Gothic

Gothic - era nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm medieval European kos duab, uas pib nyob rau hauv 1140 nyob rau hauv lub Ile-de-France (Paris thiab lub cheeb tsam puag ncig nws) thiab mus txuas ntxiv kom txog thaum txog 1500-1550 xyoo, muab txoj kev mus rau lub Renaissance. Qhov no yog feem ntau kom meej meej manifested nyob rau hauv Gothic architecture thiab tsuas iav qhov rais, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv sculpture, duab, murals, illuminated thawj.

Ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb style kuaj - Notre Dame nyob rau hauv Paris (Notre-Dame de Paris).

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub architecture ntawm uas lub sij hawm yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm ib tug engineering teeb meem. Yuav ua li cas rau npog loj tej chaw thaum muaj kev kub altitude los ntawm ib lub pob zeb? Txawm tias feem ntau lub koom txoos rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog muaj ceilings them nrog ntoo, muaj ntau lub tsev twb pob zeb semi-cylindrical vaults (round koov) los yog tav puab tais. Ntsa tau tsa tas tuab heev, muaj peev xwm mas lwm ntxeem tau, qhov rais me me - nws yog cov yam ntxwv uas yus lub Romanesque style.

Gothic originated feem ntau nyob rau hauv architecture, nrog rau cov kev siv nyob rau hauv 1130 nyob rau hauv lub Abbey Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Denis.

Tsaug rau txoj kev thwmsim architects, lub 1110 tus, tig mus rau kis ntawm cov phab ntsa (nyob rau lub Cheebtsam), thov ntxiv "mobile" hais nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm qhov chaw - piv txwv li, taw tes qhia arches, muaj nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub yeej qis sab txhawb uas tso cai rau lawv mus tau yooj yim hloov rau qhov rais ntawm txawv dav thiab qhov siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug system yog tsim pob zeb txheej ntawm tav los faib tus luj ntawm lub kiag thiab coj tus kheej down rau lub ntiaj teb, cov pob zeb arches yuav raws li tau ua sib zog thiab thinner.

Lub qhib phab ntsa tso qhov rai loj loj. Nyob rau hauv lub 1170 lub, uas yog tseem ceeb heev, ya buttresses pib tshwm (txheej ceev koov, hom buttresses), txuam nrog Gothic architecture. Ya buttresses system muaj ob tug tseem ceeb Cheebtsam: ib tug loj heev ntsug thaiv masonry (yug) los ntawm sab nraum ntawm lub tsev thiab segmental koov sector los yog xa cov kis ntawm cov kev pab txhawb nqa thiab cov phab ntsa.

Gothic style cais, nyob rau hauv raws li cov peb tej sij hawm: thaum ntxov (los yog Fabkis Gothic), paub tab (los yog siab gothic), thiab tom qab ntawd, qhov thiaj li hu ua "flaming" Gothic.

Lub npe "Gothic" (los ntawm lub Italian lo lus "Gothic" - txawv txawv, barbarous) tau muab rau kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub Renaissance vajtse thiab theorist of art Dzhordzho Vazari. Yog li, nws hais tias disdain style, muab piv nws nrog rau cov ancient kos duab. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv hnub no lub hnub kev ntxub kev soj ntsuam ntawm Vasari twb tsis muaj leej twg yog muab faib, tab sis lub npe yog zoo tsim, maj naturalized, poob ib tug tsis zoo overtone. Nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance, Gothic art hu ua ntau tshaj li ib tug "German style" - txhais, kuj muaj los ntawm Vasari.

Nws yuav tsum tau paub hais tias vim Goethe tej hauj lwm mob siab rau rau German architecture, nws yeej tau ntaus nqi raws li ib lub teb chaws kos duab, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv ib co lwm lub teb chaws. Qhov no qhia revaluation thiab nrog paub txog medieval kos duab.

Nrog loj hlob cog qoob loo architects nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Fabkis, thiab tsis ntev thoob plaws teb chaws Europe, competed nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov haiv neeg rau lub conquest ntawm heights. Txhua txheej tshiab lub tsev teev ntuj, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yuav tsum muaj ntau tshaj li ib tug ob peb meters, dua li nws cov predecessors.

Lub qhov siab ntawm lub sab hauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj rau cov thawj ntawm cov ntseeg lub tswv yim - cia siab rau ib tug zoo siab ncaim lub ntiajteb no ntiaj teb no mus saum ntuj ceeb tsheej ntiaj teb no.

Gothic architecture yog txhais nyob rau hauv tus. Duab puab ntau khi rau nws, yam tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv. Nyob rau facades ntawm loj churches, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib ncig ntawm lub portal, peb txuas ntxiv mus ua tau zoo kawg Cymbals, tab sis ib ncig ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem kab ntawm sculptures.

Koj kev amplified architecture thiab cov nplua nuj tsuas iav qhov rais, tej zaum yuav tsum vov lub tag nrho qhov siab ntawm lub tsev. Decorated nrog scenes los ntawm phau Vajlugkub, cov ntawv sau txog tus neeg ntseeg, cov nuj nqis ntawm cov yaj saub thiab lwm yam kev cai dab qhuas tug neeg, tsuas-iav qhov rais yog cov ntsiab vim li cas nyob rau hauv lub xaav ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj raws li ib tug Compendium ntawm lub Christian txoj kev ntseeg. Thaum lub sij hawm lub thib kaum peb xyoo pua, ib tug yuav tsum feature nyob rau hauv feem ntau lub tsev teev ntuj yog monumental window- "Rose", nyob rau hauv uas tau xwm nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm Vajtswv, Iisus Hristos, tus ntxhais nkauj xwb Mary surrounded los ntawm Cosmos.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 14th xyoo pua, hauv anticipation ntawm lub Renaissance, Gothic mas yuav kis tau ib co secular nta. Ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj neeg sawv cev ntawm lub sij hawm no yog Simone Martini.

Nyob rau lub 400-xyoo lub sij hawm ntawm lub Gothic penetrated tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kos duab. Shamrocks, taw tes qhia arches, lwm architectural decorations nyob rau lub metalwork, liturgical hlab ntsha, cov tombs, tus nplua nuj ntawm sab ntsuj plig ris tsho, precious diptych, raws li zoo raws li secular accessories - rooj tog, tais diav.