Hom connective cov ntaub so ntswg qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi

Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, muaj ob peb ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Lawv tag nrho cov ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv peb lub neej. Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub connective cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws tej hnyav yog hais txog 50% ntawm cov tib neeg ceeb thawj. Nws yog ib qhov txuas uas txuas ua ke tag nrho cov ntawm peb ntaub so ntswg. Nws nyob rau lub xeev ntawm ntau ntawm lub zog ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Cov nram no yog xam tias yog ntau hom kev connective cov ntaub so ntswg.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Connective ntaub so ntswg, qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi uas tau raug kawm rau ntau centuries, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm ntau nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab. Nws tej lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yog los ntawm 60 mus rau 90% ntawm lawv cov luj. Nws cov ntaub ntawv ib tug txhawb ncej, hu ua lub stroma, thiab cov integument hloov khoom nruab nrog, hu ua lub dermis. Main nta ntawm lub connective cov ntaub so ntswg:

• ntau keeb kwm ntawm lub mesenchymal;
• yam ntxwv kev zoo sib thooj;
• kev ua tau zoo pab txhawb nqa zog.

Lub ntsiab yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom connective cov ntaub so ntswg yog hais txog ib tug fibrous hom. Nws muaj elastin thiab collagen fibers. Ua ke nrog cov epithelial connective cov ntaub so ntswg yog ib feem ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws koom siab ua ke nrog cov nqaij fibers.

Connective cov ntaub so ntswg yog sib txawv heev los ntawm lwm leej lwm tus nyob rau hauv hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv lub cev 4 txawv xeev:

• fiber (ligaments, tendons, fascia);
• nyuaj (pob txha);
• gel (pob txha mos, pob qij txha);
• kua (lymph, ntshav, intercellular, synovial, hlwb txha nqaj qaum kua).

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hom ntawm cov ntaub yog: sarcolemma, rog, extracellular matrix, iris, sclera, microglia.

Tus qauv ntawm lub connective cov ntaub so ntswg

Nws muaj xws li taag hlwb (fibroblasts, fibroblasts) constituting puag khoom. Nws kuj muaj ib tug fibrous tsim. Lawv sawv cev rau lub intercellular substance. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws muaj ntau yam free hlwb (rog, wandering, rog thiab lwm tus neeg.). Connective nqaij yog muaj li ntawm cov extracellular matrix (puag). Jelly zoo li sib xws ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog vim nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Matrix yog ib co hydrated gel yog tsim los ntawm lub siab molecular yuag tebchaw. Lawv ua txog 30% ntawm tus luj ntawm lub intercellular substance. Yog li cov seem 70% yog cov dej.

Ib suam ntawm connective ntaub so ntswg

Cov kev faib ntawm no hom ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg yog nyuab los ntawm lawv ntau yam. Yog li, nws lub ntsiab hom muab faib, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj cais pab pawg. Paub qhov txawv nram qab no:

• Ua tau connective cov ntaub so ntswg uas tus cais fibrous thiab kev, sib txawv tshwj xeeb. Tus thawj yog muab faib mus rau hauv: xoob thiab tuab (non-paug thiab clearance), thiab lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv cov roj, reticular, txheej, xim.
• Lub cev pob txha, uas yog muab faib mus rau hauv cov pob txha mos thiab pob txha.
• Trophic, uas cov ntshav thiab cov qog.

Tej connective cov ntaub so ntswg thiab txiav txim seb lub haumxeeb thiab morphological kev ncaj ncees ntawm tus kab mob. Nws muaj xws cov yam ntxwv nta:

• cov ntaub so ntswg specialization;
• versatility;
• multifunctionality;
• adaptability;
• polymorphism thiab multicomponent.

General zog ntawm lub connective cov ntaub so ntswg

Ntau hom kev connective cov ntaub so ntswg ua raws li nram no functions:

• yam ntxwv;
• kev dej-ntsev tshuav nyiaj li cas;
• trophic;
• txhua yam kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub pob txha taub hau;
• ib tug molding (e.g., qhov zoo ntawm lub qhov muag yog txiav txim los ntawm lub sclera);
• kom ntseeg tau constancy ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg permeability;
• licas mechanical (pob txha mos thiab pob txha, tendons thiab aponeuroses);
• kev tiv thaiv (Immunology thiab phagocytosis);
• yas (adaptation rau tshiab ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob, kiav txhab zoo);
• homeostatic (kev koom tes nyob rau hauv no tseem ceeb txheej txheem ntawm lub cev).

Nyob rau hauv nqe lus dav dav, cov kev ua ntawm lub connective cov ntaub so ntswg:

• imparting tib neeg lub cev zoo lawm stability, lub dag lub zog;
• kev tiv thaiv, thiab compound txheej viscera nruab nrab ntawm lawv.

Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi muaj nyob rau hauv lub intercellular tshuaj connective cov ntaub so ntswg them nyiaj yug. Nws foundation muab tej metabolism. Neural thiab connective ntaub so ntswg, thiab muab kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov ntau yam hloov khoom nruab nrog nruab thiab lawv cov kev cai.

Tus qauv ntawm ntau hom ntawm fabrics

Tus qauv ntawm lub connective cov ntaub so ntswg txawv nyob ntawm seb nws hom. Nws muaj ntau lub hlwb thiab intercellular substance. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm no ntaub - siab regenerative muaj peev xwm. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm plasticity thiab zoo adaptation rau hloov ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob. Txhua yam ntawm connective cov ntaub so ntswg loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm tu tub tu kiv thiab transformation ntawm cov tub ntxhais undifferentiated hlwb. Lawv muab tau los ntawm cov mesenchyme, uas nruab nrab yog embryonic cov ntaub so ntswg tsim los ntawm cov mesoderm (nruab nrab kab txheej).

Intercellular tshuaj hu ua extracellular matrix, muaj ib tug plurality ntawm txawv tebchaw (inorganic thiab organic). Nws yog nyob rau ntawm lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kom muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv lub taub hau thiab connective cov ntaub so ntswg. Tej tshuaj, raws li cov ntshav thiab cov qog muaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg intercellular tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov kua daim ntawv no, hu ua ntshav. Pob txha mos matrix muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug gel. Intercellular tshuaj pob txha thiab txog leeg fibers yog khoom insoluble cov ntaub ntawv.

Nws muaj lub extracellular matrix cov nqaijrog xws li elastin thiab collagen, proteoglycans thiab glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans (gags). Nws qauv tej zaum yuav muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nqaijrog laminin thiab fibronectin.

Xoob thiab tuab connective cov ntaub so ntswg

Cov connective cov ntaub so ntswg muaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv hlwb thiab extracellular matrix. Nyob rau hauv lawv xoob ib tug ntau ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv ib tug tuab. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no yeej los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm fibers. Lub zog ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg yog txiav txim los ntawm tus piv ntawm hlwb thiab intercellular tshuaj. Loosely-connective cov ntaub so ntswg ua mas trophic muaj nuj nqi. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv txhawb cov neeg kho tshuab ua si. Pob txha mos, pob txha thiab densely fibrous connective cov ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv lub cev ua hauj lwm licas cov neeg kho tshuab muaj nuj nqi. Lwm tus - trophic thiab kev tiv thaiv.

Xoob connective cov ntaub so ntswg

Unformed xoob fibrous connective ntaub so ntswg, qauv thiab kev khiav dej num ntawm uas txhais tau hais tias los ntawm nws lub hlwb, yog pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kabmob. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm lawv nws cov ntaub ntawv lub hauv paus (stroma). Nws muaj collagen thiab elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, ntshav hlwb. Qhov no ntaub yog nrog los ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub plawv system. Los ntawm nws xoob fiber yog tus txheej txheem ntawm cov ntshav nrog metabolism, thaum lub sij hawm uas ib txoj kev hloov tshwm sim as-ham los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg.

Lub intercellular tshuaj yog 3 hom fibers:

• Collagen uas mus nyob rau hauv txawv kev qhia. Cov fibers muaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ncaj thiab undulated cords (constrictions). Lawv thickness yog 1-4 microns.
• Elastic, me ntsis thicker collagen fibers. Lawv tuaj koom (anastomosed) rau txhua tus lwm yam, txoj kev shirokopletistuyu network.
• Reticular yus muaj los ntawm lawv cov thinness. Lawv interwoven nyob rau hauv lub mesh.

Cellular ntsiab xoob fibrous cov ntaub so ntswg yog:

• Fibroblasts, uas yog cov feem ntau heev heev. Lawv muaj ib tug ntxaiv zoo. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv yog nruab nrog spikes. Fibroblasts tau rau cov me nyuam. Lawv coj ib feem nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub ntsiab yam khoom uas ntawm no hom ntawm ntaub, ua lub hauv paus ntawm nws fibers. Cov hlwb tsim collagen thiab elastin, raws li zoo li lwm yam tshuaj ntawm cov extracellular matrix. Tsis voos fibroblasts hu ua fibrocytes. Fibroklasty - yog hlwb uas yuav zom thiab nqus cov extracellular matrix. Lawv yog cov paub tab fibroblasts.
• Macrophages, uas yuav tsum tau npawv, elongated thiab lus nrhiav. Cov hlwb yuav zom thiab nqus pathogens thiab necrotic ntaub so ntswg, neutralize toxins. Lawv yog ncaj qha mus muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Lawv muab faib ua gistotsity (ua nyob rau hauv lub quiescent lub xeev) thiab muaj (wandering) hlwb. Macrophages yog distinguished los ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm mus amoeboid taw. Raws li lawv cov keeb kwm lawv yog cov ntshav monocytes.
• Cov roj hlwb muaj peev xwm mus noog nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm ib tug cia Tshuag nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj. Lawv yog cov kheej kheej nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab tau tshem rau lwm yam ntxwv chav tsev ntawm ntaub so ntswg. Qhov no tas ib tuab adipose connective cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm tshav kub tsis tau. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, lub adipose cov ntaub so ntswg yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij ntawm lub hauv nruab nrog cev, nyob rau hauv lub txuj lom box. Nws yog muab faib mus rau hauv cov dawb thiab xim av.
• Cov ntshav hlwb nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ntaub so ntswg, pob txha thiab cov qog ntshav. Cov me me yam ntxwv rau lwm cov distinguished los ntawm lawv cov puag ncig los yog lub voj qe. Lawv ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cev tiv thaiv systems. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm antibody. Ntshav hlwb tsim ntshav globulins, uas ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub qub hauj lwm ntawm lub cev.
• Mast hlwb yog feem ntau hu ua cov ntaub so ntswg basophils yog yus muaj los ntawm lawv zeb. Nyob rau hauv lawv cytoplasm muaj tshwj xeeb granules. Lawv tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau daim. Cov hlwb muaj nyob rau hauv ntaub so ntswg ntawm tag nrho cov kabmob uas muaj ib tug txheej ntawm xoob connective cov ntaub so ntswg unformed. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj xws li heparin, hyaluronic acid, histamine. Lawv ncaj lub hom phiaj - lub tso pa tawm ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov kev cai ntawm lub microcirculation nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg. Lawv pom tau hais tias lub cev hlwb ntawm no hom ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab yog lub luag hauj lwm rau tej mob thiab kev tsis haum tshuaj loj. Cov ntaub so ntswg basophils yog feeb meej nyob ib ncig ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab cov qog ntshav hauv daim tawv nqaij nyob rau hauv liab pob txha, tus po.
• Xim hlwb (melanocytes) muaj ib tug heev branched daim ntawv. Lawv muaj melanin. Cov hlwb yog pom nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij thiab cov iris ntawm lub qhov muag. Los ntawm cov keeb kwm paim ectodermal hlwb, raws li zoo raws li derivatives ntawm thiaj li hu ua neural Crest.
• Adveptitsialnye hlwb, uas yog nyob raws hauv cov hlab ntsha (cov hlab ntsha). Lawv txawv los ntawm lawv cov elongated lub cev thiab nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov tub ntxhais. Cov yam ntxwv chav nyob hlav thiab txia mus ua lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov nuj nqis yog cov kawm tiav ntawm tuag hlwb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg.

Tuab fibrous cov ntaub so ntswg connective

Rau connective cov ntaub so ntswg yog hais txog ntaub:

• Tuab unformed, uas muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm densely txheej txheem fibers. Nws muaj xws li ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm hlwb pov tseg therebetween.
• Tuab style, txawv los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb kev kho ntawm connective cov ntaub so ntswg fibers. Nws yog thawj lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv uas ligaments thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub cev. Piv txwv li, txog leeg tsim los ntawm zoo spaced thaum uas tig mus puchochkami collagen fibers, lub chaw ntawm cov uas yog lawm ua tus sau nrog ib tug yooj yim tshuaj thiab ib tug nyias ywj network. Densely fibrous connective cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm no hom muaj tsuas fibroblasts-hlwb.

Zoo therefrom tseem elastic fiber, uas muaj xws li ob peb bundles (suab). Ntawm no, lub plhaub tsim round cov hlab ntsha, cov raj cua thiab bronchi phab ntsa. Lawv flattened los yog npawv tuab elastic fibers yog thaum uas tig mus, thiab ntau yam ntawm lawv tau branching. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lawv yuav siv sij hawm ib tug xoob lus connective cov ntaub so ntswg.

pob txha mos

Coupling hlwb tsim cartilaginous cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov loj loj ntim ntawm lub intercellular substance. Nws yog tsim los nqa tawm txhua yam kev khiav dej num. Muaj 2 hom hlwb txoj kev no ntaub:

1. Chondrocytes, muaj ib lub voj qe thiab cov tub ntxhais. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv tsiav tshuaj, uas yog kis ib ncig ntawm lub intercellular substance.
2. Chondroblasts, uas yog flattened hluas hlwb. Lawv yog cov nyob rau periphery ntawm lub pob txha mos.

Kws txawj faib cov pob txha mos rau hauv 3 hom:

• Hyaline, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau yam kabmob, xws li tav, pob qij txha, hlab cua. Intercellular tshuaj ntawm lub pob txha mos translucent. Nws muaj ib tug tus taub hau. Hyaline pob txha mos them nrog perichondrium. Nws muaj xiavlus-dawb Hawj txawm. Nws muaj ib tug lub cev pob txha ntawm lub embryo.
• Elastic, uas yog ib lub tsev khoom siv ntawm lub suab, lub epiglottis, cov sab nraud pob ntseg kwg deg phab ntsa, cov pob txha mos ntawm lub auricle ib feem, me me bronchi. elastic fibers yog tsim nyob rau hauv nws cov intercellular substance. Qhov no cov pob txha mos yog tsis muaj calcium.
• Collagen, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub intervertebral discs, menisci, lub symphysis pubis, thiab sternoclavicular ob leeg. Nws extracellular matrix comprises ib tuab fibrous connective ntaub so ntswg, uas muaj thaum uas tig mus collagen fibers puchochkov.

Qhov no hom ntawm connective ntaub so ntswg, tsis hais txog ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj tib pab them nqi. Nws yog hu ua tus perichondrium. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov tuab fibrous cov ntaub so ntswg muaj li ntawm elastic thiab collagen fibers. Nws muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm qab haus huv thiab cov hlab ntsha. Pob txha mos yog loj hlob ua tsaug rau cov transformation ntawm lub yam ntxwv hais txog qhov perichondrium. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv yuav tau mus sai sai hloov. Cov yam ntxwv hais yog hloov mus rau hauv cov pob txha mos hlwb. Qhov no cov ntaub nws muaj nws tus kheej peculiarities. Yog li, lub extracellular matrix ntawm mature pob txha mos twb tsis muaj cov hlab ntsha, li ntawd nws yog powered ntawm lub diffusion ntawm tshuaj los ntawm cov perichondrium. Qhov no ntaub yog yus muaj los ntawm nws cov yooj, nws yog resistant rau siab thiab muaj ib tug txaus softness.

Txuas pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg

Coupling pob txha yog tshwj xeeb yog hardness. Qhov no yog vim calcification ntawm nws intercellular substance. Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub connective cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov pob txha - txhawb-mechanical. Los ntawm nws ua tag nrho cov pob txha ntawm lub cev pob txha. Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntsiab ntawm lub web:

• Osteocytes (pob txha hlwb), uas muaj ib tug complex zoo txheej txheem. Lawv muaj ib tug compact tub ntxhais uas tsaus nti ntxoov. Cov hlwb yog pom nyob rau hauv cov pob txha kab noj hniav, eco qhov nkhaus ntawm lub osteocytes. Pov tseg therebetween intercellular substance. Cov hlwb tsis muaj peev xwm rau cov me nyuam.
• Osteoblasts, cov pob txha yog ib tug yam ntxwv caij. Lawv muaj ib tug puag ncig puab. Nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm lawv muaj ntau ntau nuclei. Osteoblasts yog nyob rau hauv lub periosteum.
• Osteoclasts, uas yog loj multinucleated hlwb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj rau calcified cov pob txha thiab pob txha mos. Thoob plaws hauv ib tug neeg lub neej muaj yog ib tug kev hloov ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nrog lub cev qhuav dej yog nqa tawm lub tsim ntawm yam khoom tshiab sawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev puas tsuaj, thiab nyob rau hauv lub periosteum. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev koom tes cov kev hloov ntawm lub hlwb, osteoclasts thiab osteoblasts.

Pob Txha cov ntaub so ntswg muaj lub intercellular tshuaj muaj amorphous av tshuaj. Muaj osseinovye fiber uas tsis pom nyob rau hauv lwm yam kabmob. Rau connective cov ntaub so ntswg yog hais txog ntaub:

• ntxhib-fibered muab nyob rau hauv lub embryo;
• nplooj, muaj nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam thiab cov neeg laus.

Qhov no hom ntawm ntaub muaj li ntawm xws structural units li tus pob txha phaj. Nws yog tsim los ntawm lub hlwb, ua nyob rau hauv particular tsiav tshuaj. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv muaj ib tug zoo-fibered intercellular yeeb tshuaj, uas muaj calcium ntsev. Osseinovye fibers muaj ib tug txiav txim thickness, nyob rau hauv cov pob txha daim hlau foredeck thaum uas tig mus txheeb ze rau txhua tus lwm yam. Lawv dag nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kev taw qhia. Nyob rau hauv lub zos nyob sib ze pob txha daim hlau ntawm lub fibers yog perpendicular mus rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov lwm yam hais. Qhov no saib kuas ib tug ntau dua lub zog ntawm cov ntaub.

Pob Txha daim hlau nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug txiav txim. Lawv yog cov building blocks ntawm tiaj tus, tubular thiab mixed pob txha. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm cov paib yog raws li nyob rau hauv txoj systems. Piv txwv li, lub tubular pob txha yog muaj li ntawm 3 khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg:

• Sab nraum zoov, nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub phaj sib tshooj lub structural units hauv qab no cov ntaub ntawv txheej. Txawm li cas los, lawv tsis tsim ib tug tag nrho lub nplhaib.
• Middle tsim osteons, nyob rau hauv uas cov pob txha daim hlau yog tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm concentrically.
• Internal, nyob rau lub txheej ntawm tus pob txha daim hlau tas qhov chaw nyob qhov twg cov hlwb pob txha.

Cov pob txha loj hlob thiab rov qab los vim lawv yuav tsum vov lub txheej saum npoo ntawm cov periosteum muaj connective cov ntaub so ntswg thiab osteoblasts zoo fiber. Mineral ntsev txiav txim lawv lub zog. Nrog lub shortage ntawm cov vitamins thiab hormonal ntshawv siab calcium cov ntsiab lus tau significantly txo. Cov pob txha tsim ib lub cev pob txha. Thaum cov pob qij txha lawv sawv cev rau lub licas.

Cov kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm connective cov ntaub so ntswg tsis muaj zog

Tsis txaus lub zog ntawm collagen fibers, ib tug tsis muaj zog ntawm ligamentous apparatus yuav ua loj cov kab mob xws li yog qhov khoov pob, tiaj tus, hypermobility pob qij txha, kabmob prolapse, retinal detachment, ntshav kab mob, sepsis, txha, osteochondrosis, gangrene, edema, rheumatic fever, cellulitis. Muaj ntau cov kws txawj kom ib tug pathological lub xeev ntawm connective cov ntaub so ntswg muaj xws li cov weakening ntawm lub cev, vim nws yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub plawv thiab lymphatic systems.