus txiv neej hnov hais tias, piv txwv li, ammonia yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, thiab yog ib tug indispensable khoom siv rau lub zus tau tej cov dag amino acids thiab organic tebchaw. Cov kev siv ntawm ntau hydrides yog tsuas yog siv rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv tshuaj zog. Yog li ntawd, lawv yog siv heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv laboratory thwmsim.

Daim ntawv thov - heev uas nws kim heev seem rau cov hoob kawm no ntawm tshuaj, li ntawd, peb twb tag rau general tseeb. Cov tom ntej no yog ib feem yuav qhia tau rau koj ntau npaum li cas ntawm peb, tsis muaj kom paub txog, yam phem (los yog tsawg kawg paub) teeb meem ntawm lawv tus kheej.

ib co misconceptions

Piv txwv li, ib co ntseeg hais tias tus hydride hydrogen - ib yam dab tsi txaus ntshai. Yog hais tias koj yuav hu nws substance, ces tsis muaj ib tug li. Yog hais tias peb xav hais tias, hydride hydrogen - yog hydrogen compound nrog hydrogen, thiab chaw pib - H ₂ molecule. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no txaus ntshai roj, tiam sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov nrog rau oxygen. Nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv nws yog tsis txaus ntshai.

Muaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm obscure lub npe. Lawv plunged rau hauv qhov ntshai heev txawv txawv txiv neej. Txawm li cas los, raws li kev xyaum qhia tau hais tias, feem ntau ntawm lawv yog harmless thiab yog siv rau kev hom phiaj.

xaus

Science News for KIDS lub ntiaj teb no loj loj, thiab peb xav hais tias, yog hais tias tsis tom qab no, tom qab ob peb lwm cov khoom, koj mam li saib koj tus kheej. Yog vim li cas nws yuav ua rau kev nkag siab rau muab raus nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev kawm nrog nws lub taub hau. Tib neeg tau qhib ib tug ntau ntawm tshiab thiab txawm ntau tseem tsis paub hais tias. Thiab yog hais tias koj xav hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi interesting rau hauv lub teb ntawm hydrides, koj yog heev yuam.