Arts thiab lom ze, Kos duab
Founder ntawm cov tub rog photojournalism Robert CAPA: A Biography, creativity thiab nthuav tseeb
40 xyoo nws tau tso ntau ua. Kuv cov kwv tij tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj chaw, yog cov phooj ywg nrog rau feem ntau nto moo sau ntawv thiab intellectuals ntawm nws lub sij hawm, xws li Hemingway thiab Steinbeck, mus xyuas lub tsib kev tsov kev rog, yog tus progenitor ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawv nyeem - tub rog photojournalism.
Nws yog tos rau ib tug zoo yav tom ntej!
Thaum nyob rau hauv 1913 lub tsev neeg cov tswv ntawm lub zam studio nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm Budapest, Dezso thiab Dzhulii Fridman, ib tug tub tau yug los, lawv twb paub tseeb tias - nws yuav ua tau ib tug extraordinary neeg, uas yuav muaj ib tug zoo nyob rau hauv lub neej. Ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv, lawv pom ib tug me me kos npe rau saum toj no - ib tug me nyuam yog nyob rau tes ntxiv ntiv tes, uas ntxiab muab tshem tawm tsis muaj txim rau cov kev kho mob thiab cov tsos ntawm tus tub. Tug tub hu ua Andre Erno, tab sis tom qab ib tug thaum nws tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus, zoo li ib tug criminal, thiab lub npe menyuam yaus los ua rau ib tug thaum nws lub npe - Bundy. Kom meej meej, qhov no Jewish me nyuam tub los ntawm ib tse neeg zoo differed tsausmuag npau, cus ciav siab thiab qias neeg rau ib tug nyob ntsiag to lub neej.
Tuaj rau hauv lub 30s. Hungary yog ib tug ntawm lub teb chaws uas lub fascists tuaj rau lub hwj chim, thiab cov neeg loj leeb tam sim ntawd tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tawm tsam zog tiv thaiv lub tsoom fwv ntawm Horthy. Tom qab nws raug ntes thiab tub ceev xwm kev ua phem nws yoojyim Hungary, thiab nyob rau hauv 1931 nws nkag mus hauv lub University of Berlin nyob rau hauv cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Journalism. Tab sis cov nyiaj rau lub continuation ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tsis tau pom, thiab cov neeg loj leeb mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Tuag Foto yees duab chaw ua hauj lwm. Zog thiab sociability tus tub hluas tsis mus unnoticed, thiab tsis ntev nws pib mus rau them daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb kev nom kev tswv txheej xwm, uas thaum lub sij hawm Corporate sai thoob plaws teb chaws Europe.
Tus thawj zoo
Hais lus nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1932 nyob rau hauv Copenhagen, Leon Trotsky, exiled los ntawm Stalin los ntawm lub teb chaws hwm thiab paub ntshai tib, txwv tsis pub tej photography. Tiamsis cov tub hluas kws yees duab André Friedmann tswj kom coj ib co duab, uas luam tawm ntau leading European ntawv. Nws yog thawj zoo tiag tiag pib photojournalist. Nws pib yuav tsum tau txiav txim nrog rau cov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv txoj hauj lwm, cov thawj ntawm cov uas nws yuav ncha moo tom qab ntawd, raws li Robert CAPA: "Yog hais tias koj cov duab yog tsis zoo heev - nws txhais tau tias koj twb tsis kaw txaus!"
Nws yog nyob rau hauv 1933 nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub boiler, uas brews lub ntiaj teb no tus loj tshaj plaws yav tom ntej kev txom nyem ntawm kev tsov kev rog: rau lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees lub Nazis tuaj. Jewish photojournalist nrog leftist views nyob rau hauv Berlin los ua lub neej threatening, thiab nws tsiv mus rau Fabkis nyob rau hauv Paris. Muaj, nyob rau hauv 1935, raws li nws yog ces nws joked, "nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm 22 yog yug" yav tom ntej tsim ntawm ib tug tub rog photojournalist Robert CAPA. "Leej Txiv" yuav suav hais tias André Friedmann, tab sis nws yog, raws li tau leej twg, tus "niam".
Gerda Taro
Lawv lub rooj sib tham yog cov ntshiab lub caij nyoog. Thaum Andre raug caw los ua ib tug qauv ib hluas nkauj zoo nkauj, cia li raws li nws tau khiav los ntawm cov Nazis, ib tug muaj tus nkauj nyab thiab paub txog lub koob npe nrov ntawm tus zoo nraug kws yees duab, coj nws tus phooj ywg. Nws yog ib tug German Jew nrog Polish keeb kwm, thiab nws lub npe yog Gerda Anna Pogorilaya. Centerfolds yawm twb tsis puas, tab sis Gerda lub charms ntawm Don Juan yuav tsis tiv. Nws muab tawm hais tias lawv lug txhawb cov miv, thiab Gerda, zoo li Andre, yog sim ua kom ib tug nyob photojournalism. Career Andre tiv thaiv cov neeg pluag kev txawj ntse ntawm Fabkis thiab muaj nyob rau hauv Paris ntawm lwm photojournalist rau Friedman tsev neeg. Tsis ntev ua ke lawv tsim nqaij li ploy.
Lub essence ntawm lawv cov dag yog, raws li nws yuav tsum, yooj yim thiab ingenious. Es obscure Jewish kev pab txog, uas tsis xav kom nrog tsis muaj khoom ib tsab tshwm nto moo thiab charming yees duab los ntawm faraway America, qhov twg nws daim duab tub nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau influential ntawv xov xwm thiab cov phau ntawv Magazine, thiab nws ua haujlwm los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog - heev kws yees duab, cov tub ntxhais hluas nkauj leftist. Tsis ntev Paris xovxwm pib tshwm kuj ceeb tias cov tshuaj pleev thiab mob, feem ntau zag yees duab qhia, kos npe los ntawm cov yeeb yuj lub npe ntawm Robert CAPA (Robert CAPA). Kev sib khom lus nrog cov editors coj nws tus nai - Gerda Taro, tej thaum kuj xa lawv cov ua hauj lwm. Cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas sab yees duab chaw ua hauj lwm, tau yeej zoo kawg koob meej, qhov chaw uas lub mythical American yog co-tswv thiab Tarot - nws secretary thiab saib xyuas.
Tsov rog nyob rau hauv Spain
Dag tau qhia, thaum lawv tsiv mus rau New York thiab sim muab tus tswv nws yees duab chaw ua hauj lwm rau tus naas ej Frenchman. Tab sis nws yog tiag tiag nto moo, thiab txij li thaum Robert CAPA ua cev nqaij daim tawv thiab cov ntshav thiab zoo heev impressive. Teeb pom kev zoo uas pib lub Mev Civil rog , Robert thiab Gerda mus raws li ib tug zoo-paub txog, lub npe tsis tas yuav advertising thiab hoaxes. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub teb pib sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv kev siab phem, thiab lawv hu ua heev ib pab koj tu siab sab laug, socialist tswv yim uas txawv thaum ntau xav tus neeg thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no.
Tus thawj tsov ua rog, uas hnub qub Robert CAPA, yog nws thawj kev, thaum lub sij hawm uas nws xyaum txoj kev ntawm kev noj cov duab, cov documentary muaj tsis tsuas yog cov neeg tab sis kuj siab xav thiab kuj zoo kawg quab yuam tej yam rau cov neeg tuaj saib. Nws dluab yeej ib txwm featured undisguised tus kheej tus cwj pwm rau dab tsi tshwm sim - tus pab koj tu siab thiab kev hwm rau ib tug cim, yuam cai thiab aversion rau lwm tus neeg. Tej lub siab tawv thiab lub zog pub rau Cape coj cov duab, losis ntawm gunpowder thiab exploding zoo li sounding, thiab hmoov zoo thiab artistic xav - kom lawv nco thiab impressive keeb kwm ntaub ntawv.
Lub nto moo tshaj plaws duab
Cuaj hlis 5, 1936 CAPA yog nyob rau hauv lub trenches ntawm lub Republicans nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub roob ntawm Sierra Morena. Cov mus ob peb vas ntawm tus neeg tua hluav taws uas txwv Frankists yog txheej. Loyalists, piv txwv li los ntawm UFW ntawm cov koom pheej, tiv thaiv qhov tseeb txoj cai ntawm lub siab tawv General Franco, nws paub lawv tus nrog sib ntaus yog cov tshiab German tshuab, pub shooting nrog unprecedented siv.
Tom qab ntawd CAPA recalled hais tias thaum pab neeg no loyalist commander tso ib tug nres raws li, thiab cov txiv neej pib mus nce tawm ntawm qho, hnov nrov gunfire. Tus tub yees duab pom tau hais nws "Leica" tshaj lub trench thiab blindly rub tus txhais. Thaum tsis zoo, lub chaw ua hauj lwm xa tawm CAPA, uas nws tau qhia nyob rau hauv ntau cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm daim duab, npe hu ua tom qab uas tseem nto moo duab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, ua thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua. Muaj ntau yam lus tim khawv thiab kev tshawb fawb, los tham txog cov staged xwm ntawm cov duab, cov kev nkauj kev nraug ntawm staging, pom zoo ua los CAPA. Kev tsis txaus siab tsis txhob tso tseg kom txog thaum tam sim no, tab sis lub essence ntawm cov duab uas tau tus kws yees duab Robert CAPA, nws tsis hloov: cov ordinariness lub caij ntawm txoj kev tuag, kaw chamber, qhia tau hais tias qhov phem tshaj - anti-tib neeg - unnatural tsov rog.
tsis
Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1937 nyob rau hauv lub retreating sab ntawm Republicans, nyob ze ntawm lub Madrid suburb ntawm Brunete, ib tug tank tsheb ntawd crushed tus raug mob. Nws yog ib tug phooj ywg thiab associate ntawm CAPA - Gerda Taro. Hnub tom qab ntawd - Lub Xya hli ntuj 26 - nws tuag los ntawm nws kev raug mob. Poob ntawm lub zog txhawb Robert. Nws cov phooj ywg recalled hais tias nws yeej yog tsis tau rov qab los ntawm nws txog rau thaum xaus. Tam sim no nws yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tib lub koom haum, cov me nyuam yug ntawm lawv ob leeg txoj kev npaj, tiam sis feem ntau cov tseem ceeb - nws poob nws tus hlub tus hluas nkauj, uas, raws li ib txhia qhov chaw, twb mus nrhiav tau txij nkawm tsis sib zoo siab.
Nyob rau tom ntej no tsov rog nws mus nyob ib leeg. Duab coj CAPA nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, qhia cov Europeans thiab cov neeg Amelikas yog tsis tsuas txawv rau ntau cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tab sis kuj tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug txaus ntshai npog uas cov nplaim taws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II thaum muaj qhov ntxeem tau ntawm lub Japanese pab tub rog pib nyob rau hauv 1938 thiaj tawg nrog tshiaj quab yuam, thiab nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv qhov uas tsis yog-sab ib tug yuav kawm tau ntawv zoo.
ntiaj teb
Lub peculiarity ntawm American txoj cai rau pej xeem nyob rau hauv 1940 coj mus rau ib tug paradoxical teeb meem no nrog cov twb nto moo photojournalist. CAPA thawm xyoo tseem ib tug pej xeem ntawm Hungary - ib tug pab pawg phooj ywg ntawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab cov yeeb ncuab anti-Hitler coalition. Txawm li cas los, nws yog thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog yog ib qho hauj lwm neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub influential American magazine LUB NEEJ. Nyob rau hauv no muaj peev xwm, nws tau koom tes nyob rau hauv lub bloodiest khiav hauj lwm ntawm American Expeditionary rog nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe - nyob rau hauv lub tsaws ntawm Allied troops nyob rau hauv Normandy.
Tom qab, nyob rau hauv nws nto moo phau ntawv "Thaum Pem taub" Robert CAPA raug coj los ntawm ib tug yeej muaj tseeb thiab txaus ntshai nws ncaj piav rau hli ntuj 6, 1944, nws ua nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub sector ntawm lub Norman ntug dej hiav txwv, cim nyob rau hauv maps ntawm US cov tub rog raws li lub Omaha Puam sector. Nws yog tus tsuas yog neeg sau xov xwm nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau txaus ntshai qhov chaw ntawm tsaws ntawm American pab tub rog. Nws twb raug mus rau txaus ntshai uas yuav muaj txhua txhua ob, mus ua ke nrog cov tub rog nyob rau hauv qhov txaus ntshai hluav taws kub hais tias cov Germans tau nrog overhanging ntug dej heights.
CAPA yees duab ob peb cassettes zaj duab xis, tsis khaws cia lawv los ntawm cov mos txwv, shrapnel thiab ntog mus rau hauv cov dej. Ces nws twb tos rau ib tug poob siab: rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub ti teg taw yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub magazine "Lub neej" nyob rau hauv London xa CAPA ntaub ntawv los ntawm Normandy, yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm cov filming twb poob. Fwm xwb 11 kev txhaj tshuaj, muaj ntau yam kev tsis zoo. Mam li nco dheev muaj nyob rau ntawd fuzzy, zim zuag, me ntsis muab cov duab yog li qhia hais tias lawv taug kev tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no txoj kev tawm thiab tau ua classics ntawm photography.
Lub koom haum "Magnum"
Lub post-tsov rog yeeb koob ntawm lub nto moo tshaj plaws US fotohronikera tsis tau hloov txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm Robert CAPA. Nws yog cov phooj ywg nrog nyuab thiab sau ntawv, kuv muaj ib tug crush rau hauv cov yeeb yam hnub qub. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws diva ntawm lub sij hawm - stunning Ingrid Bergman - yog npaj txhij mus yuav nws, yog hais tias nws tsis mus rau hauv lawv cov mus ua si nyob rau hauv cov tub rog teeb meem aav. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lawv tsoo mus.
Nyob rau hauv 1947 nws tau nrhiav tau yees duab lub koom haum "Magnum", uas twb mus los ntawm Robert CAPA. Classics ntawm photography - Henri Cartier-Beresson, David Seymour, Dzhordzh Rodzher - uas tuaj koom nws, tau npaj los ua ib tug ua lub koom haum ntawm documentary kev pab txog uas yuav piav qhia txog cov txheej xwm nyob qhov twg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb nrog cov tsim nyog zoo thiab ceev. Lub hom phiaj no tau tiav, txawm lub koom haum kov yeej lub sij hawm nyuaj.
Ua tsov ua rog tom qab tsov rog
Robert CAPA, biography, cov duab, cov phau ntawv uas yog tag nrho ntawm qhov txaus ntshai cov ntaub ntawv uas los ntawm lub teb ntawm cov tub rog battles, hlub mus tua thiab thaj yeeb lub neej, nrhiav dab neeg ua tus classics. Nyob rau hauv 1949, nws mus ncig mus rau lub Soviet Union, muaj ib tug los mus qhib tau sab nraum tso tawm tus "hlau ntaub".
Tab sis tseem lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm cov tub rog photojournalism. CAPA mus taug kev mus rau qhov chaw uas cov kev txhaj tshuaj rang tawm. Nyob rau hauv 1948, nws them tus txheej xwm ntawm kev tsov rog tshaj tawm hais tias los ntawm lub as States mus rau qhov tshiab xeev ntawm Ixayees.
Xeem yees duab reporter Robert CAPA tau ua Tej zaum 25, 1954 nyob rau hauv Indochina. Nws qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas American cov tub rog laij cautiously, tsis txhob cheb kev seem. Nyob rau hauv ib tug lub sij hawm ntawd koj yuav hnov ib tug landmine tawg, tas lub neej ntawm lub npe nrov photojournalist.
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