Hybrids - nws ... hla nroj tsuag. interspecific hybrids

Cov tseem pheej mus kom ze rau kev daws lub ntiaj teb no cov khoom noj teeb meem yog, thaj, ntxiv kev txhim kho ntawm uas twb muaj lawm cov qoob loo zus nyob rau hauv twb tsim av. Hybrids - yog ib yam dab tsi uas yuav ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kom zaub mov ruaj ntseg. Tom qab tag nrho, feem ntau ntawm cov chaw tsim rau ua liaj ua teb yog twb npaum li cas. Qhov nce nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov dej siv nyob rau hauv lawv, chiv thiab lwm yam tshuaj kev lag kev luam tsis yooj yim sua nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw. Uas yog vim li cas lub exceptional tseem ceeb kev txhim kho uas twb muaj lawm cov qoob loo. Ib tug hybrid - ib tug nroj tau cia li raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev txhim kho no.

protein cov ntsiab lus

Qhov teeb meem tsis yog tsuas yog ua tau kom tawm los, tab sis kuj yuav ua rau kom cov protein cov ntsiab lus thiab lwm yam cov as-ham. Rau ib tug txiv neej nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb mus rau qhov zoo ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv siav nroj tsuag: tsiaj (thiab tib neeg nyob rau hauv particular) yuav tsum tau los ntawm khoom noj khoom haus yuav tsum tau npaum li cas ntawm tag nrho cov tseem ceeb (xws li cov neeg uas tsis muaj peev xwm coj los ua ke rau lawv tus kheej ..) Ntawm amino acids. Yim ntawm 20 cov amino acids tsim nyog rau tus neeg, los rau cov zaub mov. Qhov seem 12 muaj generated los ntawm nws tus kheej. Txawm li cas los, cov nroj tsuag nrog kho kom zoo raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev xaiv proteinaceous muaj pes tsawg leeg inevitably yuav tsum tau ntau nitrogen thiab lwm yam cov as-ham dua lub yeej zoo, yog li tej zaum yuav tsis yeej ib txwm yuav zus nyob rau hauv marginal pawg neeg thaj av qhov twg qhov yuav tsum tau rau xws haiv neeg yog tshwj xeeb yog loj.

tshiab zog

Zoo xws li cov tsis tau tsuas yog cov tawm los, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm proteins. Tsim ntau yam uas muaj ntau resistant rau cov kab mob thiab kab, vim hais tias lawv muaj theem nrab metabolites, ntau txaus nyiam zoo thiab xim ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo (xws li, apples, kaj liab nyob rau hauv cov xim), nws yog ib qho zoo los mus tiv thauj thiab cia (xws li, hybrids nce kom zoo ntawm txiv lws suav), raws li zoo raws li muaj lwm yam tseem ceeb thaj chaw rau no kab lis kev cai.

Kev ua ub no breeders

Breeders ua tib zoo tsom xam cov muaj ntau caj haiv. Lawv muaj rau caum lub xyoos coj txhiab tus zoo kab ntawm lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws qoob loo. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws yog tsim nyog yuav tau txais thiab soj ntsuam txhiab ntawm hybrids, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xaiv tus ob peb tus uas yuav hais tiag zoo nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog twb lug nkawv. Piv txwv li, maize loo nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States txij li thaum lub xyoo 1930 rau lub 1980s. nce yuav luag yim lub sij hawm, txawm hais tias tus breeders tau tsuas yog siv ib tug me me ib feem ntawm lub caj haiv ntawm no kab lis kev cai. Muaj ntau ntau thiab tshiab hybrids. Qhov no pub rau cov kev siv ntawm acreage ntau nraaj.

hybrid pobkws

Ua lub productivity ntawm cov pob kws twb ua tau mas los ntawm kev siv ntawm hybrid noob. no kab lis kev cai inbred kab (hybrid lawv tus kheej los ntawm cov keeb kwm) tau siv raws li niam txiv cov ntaub ntawv. Cov noob uas ua los ntawm crosses nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog tsim haib heev pob kws hybrids. Crossbreed kab cog nyob rau hauv alternating kab, thiab cog ib yam ntawm cov tes txiav tawm panicles (txiv neej Inflorescences). Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov noob ntawm cov ntawv luam yog hybrid. Lawv muaj heev ib qho kev zoo zog rau tib neeg. By ceev faj xaiv ntawm inbred kab yuav tau txais haib hybrids. Cov no yog cov nroj tsuag uas haum rau cov sau qoob rau hauv tej yam chaw. Vim hais tias cov tsos mob ntawm hybrid nroj tsuag yog zoo tib yam, lawv yog yooj yim los ntxuav. Thiab tawm los ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv yog ntau ntau tshaj qhov unimproved luam. Nyob rau hauv 1935 pob kws hybrids lees paub rau tsawg tshaj li 1% ntawm tag nrho cov qoob loo zus nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, thiab tam sim no zoo tag nrho. Leej twg yog tau txais ntau dua yields ntawm no qoob loo yog tsawg npaum li cas lub sij hawm-siv dua ua ntej.

Cov successes ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb chaw ua taus zes cov chaw

Tshaj yav dhau los ob peb xyoo lawm nws tau ib tug ntau ntawm kev siv zog los txhim kho lub tsim tau ntawm cov nplej thiab lwm cov nplej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm sov kev nyab xeeb. Impressive kev kawm tau ua nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj teb chaw ua taus zes chaw nyob rau hauv lub subtropics. Thaum tshiab hybrids bred nyob rau hauv lawv cov nplej, pobkws thiab mov twb zus nyob rau hauv Mexico, Is Nrias teb thiab Pakistan, qhov no tau coj mus rau ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb tsim tau, tau txais lub npe ntawm tus Ntsuab kiv puag ncig.

ntsuab kiv puag ncig

Tsim thaum lub sij hawm nws yug me nyuam rau kev kawm, chiv thiab dej muaj tau siv nyob rau hauv ntau tsim lub teb chaws. Txhua kab lis kev cai kom tau high loo yuav tsum tau pom loj hlob tej yam kev mob. Fertilizer, mechanization thiab dej - qhov tsim nyog Cheebtsam ntawm lub Green kiv puag ncig. Vim lub credit qee nta xwb kuj muaj myiaj tswv av twb tau loj hlob tuaj tshiab cog hybrids (cereals). Nyob rau hauv ntau thaj tsam, lub ntsuab kiv puag ncig tau ceev cov concentration ntawm av nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb ob txhais tes ntawm cov wealthiest tswv. Xws li ib tug redistribution khoom tsis tas muab ua hauj lwm los yog khoom noj khoom haus, feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm cov cheeb tsam.

triticale

tau tej zaum kuj ua rau ceeb soj ntsuam ntawm txoj kev cai ntawm tsob nroj chaw ua taus zes. Piv txwv li, ib tug hybrid ntawm hom qoob mog (Triticum) thiab rye (Secale) triticale (scientific lub npe Triticosecale) yog ua nce tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, thiab, thaj, yog heev pheej. Nws twb tau los ntawm doubling tus xov tooj ntawm chromosomes nyob rau hauv ib tug menyuam tsis taus hybrid ntawm hom qoob mog thiab rye nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1950s. J .. O'Mara nyob rau University of pc. Iowa siv colchicine, tej kev tiv thaiv txoj kev tsim tsa ntawm lub cell phaj. Triticale combines lub siab productivity ntawm nplej rye unpretentiousness. Hybrid kuj ruaj khov linear xeb - fungal kab mob, uas yog ib tug ntawm cov loj yam limiting tus tawm los ntawm nplej. Ntxiv crossbreeding thiab xaiv muab zoo triticale kab rau tej cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1980s. no kab lis kev cai vim nws cov high tawm los, kuj mus climatic yam thiab zoo heev straw sab laug tom qab sau, sai sai tau chaw nyob rau hauv Fabkis, qhov loj tshaj plaws tsim kom muaj cov grain nyob rau hauv lub EEC. Triticale luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tib neeg noj cov zaub mov yog loj hlob sai heev.

Txuag thiab siv cov qoob loo ntau caj haiv

Intensive kev pab cuam ntawm crosses thiab xaiv ua rau ib tug narrowing ntawm caj haiv ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv tag nrho lawv tej cwj pwm. Rau pom tseeb yog vim li cas, dag xaiv yog tsuas yog aimed ntawm ua productivity, thiab cov heev niaj hnub progeny ntawm xaiv nruj me ntsis rau ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntawv luam yog tej zaum poob rau tus kab mob kuj. Nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog ua ntau yam, txij thaum ib co ntawm lawv cov tsos mob muaj ntau pronounced dua tus so; yog li ntawd, ntau lam tau lam ua rau pathogens thiab kab phem cov qoob loo raws li ib tug tag nrho. Piv txwv li, Helminthosporium fungal kab mob ntawm maize tshwm sim los ntawm lub siab zoo ntawm Helminthosporium maydis (pictured saum toj no) nyob rau hauv 1970, puas hais txog 15% ntawm cov qoob loo nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, nqa losses ntawm txog $ 1 billion. Qhov no tsis zoo li yuav tsum tau nrog cov emergence ntawm ib haiv neeg tshiab ntawm tus pwm yog heev txaus ntshai rau ib co ntawm cov ntsiab kab ntawm pob kws, yog dav siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm hybrid noob. Muaj ntau muag ib qho tseem ceeb kab ntawm cov nroj tsuag cytoplasm yog zoo tib yam li nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm hybrid pobkws pheej siv tib pistillate nroj tsuag.

Yuav kom tiv thaiv xws puas tsuaj yuav tsum tau zus nyob rau hauv kev rho tawm thiab muab khaws cia sib txawv kab loj haiv neeg hais tias, txawm yog hais tias tus sum ntawm cov cim tsis sawv cev rau ib qho nyiaj txiag txaus siab yuav muaj noob uas yuav pab tau nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam kab thiab cov kab mob.

hybrids ntawm txiv lws suav

Zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev vam meej nyob rau hauv ua lub caj haiv los ntawm attracting qus ntaub ntawv muaj soob breeders. Tsim no kab lis kev cai sau kab, nqa tawm los ntawm Charles Rick thiab nws neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau University of California, Davis, tau tso cai rau hais zoo uas muaj ntau nws loj cov kab mob, nyob rau hauv particular, tshwm sim los ntawm zoo tag nrho yuav fungi Fusarium thiab Verticillum, thiab ib co kab mob. Cov zaub mov muaj nqis ntawm cov lws suav twb ho muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, hybrid nroj tsuag muaj ntau resistant rau salinity thiab lwm yam kev phiv tej yam kev mob. Qhov no yog tsuas yog vim lub systematic sau, tsom xam thiab siv ntawm cov tsiaj qus soob kab rau yug me nyuam rau.

Raws li koj tau pom, interspecific hybrids yog heev pheej nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb. Ua tsaug rau lawv, koj yuav ua tau kom lub productivity thiab zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg uas tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj txhu siv hla kev. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nws, rau Piv txwv li, nyob zag (yees duab hais saum toj no nws). Qhov no kuj yog ib tug hybrid, ib tug ntoo khaub lig ntawm ib tug nees luav nrog ib tug maum.