Giotto ntauwd nyob rau hauv Florence

Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo sights ntawm Florence yog lub pej thuam ntawm Giotto. Duab ntawm lub tswb pej thuam yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog postcards, zog, t-shirts, mugs thiab lwm yam souvenirs nrog views ntawm lub ancient Italian nroog. Ntauwd tau ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm medieval Florence. Los ntawm cov outset, nws yog mus ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug cim ntawm greatness, cov tub rog lub hwj chim thiab lub ywj pheej ntawm lub nroog. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb piav qhia txog kev tsim kho ntawm lub tswb pej thuam ntawm cov nuj nqis. Pom yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov yuav tsum pom nyob rau hauv Florence. Muaj ntau tourists tsis paub tias qhov twg mus nrhiav tus pej thuam los ntawm Giotto. Meanwhile, nws yog ib lub tswb pej thuam ntawm tus Cathedral ntawm cov raug Maria del Fiore.

Campanile muaj nuj nqis rau Florence

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub tswb pej thuam nyob rau hauv lub medieval lub neej ntawm lub nroog Italian, peb yuav tsum tau mus ua ib tug me ntsis keeb kwm. Thaum lub lem ntawm lub XIII-XIV centuries nyob rau hauv ltalis, raged nrog loj civil tsov kev rog nyob nruab nrab ntawm Guelphs thiab gibbelinami. Tus thawj advocated qhov strengthening ntawm papal txoj cai, thaum lub sij hawm tom kawg advocated tus ntawm cov huab tais. Guelph yeej coj mus rau ib tug dominance ntawm lub Roman Curia. Lub tsev ntauwd gibbelinskih yug tau muab zais, lawv cov tswv tua los yog xa mus rau exile.

Yuav kom qhia nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub omnipresent Inquisition nws catholicity, lub nroog tsoom fwv pib los tsim kom tau ib tug siab tswb pej thuam ntawm Gothic cathedrals. "Ntxhua" Ntauwd ntawm Pisa - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm lawv. Florence, uas tau ntev sib nrog Siena nyob rau hauv lub nam ntawm uas nws phiaj los nqis tes yuav tsum muaj ntau, thiab xav rau ntawm tag nrho cov nqi los tsim kom tau nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev teev ntuj lub siab tshaj plaws tswb ntauwd. Thiab muaj ib tug pej thuam ntawm Giotto. Lub nroog txiav txim siab los them tus nqi rau sawv ntsug thiab yuav ua hauj lwm rau qhov kev siv ntawm cov feem ntau fashionable thiab, raws li, kim tswv. Cov ntaub ntawv ces hais tias: "Lub phiaj los nqis tes yog glorify lub nroog, thiab qhov no yuav ua tau tsuas yog hais tias tus ua hauj lwm yuav tau coj los ntawm cov eminent tswv ... Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tsis mus nrhiav ib tug neeg ntau feemxyuam tshaj lub Florentine Giotto Bondone."

Siv cov kev faib ntawm tus pej thuam

Raws li cov canons ntawm Italian Gothic art Cathedral, kev cai raus dej chav (baptistry) thiab tswb pej thuam (Campanile) yuav tsum tau yuav cais los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Tsuas yog ob xyoo tom qab pib ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub Cathedral ntawm cov raug Maria del Fiore, nyob rau hauv 1298, nws tau khawb ib lub qhov rau lub hauv paus ntawm tus pej thuam. Keeb xeeb, cov belfry los tsim kom tau ua ke nrog rau cov council commissioned kes duab lub vajtse Arnolfo di Cambio. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1302 nws tuag, thiab kev tsim kho ntawm lub tswb ntauwd nres los ntawm ntau li ntau raws li peb caug xyoo. Lub Xya hli ntuj 9, 1334 tus npis sov ntawm lub nroog solemnly nteg cov thawj pob zeb thiab raug fij tseg rau qhov chaw uas tus pej thuam yog kom sawv. Giotto pib, thaum lub nroog tau muab nws ib tug txhua xyoo cov nyiaj hli ntawm ib puas kub florins - ib tug lossis loj sum ntawm lub sij hawm. Master, uas yog ces 67 xyoo, muaj nom fashionable "German" qauv. Nws kuj coj mus rau hauv tus account lub achievements ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj los Arnolfo di Cambio rau Campanile nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog polychrome lub tsev teev ntuj lub tsev. Giotto siv ib tug txheej txheem uas hu ua "chiaroscuro", ua tus pej thuam zoo li yog pleev xim rau. Master kuj tsim hniav nyiaj hniav kub drawings, qhov thiaj li hu ua keeb kwm. Tab sis nyob rau hauv marble kom paub nws lub tswv yim tsis muaj lub sij hawm. Nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1337, thaum Giotto ntauwd nyob rau hauv Florence ua tau cia li ua ntej thawj theem.

Txuas ntxiv siv

Nws yuav zoo li, tsis txhob txhawj rau lub nroog, qhov no tsis tsis tau coj. Yog nqus tau eminent tswv, tag nrho cov lus teb thiab cov sketches "dab neeg" ntawm marble, uas nws npaj rau qhov chaw nyob rau cov phab ntsa, twb securely muab cia rau hauv lub tus nom. Tab sis lub consuls txiav txim siab caw rau lub continuation ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm tsawg kawg yog lub eminent kes duab vajtse - Andrea Pisano. Qhov no wizard nto moo tsim kho ntawm lub sab qab teb portal ntawm lub Baptistery. Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tswb ntauwd kom txog rau thaum 1343 thiab tswj kom tsim ib tug nram qab no, ob theem. Txawm li cas los Giotto ntauwd no theem twb dai kom zoo nkauj siab biforami. Thaum tus so ntawm lub tswv nruj me ntsis raws li cov drawings sab laug los ntawm Giotto.

Nyob rau hauv 1347 nws swept tag nrho ntawm cov teb chaws Europe "dub tuag." Los ntawm cov kab mob plague tuag thiab Andrea Pisano. Qhov thib peb kws kes duab vajtse, Francesco Talenti, ua kom tiav qhov kev siv ntawm lub tswb ntauwd. Nws revived nrog nws, raws li ib lub hom phiaj ntawm Giotto, peb ntau ntau yam ntawm marble, tab sis kuj ua rau lawv hloov mus rau tus thawj kev kee. Tseem, txij thaum pib ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm yav dhau los peb lub hlis twg ib puas xyoo, thiab German style mus tawm ntawm fashion. Raws li xeeb los ntawm cov 122 'meter' tswb pej thuam yuav tsum tau yuav ib tug square tsev pheebsuab qhov siab ntawm "50 tshim". Nyob rau hauv 1359 Talenti txhob txwm tshaj tawm uas lub tswv yim. Tus thawj kos duab, uas yog tam sim no khaws cia rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Siena, thiab cov phiaj los nqis tes nyob ze ntawm lub Florence Cathedral yog sib txawv heev. Tab sis, txawm lub fact tias ob successive architects tau coj ib tug ntau ntawm lawv cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm no zoo kawg nkaus creation of art, tswb pej thuam tseem bears lub npe "Ntauwd ntawm Giotto."

Qhov twg yog qhov Campanile

Cov kev siv qhov siab ntawm 84 meters yog ib qho nyuaj rau nco. Tag nrho complex ntawm vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral Square nyob rau hauv Florence. Qhov no yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov raug Maria del Fiore (nyob rau hauv txhais lus - "Our pojniam ntawm Paj") thiab dawb-sawv tswb pej thuam thiab lub Baptistery ntawm San Giovanni. Thaum txojkev lub ntsiab portal ntawm lub Cathedral, pej thuam ntawm Giotto yog nyob rau sab xis ntawm nws.

lwm kho kom zoo nkauj

Txoj kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub tswb ntauwd ntaus. Dua li ntawm qhov monumentality thiab qhov siab, nws mas zoo li hniav nyiaj hniav kub tshaj ib lub tsev. Pej thuam yog elegant, airy. Self-muaj division thiab siab Gothic lub qhov rais ua rau nws slimmer. Ntauwd ntawm Giotto ntsib nrog peb hom marble: ib tug snow-dawb Carrara, ntsuab ntawm Prato thiab Siena nyob rau hauv liab. Lub Gothic keeb skilfully woven cov kab. Mosaic inserts ua hauj lwm Cosmati cov kwv tij enliven cov dawb thiab ntsuab phab ntsa.

Saum thiab bas-reliefs

Nws yog vim hais tias ntawm no kho kom zoo nkauj thiab tus naas ej Ntauwd ntawm Giotto. Qhov twg yog qhov wizard panels? Giotto tau sab laug qab ib tug xov tooj ntawm tsim tau. Tej zaum ib txhia panels ntawm tus thawj thiab thib ob tiers yog cov uas tus cutter los yog cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm nws lub tsev kawm ntawv. Chiv, peb sab ntawm Giotto ntauwd twb dai kom zoo nkauj nrog bas-reliefs. Tom qab ntawd, ib txhia panels tsim tswv Luca della Robbia. Qhov thib peb theem ntawm lub belfry yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kaum saum. Thawj authorship Donatello tsiv mus rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej, thiab los ntawm cov cua, lub hnub thiab nag Luam. Ib txhia marble "keeb kwm" ntaus nqi mus rau Andrea Pisano.

seem yus pom

Tso tus thawj lub tswv yim, Talenti, lub xeem kws kes duab vajtse ntawm lub tswb ntauwd, twb tsis paub tias renders ib tug zoo kev pab rau ntau tiam ntawm tourists. Vim cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv peb tes num Giotto ntauwd nyob rau hauv Florence yog qis los ntawm yuav luag plaub caug meters, tab sis nws tau txais ib tug saib platform. Tam sim no, rhuav lub 414 cov kauj ruam, koj yuav qhuas lub panorama ntawm lub ancient nroog, yuav tau xav txog nyob rau hauv kom meej lub dome ntawm Brunelleschi ua hauj lwm. Tag nrho staircase hauv tus pej thuam yog txiav los ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov qhov rai thiab maj mam kov yeej cov theem, koj yuav txaus siab rau lub teeb raws li lace kho kom zoo nkauj tswb ntauwd.

Ib tug tib nkag nyob rau hauv lub Campanile nqi 6 euros. Ntau npaum li cas txiaj ntsim mus yuav ib tug ua ke daim pib mus rau 10 Muaj tseeb tiag, xws li mus ntsib ib tug pej thuam, cov Dome, lub Baptistery ntawm San Giovanni, lub crypt ntawm Saint Reparata thiab keeb kwm tsev cia puav pheej.